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J LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 

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OBJECT LESSONS 



BOTANY. 



)mv0 mi Jptoiw; 



OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 



A FLORA. 



PREPARED FOR BEGINNERS IN ACADEMIES AND PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 



BY ALPHONSO WOOD, A.M., 

AUTHOR OF THE CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY, ETC. 
"WITH 665 ILLUSTRATIONS. 



NEW YOKE : 
BARNES & BURR, 51 & 53 JOHN-STREET. 

TEOY: MOOEE & NIMS.-CHICAGO: GEOEGE SHERWOOD. 

CINCINNATI: RICKEY & CAEROLL. 

ST. LOUIS : KEITH & WOODS. 

AND SOLD BY BOOKSELLERS GENERALLY. 

1863. 



^fi^.-^ ga/M 3 



PROF. WOOD'S COMPLETE TREATISE. 



CLASS BOOK OF BOTANY ; being Outlines of the Structure, Philosophy, 
and Classification of Plants, with a Flora of the United States and Canada. By 
Alphonso Wood, A. M., Principal of Female Academy, Brooklyn. 8vo, pp. 832. 
Price, $2 50. Published by Barnes & Burr, New York. 

Teachers, pupils, and amateurs will find in the new Class Book of Botany, the 
fottowius peculiar advantages: 

Firtt. The Scientific Treatise embraced in Parts I.. II., and III., is remarkable for 
iprehensiveness, clearness, and brevity; is divided into short paragraphs, 
suited to the learner's convenience; and each' paragraph, with the topic prefixed in 
capitals, is adapted to recitation and reviews. 

Second. The Flora comprehends a wider territory than that of any School Et.tany 
now in use, extending from the Atlantic to the Mississippi, and from the St. Law- 
rence to the Gulf of Mexico. 

Third. The Flora comprehends not only our native, spontaneous vegetation, but 
also one thousand species of cultivated plants— almost our entire exotic fiora, grow- 
ing in the field, the garden, and the conservatory; thus rendering the study of 
Botany as practicable in the city as in the country. 

Fourth. The descriptions of species are unusually full, graphic, and popular in 
style. 

Fifth. The Tables for analysis arcfar in advance of those in the former editions, 
both' in simplicity and extent, reaching now from the Grand Division to the Species, 
and by their peculiar -form adapted to class exercise throughout the entire route; 
thus rendering the pursuit at once a vigorous discipline and an exciting amusement. 

41 1 am deliehted with Prof. Woon's new Botany : I in an Academy like this. In the condensation von 
we have now used it in a class of :«. and find it all have succeeded admirably; tli» illustration* arc 

we could desire its a ttxt-1 k . nirni.lt 1 :m.l t'lt-;tr in j t-xc-llenT. giving u very eltar idea of tin- iltlf.'i t/nt 

its descriptions, full in its illnstiHtions, st> ie con- ' parts of the plant, and of the meaning of the terhnl- 
densed, requiring alone attention, and yet all the I cal terms. The Flora is very full, and I think has 

■inciples of the science so fully developed, that i 



the student advances he finds new plei 
form and fashion of every organ, as means adapted 
to a particular end ; and then the fine tables of 
analysis so facilitate the labor in traciDg the plant 
to It's species, that but little time is consumed in 
that process. We heartily thank the author for his 
long vt-ars of patient indefatigable toil, which has 



vegetable kingdom."— From Urn. 
M. Poyle, Teacher of Natural Science in Ohio 

1\, ....'• College. 



"I have Introduced Prof. Wood's new Class Book 
of Botany, and am much pleased with it ; in fact, it 
is my ideal for a Class Book of Botany, for classes 



The analytical tables are the most perfect ] 
evetseen."— William A. Anthony, Tvicher nj Nat- 
ural Srimrc, Providence Co:tfrrence Seminary, Eait 
Grttmcieh, R. I. 



Charlottesville, N. Y., Jan. 1861. 
My opinion of your work may be summed up in a 
few words. I deem it the best work of its kind 
extant. I have studied and think ftm familiar with 
all American works ; and for preclMneei ol deem 1p- 
rion, I think yours the preferable one. Your " Key" 
is very ingenious, and is the only intelligible one I 
know of adapted to tit' irottfs of >tudti<*,i. — E. C. 
Umr.e, Prof. Nat. Science, New York Conference 
Seminary. * 



The publishers of " Prof. Wood's Botany," would add, that many large institu- 
tions, like "Amherst College," "Mount Holy.oke Female Seminary," "Packer 
Institute, Brooklyn," "Delaware College, Ohio," and "Michigan State Normal 
School," are using the Book with great success. 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1866, 

By BARNES & BUER, 

In the Cork's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern 

District of New York. 



Z- 7 



PREFACE 



Among the happiest days of our childhood were those devoted to the 
study of Botany. Pure sunshine rests upon the memory of those ramhles 
in the fields and woods, amid the opening flowers of Spring, and then in 
the gay profusion of advancing Summer, in which we made acquaintance 
with many a floral gem before unknown. We love to think of that wild 
woodland lake where first we saw the sparkling Sundew, the quaint 
Sarracenia, and the fair Nymphcea, resting on the bosom of the waters ; 
or of that lowly dell by the brookside, where the Yellow Violet, the 
Hepatica, and the Bloodroot bloomed ; or^of that craggy mountain, 
where, among the rocks, the Columbine hung out its scarlet flowers. 
Then returning home with our gathered treasures, how we entered with a 
will upon the work of Analysis, toiling for hours as no schoolmaster could 
have compelled us to do, being attracted to the task by the very love of it 
alone. Here, then, we have at least one department in learning whose 
earnest pursuit is so congenial to the affections and tastes of the mind as 
to be no irksome task, but a pastime, — a perpetual feast; and this not 
only to maturer minds, but to the season of early youth even in a higher 
degree, since then the objects of nature are especially invested with the 
charms of novelty. 

Let it not be said, however, that Botany attracts such willing votaries 
because it requires no labor, no persevering effort. Kb science is more 
intricate or profound. It cannot be understood except by vigorous and 
persevering effort. Consequently, in its successful pursuit there is disci- 
pline for the mind as well as for the body; and since the subject itself is 
replete with refinement and beauty, and fresh from the hand of God, its 
pursuit must also conduce to the invigoration of the moral nature. 

If, then, it be desirable to preoccupy the minds of our children with 
controlling ideas of purity, refinement, and moral beauty, — with exalted 



thoughts of God, habits of mental activity, strength of judgment, and 
decision of character; and, moreover, to do all this by means of a study 
whose path, in a double sense, is strown with flowers, then is the study 
of Botany desirable ; and that labor is not in vain which is bestowed 
upon the preparation of a work designed, like the present, for primary 
classes, from the ages of ten to fourteen. 

As the title implies, we have aimed to represent to the eye nearly every 
subject or form treated of, or described. in these Lessons. But, notwith- 
standing the copiousness of these illustrations, neither the teacher nor the 
pupil will be satisfied to rely upon their aid alone. Nature alone can 
afford the proper illustrations in the study of Nature's works, and it is 
only by comparison with the living specimen that either the picture or 
the description becomes intelligible. Therefore let specimens in unlimited 
number accompany every botanical recitation. 

Most of the figures are original. Others have been derived from Maout, 
Payer, Richard, Balfour, Lindley, and a few, by permission, from Darl- 
ington's " Weeds and Useful Plants." 

Finally, to the children and youth of our country, gathered in schools 
of every name, this humbl'volume is dedicated, with confident belief that 
it will prove to many of them a source of intellectual and moral culture 
as well as of pure and rational delight. 

Brooklyn, N. Y., February 23, 1863. 



CONTENTS 



PARE 

Preface 5 

Lesson 1. The Leaf and its parts 9 

2. Veins and Y-enation of the Leaf 11 

-3. Forms and Figures of Leaves 15 

4. Forms and Figures of Leaves 19 

5. Other Forms and Figures \ 22 

6. Margin and Apex 26 

7. Compound Leaves 28 

8. Sessile Leaves. — Forms of Stipules 32 

9. Arrangement of Leaves and Buds. : 35 

10. Appendages, &c 38 

11. Organs of the Flower .• 41 

12. More ahout the Calyx and Corolla 43 

13. About Adhesions 48 

14. Forms of the Perianth 50 

15. Concerning the Stamens 54 

16. More about the Stamens 59 

17. The Plan of the Flower 62 

18. Of the Pistils 67 

19. How the Leaves are folded in the Bud , 71 

20. How the Flowers are arranged on the Plant '. . 75 

21. The Inflorescence continued 78 

22. Concerning the Fruit 83 

23. Fruits continued 88 

24. Concerning the Seeds 92 

25. The Seed becoming a Plant 95 

26. Life of the Plant, or its Biography . '. 100 

27. Of the Axis of the Plant 103 

28. Of the Stem or Ascending Axis 106 

29. Plants to be arranged in Classes 113. 



CONTENTS. 



Lesson 30. The Natural System 115 

31. More about the Natural System 119 

32. Of the Analysis of Plants 122 

33. How to Analyze a Plant by the Tables 125 

34. Various Suggestions and Cautions 128 

Abbreviations and Signs 131 

Analysis of the Natural Orders 132 

The Flora. — Cohort 1. The Polypetalous Exogens 143 

Cohort 2. The Ganiopetalous Exogens 215 

Cohort 3. The Apetalous Exogens 275 

Cohort 4. The Conoids (omitted). 

Cohort 5. The Spadiciflora: 282 

Cohort G. The Floridiae .- 284 

Glossary of Botanical Terms 302 

Index to the Names of Species, Genera, Orders, &c 309 



OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 



LESSON I. 

THE LEAF, AND ITS PARTS. 




Fig. 1. Leaf of the Quince. 



1. "We have before us the picture of a Quince leaf, care- 
fully drawn and colored. It is of a rich green color, very 
pleasant to the eye. Its outlines are full, even, and grace- 
fully curved, and its upper surface is smooth and naked. 
Although it is indeed but one leaf, yet it seems to be made 
up of three parts — b, p, ss. 

2. The upper part, b, is broad and thin, and is called the 



10 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 



blade. The upper end of the blade is the Apex, and the 
lower end is the base.- You see at once that the outline of 
this blade represents a certain form or figure, with an even 
margin, rounded, and broader at the base than at the apex, 
like the figure of an egg. So it is called an egg-shaped leaf ; 
or, to use a softer word, ovate. 

3. ISTow see how this blade is supported. At the base it is* 
suddenly narrowed to a foot-stalk, which is properly called 
the petiole. You see that this part of the leaf is narrow and 
slender, and in this leaf terete, or cylindrical, in form. But in 
some kinds of leaves it is flattened. Remember its name, — 
petiole. 

4. Lastly, at the base of the petiole you notice a pair of ' 
little leaf-] ike bodies, one on this side and one on that. These 
we call the stipules. Stipules, then, are always in pairs, and 
placed at the base of the petiole. Their shape is quite 
various. 

5. Thus, when a leaf is complete, it consists of a blade, a 
petiole, and a pair of stipules. But you will not find every 
kind of leaf complete. Many sorts have no stipules at all. 
Can you find stipules on the leaves of the Lilac? Some 
leaves, moreover, have not even a petiole. See the leaves of 
Phlox. Such leaves are said to be sessile, that is, sitting. 

1. What is the color of the leaf of the Quince bush? What is the color 
of leaves generally ? Ans. Green, of lighter or darker shade. What of the 
outline of this leaf? — its upper surface? 

2. What is the blade ?— the apex ?— the base ? What is the figure of the 
blade? 

3. How is the blade supported? Describe the foot-stalk. Tell its real 
name. 

4. Describe the stipules. 

5. Now state the three parts of a complete leaf. Do all kinds of leaves 
have stipules ? Do the leaves of the Lilac ? — of St. Johnswort, &c. ? — of the 



VEINS OF THE LEAF. 



11 



LESSON II. 

VEINS AND VENATION OF THE LEAF. 

6. The blade of the Quince leaf (Fig. 2) shows many veins 
running through it, and branching all over it. Examine 




Fig. 2. Leaf of the Quince, showing the veins. 

them. First, the petiole seems to be extended and continued 
right through, from the base to the apex, forming the largest 
vein in the leaf.. This is the midvein. 

7. Next observe several large branches sent off from this 
midvein on both sides, right and left. These are the veinlets. 
Kow, looking at these veins, their arrangement reminds us of 
a feather, and we call such leaves feather-veined. Therefore, 

Violet ? Do all kinds of leaves have petioles ? — of Phlox, for example ? 
What do you understand by sessile leaves ? 

6. Describe the midvein of the Quince leaf. 

7. Describe the veinlets. What is the feather- veined venation ? 



12 



OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 



we may say that the feather-veined venation consists of one 
midvein branching into veinlets. This is very common. 

8. Thirdly, the veinlets themselves send off little branches 
(branchlets) on their right and left, and we call these the 
veinulets. These again and again may divide, and finally, all 
the little divisions unite again, forming a complete net-work 
all over the leaf. Thus we learn what a net-veined leaf is. 




Fig. 3. The Willow leaf. Some of the veinulets are shown. 

9. Here is a picture of the Willow leaf (Fig. 3). You can 
point out all its parts, and the three kinds of veins in it. In 




Fig. 4. Leaf of the Eed-bud (Cercis). 



8. What are the veinulets ? When is a leaf said to be net-veined \ 



VENATION OF THE LEAF. 



13 



the next cut (Fig. 4)f representing the Judas-tree or Bed- 
bud leaf, you see a different venation. 

10. At the base of the blade the petiole seems to divide 
all at once into five large veins, each running through, one 
to the apex, and four to the margin. In this case the vein- 
ing (that is, the venation) is compared to the division of the 
hand (or palm of the hand) into fingers, and so named pal- 




Fig. 4 a. Leaf of Sweet-guni (Liquidambar). 

mate venation. Therefore, you may say that the palmate 
venation consists of about five veins starting together at the 
base of the blade, each one branching into veinlets and 
veinulets. Fig. 4 a is a lobed leaf of the Liquidambar tree, 



9. Note the parts of this Willow leaf. Point out its midvein. Its veinlets 
—veinulets. 

10. Define the palmate venation. What are the veins ? 



14 



OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 



with palmate venation. Maple leaves, are very familiar ex- 
amples of the same. 

11. Our next figure (5) represents the leaf of 
the Tulip. How very different is its venation ! 
How smooth, even, and polished its surface ! The 
veins all run side by side, from base to apex, in 
graceful and regular curves. They are so nearly 
parallel, that this" kind of venation is called the 
parallel venation. Look at the grass leaves, the 
Corn leaves, and the Palm leaves, and see the 
same kind of venation. 





Fig. 5. Leaf of Tulip. 



Fig. f>. Leaf of the Climbing Fern. 



12. Let us examine one other kind of venation, and the 
list will be complete. Here is a cut showing the leaf of 



11. Define the parallel venation. Mention examples. 

12. The forked venation. Examples. 

Now repeat the names of the five or six kinds of venation. 



FORMS AND FIGURES OF LEAVES. 



15 



Climbing Fern (Fig. 6). To say nothing of the five veins 
(which are palmate, as in the leaves of Sweet- gum, Fig. 4 a), 
you may notice the veinlets, how they fork and run to the 
margin, without uniting again to. form a net-work. This is 
ike forked venation'. You will find this sort in nearly all 
the Ferns. 



LESSON III. 

FORMS AND FIGURES OF LEAVES. 

13. You have already noticed that the form of the (Quince 
leaf, and of most others, is a thin, flat expansion, presenting 
a large surface to the air. A few plants have thick, solid 
leaves, as the leaves of the Live-forevers and Ice-plants. 




Fig. 7. Represents a branch -of Juniper, with awl-shaped leaves (subulate). 
Fig. 8. Leaves of the Fleur-de-lis (Iris) ; they are sword-shaped (ensiform). 
Fig. 9. Leaves of the Scotch Pine ; they are needle-shaped (acerose). 



Other plants have slender leaves, as the Pines. 
7. 8, and 9. 



See Fi 



13. What is the general form of leaves ? What plants have thick and 
solid leaves ? What form, of leaves lias the Pine ? the Iris ? the Juniper ? 



16 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 

14. We also spoke of the figure of the outline of the 
Quince leaf, which is ovate. But you must have observed 
that there is a very great variety in the figure of leaves, af- 
fording a very interesting study. First, we will examine, one 
by one, the figures of the feather-veined leaves (Figs. 10-21.) 




Fig. 10. Ovate leaf of the Pear-tree. 
Fig. 11. Lanceolate leaf of the Flowering Almond. 
Fig. 12. Narrow lanceolate leaf of the Weeping Willow. 
Fig. 13. Deltoid leaf of the White Birch. 

15. The leaf of the Flowering Almond (Fig. 11) is lanceo- 
late. It is narrower than ovate, shaped like a lance, having 
the lower half wider than the upper. This Willow leaf (Fig. 
12) is narrowly lanceolate. The loaf of the Lombardy Pop- 
lar, or of the White Birch (Fig. 13.), is so broad at the base 
as to form a three-sided figure, like the Greek letter (A) delta. 
Hence it is a deltoid leaf. 



14. What is the figure of the Quince leaf? 

IB. Describe the figure of the leaf of Flowering Almond ; of the Weeping 
Willow ; of the Lombardy Poplar, &c. 



LEAF-FORMS AND FIGURES. 



17 



16. In the next four kinds of leaves you will notice that 
the broadest place is midway between the base and apex. 
Thus the orbicular (Fig. 14), or rounded, leaf is about as 
broad as it is long. The oval leaf (Fig. 15) is about one-third 
longer than broad. This Plum leaf is an example. The el- 
liptical (Fig. 16) is about twice longer than broad, and the 
oblong (Fig. 17) is three or four times longer than broad. 
Here are examples. 




Fig. 14. Orbicular leaf of Winter-green (Pyrola). 
Fig. 15. Oval leaf of the Plum-tree. 
Fig. 16. Elliptical leaf of Black Haw. 
Fig. 17. Oblong leaf of a Willow. 



17. We next have four varieties of forms which are broader 
towards the apex than base. First, the obovate (Fig. 18), 
like this leaf of the Smoke-tree. Its outline is like that of 



16. When is the figure of a leaf called orbicular? Will you show me 
specimens ? Describe an oval leaf, and give specimens. Describe an ellip- 
tical leaf, and give examples. Describe an oblong leaf, and give examples. 

17. When will the figure of a leaf become obovate ? Give examples of 



18 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 



the egg inverted. A similar form, but narrower, is the 6b- 
lanceolate; that is, the inverted lance-shaped, like the leaf 
of Papaw, or Fig. 19. Next, still narrower, is the spatulate, 
a figure compared to the surgeon's spatula (Fig. 21); and 
lastly, the wedge-shaped, or cuneate, tapering from a broad 
apex to a slender base, as in Fig. 20. 




Fig. 18. Obovate leaf of the Smoke-tree (Rhus cotula). 
Fig. 19. Oblanceolate leaf of Muhlenburg'9 Willow. 
Fig. 20. Cuneate leaf of a Sundew (Drosera longifolia). 
Fig. 21. Spatulate leaf of a Sundew (variety of D. longifolia,'). 

18. Thus we have arranged these twelve forms of feather- 
veined leaves into three classes. 

such leaves. Oblanceolate? Show us examples. Spatulate? Show us ex- 
amples. Wedge-shaped, or cuneate ? Give examples. 

18. Repeat the names of the four leaf-forms broadest at base ; — the four 
broadest in the middle ; — the four broadest towards apex. 



LEAF-FORMS AND FIGURES. 



19 



LESSON IV. 

FORMS AND FIGURES OF LEAVES. 

19. In many kinds of leaves we find the parts at the base 
more or less enlarged backwards, as you see in this picture 




22. The Morning-glory. 



of the Morning-glory leaf (Fig. 22). This is the heart- 
shaped, or, more properly, the cordate leaf. It is truly an 



20 



OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 



elegant figure in this and in the Lilac, &c. But sometimes 
this peculiar enlargement at hase becomes excessive, and the 
figures more curious than elegant. Such is the arrow-shaped 
figure, called sagittate, having long-pointed base lobes, as 
seen in the Arrow-head (Fig. 47), the Scratch Knot-grass, &c. 
(Fig. 26.) 

26 29 25 24 




Fi(i. 23. Keniform leaf of Wild Ginger. 
Fig. 24. Reniform leaf of Pennywort. 
Fig. 25. Peltate leaf of Pennywort. 
Fig. 26. Arrow-wbaped leaf of Scratch 

Knot-grass. 
Fig. 27. Spatulateleafof Silene Virginica. 



Fig. 28. Fraaer'e Magnolia : obovate- 
spatulate, auriculate at base. 

Fig. 29. Oblong leaf of the Toothed 
Arabis. 

Fig. 80. Three-lobed leaf of Liverwort. 



20. In the common Sorrel leaf, and in Fraser's Magnolia 
leaf (Fig. 28), these base lobes remind one of ears, and such 
leaves are said to be auriculate (from the Latin auricula, an 



19. Describe the cordate leaf, and give examples. The sagittate, and ex- 
amples. 

20. Describe the auriculate form, and give examples. The reniform. 
Examples. 



LEAF-FORMS AND FIGURES. .21 



car). Iii some leaves these lobes are very broad and round- 
ed, giving to them a kidney-shaped form, that is, re?iiform, 
as you see in this Wild Ginger leaf (Fig. 23), and in the 
Pennywort (Fig. 24). The peltate, or shield-shaped leaf (Fig. 
25 — another Pennywort) has its base lobes united, and its pet- 
iole fixed to the under side. See, also, Nasturtion leaves. 

21. We will next study a class of forms with deeply lobed 
or cleft blades, not well filled up between the veinlets. 




Fig. 31. Bi-pinnatifid leaf of Pig-weed. 

Fig. 32. Sinuate-lobed leaf of White Oak. 

Fig. 33. Undulate***! leaf of Jack Oak. 

Fig. 34. Lyrate leaf of Moss-cnp Oak. 

Fig. 35. Lobed leaf of Mulgedium (Blue Milkweed). 

First, look at this Liverwort leaf (Fig. 30). It is cleft in 
two places, rendering it three-lobed. The Sweet-gum leaf 
(Fig. 4 a) is five-lobed. Oak leaves are lobed in many pat- 
terns, according to the kind. The White Oak has a sinuate- 

21. What is the figure of the Liverwort leaf? What the figure of the 
Maple leaf? What kind of venation have these last two? Define the fig- 
ure of the White Oak leaf. Of the Mossy-cup Oak. 



22 



OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 



lobed leaf (Fig. 32), the Mossy-cup Oak has a h/rate leaf, 
having its terminal lobe larger than any other (Fig. 34). 
22. Fig. 35 is the leaf of a kind of Milkweed, called MuV 
gedium, with sharp lohes pro- 
jecting at right angles to the 
midvein ; and Fig. 36 is of the 
Wild Lettuce, with lobes point- 
ing or hooking backwards. 
Such leaves are called run- 
cinate. The Dandelion has 
also runcinate leaves. When 
a leaf has only shallow lobes, 
as you see in Fig. 33, it ap- 
pears with a wavy outline, 
a leaf of that beautiful tree called at 




I'iij. Zf>. Leaf of Lactuca elongate, or 
Wild Lettuce. 



called undulate. It 
the West, Jack Oak. 



LESSON V. 

OTHER FORMS AND FIGURES. 

23. It is now time to learn the difference between a sim- 
ple and a compound leaf. The simple leaf has but one 
blade, as the Quince leaf, and all the leaves which we have 
hitherto noticed. Wc have now before us a compound leaf, 
one plucked from a Rose-busk (Fig. 39), consisting of several 
distinct blades on one petiole. It has also one pair of stip- 

22. What of the figure called runcinate? Describe the undulate leaf. 
"What example ? What kind of venation have the last four forms ? 

23. What is a simple leaf? A compound leaf? 



LEAF-FORMS AND FIGURES. 



23 




Simple leaf of Willow (Salix lucida). 
Fig. 39. Compound leaf of Eose. 



ules, like a simple leaf. This « Clover leaf is also compound 
(Fig. 37), having stipules (s), as well as this simple leaf of 
the Shining Willow (Fig. 38). , 

24. But here is a leaf, the Celandine (Fig. 40), which is 
almost, but not quite, compound. The blade is feather- 
veined, and deeply divided into several parts* called segments. 
Such a leaf is called pinnatifid. In Fig. 31, the leaf of a 
garden weed (Ambrosia), you observe that the segments are 
themselves pinnatifid, so that the leaf i3 twice or M-pinnatifid. 

24. Please define the pinnatifid leaf. The bi-pinnatifid. 



24 



OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 



25. But what form of 
leaf is this (Fig. 41) of. 
the Fennel-flower, with 
such a multitude of nar- 
row segments ? You may- 
call it pin-nat-i-sect, if the 
long word does not try 
your short memory too 
much. The Thistle leaf 
is also pinnatisect, al- 
though quite different in 
form. 

26. Pig. 42 represents 
a pedate leaf of a Pas- 
sion-flower. Observe its 
palmate venation, each of 
its veins hearing a seg- 
ment, and each lower 




Fig. 40. Pinnatifid leaf of Celandine. 
Fig. 41. Pinnatisect leaf of Fennel-flower. 



segment double, so resembling a bird's foot. Pedate means 
foot-shaped. 





Hg.ii. Pedate leaf of Passion-flower. Fig. 43. Laciniate leaf of Monk's-hood. 



25. What do you call such leaves as those of the Fennel-flower ? 



LEAF-FORMS AND FIGURES. 



25 



27. The singular leaf of Monk's-hood ap- 
pears as if gashed with scissors, and may 
be called laciniate, or gashed (Fig. 43). 

The parallel-veined leaves may have 
figures similar to the net-veined, as lanceo- 
late (Fig. 4:4:), orbicular (Fig. 45), cordate 
(Fig. 46), sagittate (Fig. 47), &c; but the 
most usual form is the linear, like the Grass 
leaf (Fig. 48), which is long 
and narrow, with sides nearly 
parallel. The sword-shaped 
leaf, or ensiform, differs from 
the linear in having its edges 
vertical, not horizontal as 
other leaves. See the Iris. 8. 




26,27. Pedate? Laciniate? State 
the venation of the above forms. 

What is a linear leaf? an en- 
siform ? Define the word vertical. 



Fig. U. Lanceolate,— Lily of the Valley. Fig. 46. Cordate leaf of Pond-weed. 
Fig. 45. Orbicular,— Kound-leaved Orchis. Fig.il. Sagittate leaf of Arrow-head. 
Fig. 48. Linear leaves of Blue-eyed Grass (Suyrinchium). JLCvlAxr^ 



26 



OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 



LESSON VI. 

MARGIN AND APEX. 

29. In describing a f leaf we are to consider the patterns 
of its border, or margin, which are quite various, and often 
elegant. Some of the leaves heretofore noticed have the 




Fig. 49. Serrate leaf of Chestiv 
Fig. 50. Doubly serrate leaf of Elm. 
Fig. 51. Dentate leaf of Arrow- wood 

52. Crenate leaf of Catmint. 



Fig. 53. Repand leaf of Enchanter's 

cht-shade (Ciraea Liitetiana). 
Fig. 54. Undulate leaf of Shingle Oak 

(Q. imbricaria). 
Fig. 55. Lobed leaf of Chrysanthemum. 



margins entire and even, as in the Quince leaf, or the Lily. 

But most leaves are notched in various ways. For example, 

( . This Willow leaf (Fig. 3) i3 notched in the margin 



29. When is the margin said to be entire? 



MARGIN AND APEX. 



27 



like a saw, with the teeth projecting forward.. Such a mar- 
gin is said to be serrate, or, if the teeth are quite small, ser~ 
Mdate. When the teeth point neither forward nor back- 
ward, but outward, we call the margin dentate, or toothed ; 
and if the teeth are quite small, denticulate. See Figs. 49, 
50, 51, &c. 

31. Some leaves are margined with rounded and blunt 
teeth, and we call them crenate (Fig. 52) ; or, if such teeth 
are very small, crenulate. 

32. In Figs. 13 and 50, you see that the teeth themselves 
are again toothed, an arrangement called doubly dentate. 
So we may find leaves doubly serrate X>y doubly crenate. 
Thus we have described seven modes or styles of border- 
ing. Several other modes are found described in the larger 

botanies. 

APEX. 



56 




57 



Fig. 56. Apex of leaves : a, obcordate ; 0, emarginate ; c, retuse ; d i truncate ; 
e, obtuse ; /, acute ; g, mucronate ; A, cuspidate ; £, acuminate. 

Fig. 57. Bases of leaves : £, hastate ; m, w, sagittate ; 0, auriculate ; ^?, cordate ; 
0, reniforra. / 



30. When is the margin serrate ? When serrulate ? How does the den- 
tate differ from the serrate ? 

31. What sort of teeth does the crenate imply? Crenulate ? 

32. Explain doubly dentate, &c. 



28 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 



33. It is also necessary to be acquainted with the vari- 
ous forms of the apex of leaves. This diagram (Fig. 56) 
will assist the memory. The apex may be acuminate, end- 
ing in a long, tapering point ; or cuspidate, suddenly con- 
tracted to a sharp, slender point; mucronate, tipped with 
a spiny point ; acute, simply ending with an angle ; obtuse, 
blunt. 

34. Or the leaf may end without a point, being truncate, 
as if cut square off; retuse, with a rounded and slightly de- 
pressed end where the point should be ; emarginate, having 
a small notch at the end ; obcordate, having a deep inden- 
tation at the end. See also, and explain, the diagram of 
the bases of leaves (Fig. 57). 



■+—+■ 



LESSON VII. 

COMPOUND LEAVES. 

35. A compound leaf consists of several distinct blades 
borne on one petiole. (See Lesson V., first paragraph.) 
These separate blades are called leaflets. You notice that in 
Fig. 39 each of the five leaflets has its own foot-stalk, called 
petiolule, and its own midvein, &c. 

36. The Rose leaf (Fig. 58) is pinnately compound, or sim- 

33. What does the term acuminate imply ? What sort of apex is cuspi- 
date ? mucronate ? acute ? obtuse ? 

34. When may we call the apex truncate ? retuse ? emarginate ? obcor- 
date ? Please name these several forms of the bases of leaves. 

35. Define a compound leaf. What is a leaflet ? What do you call the 
foot-stalk of the leaflet ? 



COMPOUND LEAVES. 



29 



ply pinnate, having several leaflets 
arranged along both sides of the com- 
mon stalk. This common stalk, an- 
swering to the midvein of a simple 
leaf, is called the rachis. 

37. Among pinnate leaves, there 
are, at least, three important distinc- 
tions. Observe the Figs. 59, 60, and 
61. One of them ends with an odd 
leaflet, and is called odd-pinnate. 
Another ends with a pair of leaflets, 
and is equally pinriate. Another still 
has its alternate leaflets smaller, and is interruptedly pinnate. 

59 61 




Fig. 58. Leaf of the Rose. 




Fig. 59. Odd-pinnate leuf (Tephrosia). Fig. 61. Interruptedly pinnate (Agrimony). 
Fig. 60. Equally pinnate leaf (Cassia). Fig. 62. Pinnately ternate (Desmodium). 
Fig. 63. Palmately ternate (Clover). 



36. Define the pinnate leaf. What is the rachis ? 

37. Give the distinction between odd-pinnate and equally pinnate. What 
leaf is interruptedly pinnate t 



30 



OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 



38. Every one knows that the number of leaflets in the 
Clover is three ; also in the Bean, and in this figure (62) of 
the Desmodium leaf. Such leaves are called ternate. But 
here the pupil will notice another important distinction. In 
this Desmodium leaf, the odd leaflet is stalked, and is said 
to be jpinnately ternate ; in Clover, the 
odd leaflet is nearly sessile, like the 
other leaflets ; this is palrnately ternate. 




Fig. 64. Honey Locust 



emiocK:. 



39. Fig. 64 represents a li-pinnate (that is, twice pinnate) 
leaf of Honey Locust. The simple leaflets seem to have 
each become itself a pinnate leaf. And still more compound 
is this Poison Hemlock leaf, being tri-pinnate, or thrice pin- 
nate (Fig. 65). In the same manner, we have hi-ternate and 
tri-ternate. 

38. How many leaflets in a ternate leaf? Difference between the pin- 
natelv and the palmately ternate ? 

39. Can you define a bi-pinnate leaf? Tri-pinnate ? What is a bi-ternate 
leaf ? A tri-ternate ? 



FORMS AND FIGURES OF LEAVES. 



31 



40. All the above forms of com- 
pound leaves, except the Clover, 
are founded on the pinnate vena- 
tion ; but the palmate venation 
gives us the palmately ternate 
(Clover, already described) ; the 
quinate, with five leaflets; the sep~ 
tinate, with seven leaflets, &c. 
See the leaves of Horse-chestnut, 
of Hemp, and of this Lupine (Fig. 
66). 




Fig. 66. A leaf of Lupine. 
s T2 73 




Fig. 67. Kose-bay {Rhododendron). 

Fig. 68. Alder (Alnvs glauca). 

Fig. 69. Knot-grass (Polygonun sagitta- 

tmri). 
Fig. 70. Papaw (Asimina triloba). 
Fig. 71. Touch-me-not (hnpatiensfulva). 



Fig. 72. Sugar-berry {Celtis Americana). 

Fig. 73. Enchanter's Night-shade (Oir- 
caia lutetiana). 

Fig. 74. Catmint (Glechoma Nepeta). 

Fig. 75. Goldenrod (Solid ago Canaden- 
sis), a triple-veined leaf. 



The pupils should be required to describe the leaves in 
this cut, as to venation, figure, margin, apex, and base. 



32 



OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 




Fig. 76. Potentilia anserina ; leaf with five cut lobes, almost quinate. 

Fig. 77. Potentilia tridentata ; ternate, with palmate, three-toothed leaflets. 

Fig. 73. Jetfersonia diphylla ; a binate leaf. 

Fig. 79. Lemon ; a simple Leaf jointed to the petiole. 



LESSON VIII. 

SESSILE LEAVES— FORMS OF STIPULES. 

41. TTE have already stated (Lesson L, § 5) that many 
leaves are without petioles (foot-stalks), or, in other words, are 
sessile. The figures presented on page 33 exhibit some of the 
modes of attachment peculiar to sessile leaves. In Fig. SO 
(an Aster) you see leaves of the form called spatulate (Lesson 
ILL, § 5), having large base lobes nearly clasping the stem 
at the point of attachment. Such leaves are said to be am- 
plexicavl (stem-clasping). 

4:2. In the next figure (81, Bellwort) the leaves are ellipti- 
cal, parallel-veined, and not only clasp the stem at base, but 
the lobes there grow together on the opposite side, appearing 
as if the stem passed through the leaf; that is, perfoliate. 

40. What kind of venation have all these forms ? On the palmate vena- 
tion what forms are founded ? 

41. When are leaves said to be sessile? Define an amplexicaul leaf. 

42. Can you define a perfoliate leaf? 



FORMS OF THE PETIOLE. 



33 




Fig. 80. Amplexicaul leaves of Aster laevis. 

F>g. 81. Perfoliate leaves of Bell wort ( Uvularia, perfoliata). 

Fig. 82. Connate leaves of Honeysuckle {Loiiicera- sem/pervirens). 

43. In Fig. 82 (Trumpet Honeysuckle) the leaves placed 
opposite are joined together by pairs, base to base. Such 
are connate leaves. 

44. The forms of the petiole, when the petiole exists, are 
also various. Generally, it is merely a rounded, slender 
stem, but you will often find it flattened. Have you ever 
noticed the structure of the Aspen (Poplar) leaf, which so 
easily flutters in the gentlest breeze ? Its petiole is flattened 
vertically, so that its edges turn sky-ward and earth-w T ard. 
Such a form of leaf-stalk is called compressed, and it must be 
very nicely balanced in order to hold the blade at rest. 

43. When are leaves said to be connate ? 

44. What is the usual form of the petiole ? Carefully describe the petiole 
of the Aspen. 

2* 



34 



OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 



45. A winged petiole is flattened horizontally. A sheath- 
ing petiole embraces the stem with its winged edges like a 
sheath. You can find plenty of examples of these forms. 




Fig. 83. Eose, — stipules adnate. 



S3 84 
Fig. 84. Violet ( V. tricolor) ,— gashed stipules. 



46. Let ns now study more particularly the varying forms 
of the stipules. We have already defined them. (See Les- 
son L, § 4.) Here is seen the leaf of a Eose and of a Pansy 
(Figs. 83, 84), both with quite showy stipules. The former 




85 86 87 88 

Fig. 85. Leaf of Conioselinum, — tri-pinnate, with sheathing petiole. 
Fig. 86. Leaf of Polygonum Pennsylvanicum, with its (s) ochrea. 
Fig. 87. Stem of Grass, with joint (j), leaf (I), ligule («). 
Fig. 88. Leaf of Pear-tree, with slender stipules. 

45. What difference between a winged and compressed petiole ? Can you 
describe a sheathing petiole ? Give examples of these three forms* 



ARRANGEMENT OF THE LEAVES. 35 



has its stipules adnate ; that is, growing to the petiole. The 
Pansy has large stipules deeply cleft into many segments. 

47. Figs. 85-S8 are very instructive. Fig. 88 is a 
Pear leaf, with an ovate blade, a slender, cylindric petiole, 
and a pair of small, narrow stipules (s). Fig. 86 is a Knot- 
grass leaf, with an oehrea ($) ; that is, a pair of stipules so 
joined at the edges as to form a sheath around the stem. 
Fig. 87 is a Grass leaf, linear, with a ligule (s) supposed to 
be the top of a doubled stipule. Fig. 85 is a very compound 
leaf of Conioselinum, having a broadly winged, sheathing 
petiole. 



■+~-+~ 



LESSON IX. 

ARRANGEMENT OF LEAVES AND BUDS. 

48. If you carefully notice how T the leaves are distributed 
over any plant, — the Corn plant, for example, — you will soon 
admire their order and exactness in this respect. At first 
view, we might suppose their positions all accidental ; but it 
is not so, and much of the peculiar aspect of the plant de- 
pends upon this circumstance. 

49. In the Corn plant, or in this figure of Lady's-slipper 
(89), we find the leaves alternate, — that is, one on this side, 
the next one higher and on that side, and so on. So it is in 

46. Stipules ; can you repeat the definition ? Describe the stipules of the 
Rose. Describe the stipules of the Pansy. 

47. Describe the stipules of the Pear. Stipules of Knot-grass — what 
called ? Stipules of Grass — what called ? 

48. Are the positions of the leaves on the plant accidental ? 

49. Can you describe the alternate arrangement ? How is this arrange- 
ment more accurately described ? 



36 



OBJECT LESSORS IN BOTA>~Y. 



the Elm, Cherry. Willow, and many other plants. But it 
would be more accurate to say that the arrangement, in all 
these cases, is spiral. (See Class Book, § 224.) 




S9 90 91 

Fig. 89. Lady's-slipper (Cypripedium), — leaves alternate. 
Fig. 90. Synandra, — leaves opposite. 
Fig. 91. Larch {Lurix Americana), — leaves fasciculate. 
Fig. 92. Indian Cucumber (Medeola), — leaves whorled. 

50. In the Maple, Lilac, Phlox, and in this figure of the 
Synandra (90), a wild western plant, the leaves are opposite ; 
that is, two opposite ones stand at each joint. The Meadow 
Lily, and this Medeola (Fig. 92) of the New England woods, 
have whorled or verticillate leaves ; that is, several in a circle 
at each joint. Again, look at this Larch (Fig. 91), the Pines, 
ifcc, whose leaves, gathered in little tufts or bundles, are 
fasciculate. 

50. Define the opposite arrangement. The whorled ; fasciculate. 



VERNATION.— LEAF-BUD. 



37 




51. In early spring, before the leaves are expanded, we 
find them folded up in the buds. This is called the verna- 
tion of the leaves (from the Latin vermis, spring). In this 
condition the young leaves are closely packed in many curi- 
ous modes, which are described in the Class 
Book, §§ 209-214. 

52. If we dissect and carefully examine a 
swelling leaf-bud in early spring, we observe 
in the midst of it a tender point of a growing 
pith, bearing and covered by many circles of 
little leaves and scales, packed as close as 
possible. Fig. 94 shows a twig with N two 
buds as if split through the axis, exhibiting 
the pith, growing point, young leaves, and 
scales. 

53. According to this figure and the next 
(94), buds are either terminal it), situated at 
the end of the stem or twig, or lateral (a), 
situated on the side. But we must more care- 
fully define the position of the lateral buds, 
you that they are auxiliary, or located in the axil of a leaf, 
you would not understand, until knowing that the axil of a 
leaf is the upper angle between the leaf-stalk and the stem. 
(See J, Fig. 90.) Now, remember this rule, which you may 
soon confirm by your own observation, that there is a hud at 
the termination of every stem or branch, and in the axil of 
emery leaf. 



Fig. 93. A twig, 
with two lateral 
and one terminal 
bud. 

Fig. 94. Same, 
8 pi it through the 
two buds. 

Should we tell 



51. What is the meaning of the term vernation? 

52. Give a careful definition of a leaf-bud. 

53. What is a terminal bud ? What an axillary ? Where are buds al- 
ways found ? 



38 



OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 



LESSON X. 

APPENDAGES, ETC. 

54. The tendril is a very common appendage. You have 
seen it in the Grape-vine, the Pea-vine, the Greenbrier, &c. 
It is like a stout, green thread, reaching out its curved point 
like a finger, until it touches some object; then it quickly 
entwines itself around it, and soon acquires a firm hold. We 
do not find tendrils on any plants except such as, like vines, 
are too weak to stand without support. 




Fig. 95. Leaf of Greenbrier, with tendrils in place of stipules. 
Fig. 96. Leaf of Everlasting Pea, — tendrils at end of rachis. 
Fig. 97. Leaf of Gloriosa, — apex ends in a tendril. 
Fig. 98. Air-bladder of Horn-pondweed. 

55. But tendrils are quite various in habit. Those of the 
Pea (Fig. 96) grow from the extremity of the rachis. Those 
of the Greenbrier (Fig. 95), from the base of the leaf-stalk, in 
the place of stipules ; those of the Grape (Fig. 000) are oppo- 
site the leaves, in the place of clusters. 

56. Many plants are armed with sharp thorns, spines, or 



54. What is the first appendage mentioned ? Please describe the form 
and use of the tendril. 

55. State the habit of the tendril of the Pea ; Greenbrier ; Grape-vine. 



APPENDAGES. 



39 



prickles, as if in self defence. See the Thorn-bush (Fig. 99), 
where the long; straight thorns come from the axils of the 
leaves, and are woody. The 
terrible thorns of the Honey 
Locust (Fig. 100) are branched. 
Those of the common Locust 
are in the place of stipules. 
Those last mentioned, and all 
others which originate with 
the leaves (as in Berberis, 
Thistle, &c), are more prop- 
erly called spines. 

57. As for the Eose and 
Bramble, they are armed with 
prickles, which are horny in 
substance, connected with the 
bark only, not with the wood. 
(See Fig* 101.) 

58. Glands are little wart-like bodies which secrete the 
peculiar fluids of the plant, sometimes imbedded in the leaf 
or the rind of the fruit, as in the Lemon, where it is filled 
with a fragrant volatile oil ; sometimes raised on a hair 
(Figs. 102, 103), as in Sundew, exuding a clammy liquid. 

59. Stingy are piercing hairs, having a bag at the base 
filled with an acrid fluid. When touched the tip breaks off, 
the hair penetrates the skin, and the poison is injected into 
the wound. (See Fig. 106.) 




Thorns. — Fig. 99. Crataegus parvifolia 
(thorns axillary). Fig. 100. Honey Lo- 
cust (branched thorns). 



56. What is the habit of the thorns of the Thorn-bush ? of the Honey 
Locust ? of the common Locust ? What of the habit of spines ? 

57. What of prickles ? 

58. Describe glands, the two kinds. 

59. What is the structure and action of stings? 



40 



OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY 





101 

What do these figure* represent? — Fig. 105 represents a branched hair as it appears 
under a strong magnifier; Fig. 104. an imbranched or simple hair; Fig. 102 is a 
hair with a gland on it; Fig. 103, also, is a gland on the top of a hair; Fig. 101 
represents the hooked prickles of a Rose-bush, not magnified ; Fig. 106 represents 
a sting of a Nettle, much magnified. 

60. Hairs of various kinds (Figs. 104, 105) are found on 
the leaves and other parts of plants. By this clothing pecu- 
liar qualities are given to the surface, named and described 
as follows. 

61. A dense coat of hairs will make the surface pubescent 
when the hairs are short and soft ; villous, when rather long 
and weak; sericious, or silky; tomenious* when matted like 
felt. &c. 

62. But thinlv scattered hairs make the surface hirsute 
when they are long ; pilous, when short and soft ; hispid, 
when short and stiff, &c. 



60. How are plants clothed ? 

61. Define the term pubescent ; villous, &c. 

62. Define the term hirsute ; hispid, &c. 



ORGANS OF THE FLOWER. 



41 



LESSON XI. 

ORGANS OF THE FLOWER. 

63. To-day, we commence the study of the beautiful flower. 
We have before us the Meadow Lily (Fig. 107), whose or- 
gans are large and perfectly 
distinct. Observe, in the first 
place, that its brighter colors 
form a striking contrast w T ith 
the soft green of the leaves. 
The coloring, the structure, 




Fig. 107. Meadow Lily (Lilium Canadensis). 

Fig. 108. Wake-robin (Trillium ereetum). 

Fig. 109. Stamens (s, s) and pistil (p) of the Lily. 

Fig. 110. Stamens («, s) and pistils (p) of the Trillium. 



42 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 



and the fragrance of the flower are all worthy of its Infinite 
Creator, and remind us of his wisdom and goodness. 

64. As to the structure of the flower, it is always com- 
pound, being composed of several or many pieces nicely 
adapted to each other. In this Lily, for example, you may 
count thirteen pieces, or organs, attached in a close order to 
the summit of the flower-stalk (Fig. 113, a). You may call 
the flower-stalk the peduncle, and the point of attachment (r) 
the torus, or receptacle. The former is the better name. 

65. Two circles of leaf-like organs form the envelopes of 
this flower, and each circle consists of three pieces. The 
outer circle is the calyx, and the three pieces which compose 
it are called sepals (s, s, s). The inner circle is the corolla, 
and the three pieces which compose it are called petals 
(p,2>)2>)> In the Lily and some other flowers the calyx is 
colored like the corolla. But it is not so generally. In the 
Hose, Strawberry, Pink, and in this Trillium (Fig. 108), the 
calyx is green, while the corolla is almost always distin- 
guished by some brighter color. 

66. Now, taking both calyx and corolla together as a 
whole, we call them the perianth (a Greek word, meaning 
around the flower). This name is very convenient when we 
speak of such flowers as this, where the calyx and corolla are 
not much different. 

63. What is the subject of today's lesson ? What do you notice as to the 
color of the flower ? 

64. What is said of the compound nature of the flower ? Of how many 
pieces is the flower of the Lily composed ? What is the peduncle ? What 
is the torus ? 

65. Will you point out and define the calyx ? sepals ? Will you point 
out and define the corolla ? petals ? What of the colors of these organs ? 

66. What is the use of the word perianth ? Will you point out and define 
the stamens ? What of their number ? What is the pistil ? How many ? 



OF THE CALYX AND COROLLA. 43 



67. Xext within the perianth of the Lily we find six long, 
slender organs of peculiar form and color, called stamens. 
In the Rose you find a larger number (perhaps one hundred) 
of stamens, while in the Speedwell you find but two. But 
the most common number is five. Count them in the Morn- 
ing-glory, the Bellwort, Primrose, &c. 

68. Lastly, this central, club-shaped body (j>), here as long 
as the stamens, but of totally different structure, is \hejpistil. 
Other flowers have more than one pistil, as the Pink, which 
has two ; the Rose, which has many. 

69. Thus, we have learned that the flower — at least this 
flower — is compounded of four kinds t)f organs, those of 
each kind being arranged in a circle by themselves. The 
outer circle, of sepals, constituting the calyx; the second 
circle, of petals, constituting the corolla ; the third circle, 
the stamens ; the fourth circle, the pistils. 



LESSON XII. 

MORE ABOUT THE CALYX AND COROLLA. 

70. Let us examine the flower of the Pink (Fig. 112), the 
Strawberry (Fig. Ill), the Crow r foot, the Single Pose. In 
either you observe five green sepals, and the same number 
of colored petals. Notice also the positions of those organs, 
— how the petals stand alternating with the sepals, and that 
they are all distinct and separate. This is the general rule, 
but there are many exceptions. 

67. Lastly, review the whole arrangement. 

70. What is the rule as to the number of petals and sepals ? What is the 
rule as to their relative position, &e.? 



44 



OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 




Fig. 111. Flower of the Strawberry. Fig. 112. Flower of the Pink. 

Fig. 113. Flower of the Lily. 

71. Often in the petal, and sometimes in the sepal, you 
can distinguish two parts, — namely, the broad, expanded 
part above, called the lamina, and the narrow part at base 
by which it is attached to the torus ; this is the claw (Fig. 
116, c). The petal of the Pink has a long claw; of the Kose 
or Buttercup (Fig. 119), a short one. 

^v t(0 l 




72. The forms of the petal are almost infinite in variety, 
like the leaf; as ovate, orbicular, oblong, &c, and some- 

71. Will you define the lamina? the claw? 

72. Please mention some of the forms of petals. 



OF THE CALYX AND COROLLA. 



45 



times very singular. See these figures. Fig. 114 is the 
form of the bifid petal of a Cerastium ; Fig. 115, the flower 
of Miteila, with five pinnatifid petals; Fig. 117, the flower 
of Sweet Cicely, with five petals inflected at the point; Fig. 
116, fringed, long-clawed petal of Silene stellaria ; Fig. 118, 
many-cleft petal of Mignonette; Fig. 119, rounded, short- 
clawed petal of Crowfoot, showing its horny scale, or nec- 
tarv, at base. 




122 



Fig. 120. Larkspur, its petals and sepals separated: s, s, s, s, «, sepals; or, the 
upper sepal spurred ; c, the petals all united into one, and produced backwards into 
a spur which is sheathed in the spur of the calyx. 

Ftg. 121. Touch-me-not. Fig. 122. Its petals and sepals displayed: p, p, the two 
double petals ; s, s, s, y, the four sepals, y being in the form of a sack, with a spur. 

73. A nectary is found also in the petals of Columbine 
(Fig. 361), Larkspur (Fig. 120), Touch-me-not (Fig. 121), &c, 
distorting them into grotesque shapes, called spurs. 

74. Before us now is the flower of Pink (Fig. 123). The 
calyx (c) appears as a green tube, with five notches or teeth 
at the top. It is evident that this is made up of five sepals 



73. What is a nectary? What is a spur? Examples. 



46 



OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 



cohering (united) by their edges. The Convolvulus (Figs. 
128, 144), the Phlox (Fig. 126), the Pink-root (Fig. 127), 
&c, show a similar cohesion (union) of their petals into a 
tube more or less complete. 





Fig. 123. Pink : a, the five petals ; 
b, the calyx, composed of five united 
sepals, c, a bract; d, several bract- 
lets. 



Fig. 124. Flower of Tecoma radican$ 
(the Trumpet-creeper) : c is the calyx, 
composed of five united sepals ; £, the 
tube ; 5, the segments of the corolla or 
the petals, forming the border. 



75. The calyx with united sepals is called monosejoalous^ 
and the corolla of united petals rnonopetalous (from the Greek 
monos, one), from the mistaken idea that this calyx consisted 
of only one sepal, &c. Gamopetalous and gamosepalous are 
similar words, used in the same sense. Opposed to these 
terms are polysepalous and polypetalous (Greek polys, many). 

76. The gamosepalous calyx or gamopetalous corolla, al- 
though composed of several pieces, is described as a single 
organ, and its lower part, formed by the united claws, 
whether long or short, is the txtbe (Fig. 124, t) ; the upper 



74. Describe the calyx of Pink ; corolla of Phlox. 

75. Meaning of the terms rnonopetalous, &c. ? 

76. Define the limb of a rnonopetalous corolla ; the tube ; the throat. 



GAMOPETALOUS COROLLAS. 



47 



part, composed of the united laminae, is the Iwib (Fig. 128, s)\ 
the opening of the tube above is the throat. 




Fig. 125. Flower of Saponaria (Bouncing-Bet) ; petals and claws quite distinct. 
Fig. 126. Phlox; claws united, with laminae distinct. 
Fig. 127. Spigelia (Pink-root); petais still farther united. 
Fig. 128. Qnamoclit coccinea ; petals united throughout. 

77. In the Figs. 125-128, you may see how the petals in 
different flowers are distinct, or in various degrees united. 
In the Bouncing-Bet, the petals, with their long claws, are 
entirely distinct. In Phlox, the claws unite in a tube, while 
the laminae are distinct. In Pink-root, only the narrow tips 
of the laminae are distinct; and in Quamoclit, the laminae 
also are wholly united. 



77. What is the condition of the petals in Pink Soapwort ? What their 
condition in Phlox? What their degree of cohesion in Pink-root? What 
in Quamoclit ? 



48 



OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 



LESSON XIII 

ABOUT ADHESIONS. 



78. We fear that the pupil will find some difficulties in 
this lesson. Yet if he bring to the task eyes determined to 
see, and a mind determined to understand, the difficulties 
will soon vanish. 

79. Cohesion, as taught in the last lesson, implies the union 
of organs of the same kind, as sepals with sepals, petals with 
petals ; but adhesion implies the union of one kind of organ 
with another kind. 



4pl 

- " V 



/ I ■ 
I 





Fig. 129. Section of the flower of the Golden Currant, showing its parts. 

Fig. 130. Section of the flower of Fuchsia. Fig. 181. Of Early Saxifrage. 

80. For example, split a flower of Phlox, and you will see 
the five stamens adhering to the inner side of the corolla 
tube, appearing as if inserted into it. 



79. Can you state how adhesion differs from cohesion? 



CONCERNING ADHESIONS. 



49 



81. Now we take it for granted that all the organs of the 
flower have their starting-point or origin at the same one 
point, namely, at the torus (£, Fig. 129), hence in this figure 
of the Golden Currant, it is understood that from t to u the 
calyx, corolla, stamens, and pistil, adhere together ; from u 
to v, the calyx, corolla, and stamens, adhere ; and at v, all 
the organs are separate, that is, free. Observe the same 
structure in the Ear-drop (Fig. 130). 

82. In this and like cases, the calyx is said to be superior, 
because it seems to stand upon the pistil (ovary) and fruit, 
but the more correct term is, calyx adherent. 




132. 




133. 



Fig. 132. Section of the flower of Yellow Violet : 2, the torus. The stamens are 
hypogynous. 

Fig. 183. Section of the flower of Pear: c, c, sepals; p,p, petals; s, s, stamens, 
— perigynons ; 0, ovary,— inferior or adherent. 

83. There are two other terms used in similar cases, which, 
although hard to pronounce, you may as well become ac- 
quainted with now. When the stamens adhere to the calyx 



81. What do we take for granted? Please show the adhesions in the 
Golden Cnrrant. 

82. When is the calyx adherent ? When superior ? 

3 



50 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 



or corolla they are said to be perigynous (a Greek word, 
meaning " around the pistil"). Otherwise, when free, they 
are said to be hypogynous^ meaning "under the pistil." 

84r. Now study attentively these figures, or rather, the 
flowers themselves. The figures are sections, i. e.* show the 
flowers as if split. Fig. 132 (the Violet) shows the stamens 
hypogynous and the organs all free. Fig. 133 (the Pear) 
shows the stamens perigynous, adhering to the calyx. Fig. 
131 (the Saxifrage) shows the stamens perigynous and the 
calyx half adherent. Do not fail to examine many flowers 
until these troublesome terms become familiar, for these 
distinctions are very important. 



LESSON XIV. 

FORMS OF PERIANTH. 

85. While all flowers agree in certain general characteris- 
tics, so that you are never at a loss to recognize any one of 
them as a flower, yet in form and fashion they appear in 
infinite variety, each form endowed with its own peculiar 
grace. It is impossible to describe or name every form, but 
we will endeavor to reduce them to a few classes of forms. 

$6. Notice first that all forms are either polypetalous or 
gamopetalous, as already described (§ 75). Again, they are 
either regular or irregular. Compare the flower of Flax 

83. When are the stamens said to be perigynous ? When hypogynous ? 

84. How are they in Saxifrage ? in Pear ? in the Rose ? the Violet ? 

86. What is the first division of the corolla forms ? What is the second 
division? When is a flower said to be regular? irregular? 



FORMS OF PERIANTH. 



51 




135. 



136. 



134. 



137. 



Polypetalous corollas.-— Fig. 134. Wild Apple (Pyrus coronaria)— rosaceous. 
Fig. 135. Wall-flower,— cruciform. Fig. 136. Scarlet Catchfly,— caryophyllaceous. 
Fig. 137. Atamasco Lily, — liliaceous. 

and Pea. The former is equally and similarly developed all 
around, and each petal is like all the other petals. It is a 
regular flower. The Pea flower (Fig. 138) is unequally 
developed, some of the petals differing in form and size from 
the others, as shown in Fig. 139 ; therefore it is irregular. 

87. The figures at the head of this page represent four 
different styles of corollas which are polypetalous and regu- 
lar. Fig. 134 (Wild Apple) is a rosaceous corolla, that is, 
rose-like, having five short-clawed petals. Fig. 135 (Wall- 
flower) is a cruciform (cross-shaped) corolla, with four long- 
clawed petals. 

88. Fig. 136 (Scarlet Catchfly) is a caryophyllaceous corolla, 



87. Name the four forms of polypetalous, regular flowers. Can you de- 
scribe the rosaceous corolla? What sort of corolla is the Wall-flower? 
Describe it. 

88. Please describe the Catchfly or Pink. "What sort is it ? The Lily ; 
please describe. What sort of corolla is it ? 



52 



OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 



pink-like ; a form with five long-clawed petals. Tig, 137 
(Atamasco Lily) is a liliaceous corolla, having a six-leaved 
perianth, made up of three sepals and three petals, all colored 
alike. 




140 

Fw. 138. Pea, — an irregular flower. Fig. 139. Its five petals shown separate, viz., 
«, the banner ; a, a. the wings ; c, c, the keel-petals. 
Fig. 140. Flax (Zinvm grandifioruni), — a regular flower. 

89. Fig. 145 is the flower of Sweet Pea, an irregular 
corolla, called papilionaceous, or butterfly-shaped, consisting 
of five petals, as displayed in Fig. 139, viz.. one odd petal 
above, very large, called the banner, two smaller petals 
below (&), called the keel, and two lateral petals (a. a), called 
the wings. 

90. We next propose to examine the principal forms of 
gamopetalous corollas. Here we have a beautiful array of 
them. Among the regular forms is, first, the Rotate, wheel- 
shaped or star-shaped, having a very short tube, and a flat, 
spreading border ; as Fig. 141 (Campanula Americana). 

91. Campanulate, bell-shaped, having a wide tube and 



89. Can you describe the papilionaceous corolla? 

90. Of monopetalous corollas, describe the rotate. 



91. The campanulate. 



FORMS OF PERIANTH 



53 




144 143 142 141 

Gamopetalous corollas. — Fig. 141. Campanula Americana, — wheel-shaped. Fig. 
142. Campanula divaricate, — campanulate, or bell-shaped. Fig. 143. Andromeda, — 
urceolate. Fig. 144. Field Bindweed (Convolvulus), — a funnel-form corolla. 

narrow border, as in the Bell-flower (Fig. 142), and in Canter- 
bury Bells. 

92. Urceolate, urn-shaped, an oblong N or globular corolla 
with a narrow opening, as the Whortleberry, Heath (Fig. 
143). 

93. Funnel-form, narrowly tubular below, gradually en- 
larging to the border, as Morning-glory (Figs. 22, 144). 




14S 147 146 145 149 

Fig. 145. Petunia, — salver-form. Fig. 147. Dandelion, — ligulate. 

Fig. 146. Honeysuckle,— tubular. Fig. 148. Synandra, — labiate. 

Fig. 149. Toad-flax, — labiate-personate. 



92. The urceolate. 



93. The funnel-form. 



54 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 



94. Salver-form, the tube suddenly spreading out in a 
horizontal border, as in Phlox, Petunia (Figs. 126, 145). 

95. Tubular, when the corolla is nearly all a slender tube 
with a small border or none at all, as in the Trumpet Honey- 
suckle (Fig. 146). 

96. Ligulate (from the Latin ligida, tongue), as if formed 
by splitting the tubular on one side. The notches at the end 
plainly indicate the number of united petals which compose 
it, as -also do the parallel seams. See the flowers of the Dan- 
delion (Fig. 147), also of Cichory. 

97. Labiate (Latin labium, lip), resembles the mouth of an 
animal. It is a very irregular corolla, having the petals of 
dissimilar shape and dissimilarly united. See (Fig. 148) a 
flower of Synandra, or Catmint, or Catalpa. In Fig. 149 
(Snap-dragon), the mouth is closed and said to be personate, 
which means masked. 



LESSON XV. 

CONCERNING THE STAMENS. 

98. Safely infolded within the perianth, we find a number 
of delicate, thread-shaped organs, quite unlike the sepals and 
petals. They are arranged in one or more circles, and called 
the essential organs, because they are absolutely necessary to 
the perfection of the seed. 

94. Describe the salver-form. 95. The tubular. 96. Ligulate. 

97. Labiate. Now repeat the regular forms. Repeat the names of the 
irregular forms. 

98. Where do we find the essential organs ? How arranged ? Why are 
they so caUed ? 



OF THE STAMENS. 



55 





Fig. 150. Tiger Lily. 
Fig. 151. Flower (enlarged) of Dodecatheon: a, pistil ; panthers; c, filaments; 
j?, petals. 

99. Let us look at this picture of the Lily (Fig. 150), or at 
some real flower. The slender organs marked a, 5, <?, are 
the essential organs of which we are speaking ; and you see 
at once that there are two kinds of them. Those which 
stand in the outer row next to the petals are the stamens. 




154 



Fig. 152. Khododendron ; only the torus (£), the five stamens («), and the pistil (p). 
Fig. 153. Buckeye, whole flower; 7 stamens, 1 pistil, 3 petals. 
Fig. 154. Hydrastis, split through the centre (a section), showing the torus, 2 se- 
pals ($), many hypogynous stamens (#$), and several pistils in the midst. 



56 



OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 




155 156 157 158 159 

A leaf (Fig. 155), a sepal (Fig. 156), a petal 
(Fig. 157), a stamen (Fig. 158), and a pod (pis- 
til, Fig. 159) of Draba arabizans, placed side 
by side for comparison. 



The central organ (or organs) is the pistil. We now propose 
to notice the form of the stamens. 

100. The stamen may 
be compared to the leaf. 
Its slender, thread-like 
stalk is the filament, an- 
swering to the petiole of 
the leaf (f,p). Its head 
(a) is the anther, answer- 
ing to the blade. More- 
over, the anther contains 
within its cells many dust- 
like particles called pol- 
len. When the cells burst the pollen escapes. Thus it ap- 
pears that the stamen consists of three members. See them 
illustrated in this figure (161) of a stamen of the Morning- 
glory. 

101. The filament is usually of a thread-like form (as its 
name, from the Latin filum, a thread, implies), longer than 
the anther, and more or less elastic. But the filament is no 
more necessary than the stem of a leaf, and is often wanting. 

102. The anther is an oblong body at the top of the fila- 
ment, consisting of two hollow lobes joined to each other 
and to the filament by the connectile (<?), which answers to the 
miclvein of the leaf. The two lobes are usually marked along 
their outer edge by a seam, which at length opens into the 
cells. This opening, however it takes place, is called the 
dehiscence. If there be no filament, the anther is sessile. 

99. How many kinds ? Situations of the two kinds respectively ? 

100. How does the stamen compare with the leaf? Specify the three mem- 
bers of the stamen. 

101. Describe the filament. 102. The anther ; the dehiscence. 



OF THE STAMENS. 



57 




Fig. 160. Frankenia, showing the five stamens (around the one style, which has 
three stigmas at top). 

Fig, 161. Stamen (adnate) of Morning-glory. 

Fig. 162. Same, enlarged, with pollen-grains discharged: /, filament; a, anther, 
— two-lobed; c, top of connectile. N 

Fig. 163. Buttercup. Fig. 164. Same, cut across. 

Fig. 165. Iris, cut across (extrorse). 

Fig. 166. Amaryllis, — versatile. Figs. 167, 168. Larkspur, — innate. 

103. But dehiscence takes place very variously. "When all 
regular, it is a chink running lengthwise along the outer edge, 
as you see in this stamen of a Buttercup (Fig. 163). But 
here, in this stamen of Iris (Fig. 165), it appears on the back 
of the anther (looking towards the petals), and we say that 
the anthers are extrorse, that is, turned outw T ards. A term 
of opposite meaning is introrse, denoting that the lines of 
dehiscence turn inwards towards the pistil, or at least do not 
turn outwards. For example, the anthers of the Yiolet 
(Fig. 173). 

104. Moreover, other modes of dehiscence besides chinks 
are occasionally found. The anthers of Berberis, Sassafras, 
&c. (see Figs. 171, 172), open by lids hinged at the top. The 



103. When is the anther said to be extrorse ? introrse ? 

104. Can you distinguish the opercular and porous dehiscence ? 

3* 



58 



OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 




177 178 175 



Peculiar forms of stamens. — Fig. 169. A stamen of Pyrola rotundifolia : p, two 
openings (pores) at top where the pollen escapes. Fig. 170. Stamen of Bilberry 
( Vacdninmm xdiginosum) : p, its pores at the top of two horns ; it has also two 
spurs. Fig. 171. Berberis aquifolium, anther closed. Fig. 172. Anther open by 
two lids upwards. Fig. 173. Anther of Violet with an appendage at top. Fig. 174. 
Oleander, — an arrow-shaped anther appendaged at top. Fig. 175. Catalpa, — lobes 
of anther separated. Fig. 176. Sage, — lobes of anther widely separated on stipes ; 
b, barren' lobe without pollen. Fig. 177. Mallows, — anther one-celled. Fig. 178. 
Ephedra, — anther four-celled. 

anthers of Huckleberry, Blueberry, Wintergreen, and others 
of the Heath family, open through two little tubes at the top. 
The former is opercular dehiscence, the latter porous. (See 
Figs. 169, 170.) 

105. It is also interesting to notice how the anther is at- 
tached to the filament in various ways. Generally, it is 
innate, that is, seeming to stand erect on the top of the fila- 
ment. Again r 4t^is adnate, which means, attached by its 
back to the side of the filament, as in Buttercups. And 
thirdly, it is joined by a single point in its back to the slender 
tip of the filament, as if lightly balanced upon it. This is the 
versatile anther, common in the Grasses (Figs. 150, 166). 



105. AYhat three distinctions in the attachment of the anther? Describe 
that of the stamens of the Pink ; the stamens of Buttercups ; of the Grasses. 



OF THE STAMENS. 



59 



LESSON XVI. 

MORE ABOUT THE STAMENS. 

106. The careful student will find a great and interesting 
variety in the number, arrangement, and form of the stamens. 
In regard to number, as we have already seen, the Lily has 
six stamens, the Pink has ten, the Speedwell two, the Indian 
Shot only one. Some flowers have numerous stamens, as the 
Rose with forty, fifty, or one hundred, and the Cactus with 






1T9 



ISO 



Fir/. 179. Stamens and pistils of Mallow ; the filaments (/) are united into a tube 
sheathing the styles. 

Fig. 180. Floret of Dandelion, — anthers (a) united into a tube. 

Fig. 181. Corolla of Lophospermum, split open to show the four stamens (didyn'a- 
mous) and the one style. 

Fig. 182. Cardamine, — stamens six, tetradyn'amous. 

106. What number of stamens in Pink? Speedwell? Indian Shot? 
What in the Rose ? Cactus ? Apple ? or in these flowers? Define "stamens 
definite ;" " stamens indefinite." 



60 



OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 



two hundred. Let us learn how to distinguish between 
flowers with definite and with indefinite stamens. Definite, 
when they are not more than ten, indefinite, when more than 
ten, or not readily counted. 

107. The stamens are usually separate and distinct, as in 
the Lily, Ehododendron, &c. (Figs. 150, 152), while in the 
Mallow (Fig. 179), Pea, and other flowers, they grow together, 
forming a tube around the pistil ; in other words, they are 
monadelphoiis (Greek, monos, one, adelphos, brotherhood). 
The Pea, or Dielytra, is diadelphous, — the stamens in two 
sets ; and the St. J ohnswovt, polyadelphous, — in three or more 
sets. Another mode of cohesion is seen in the floret of Dan- 
delion (Fig. 180), where the anthers cohere while the fila- 
ments are distinct, i. e., syngenecious. 

108. In two cases w^e may definitely mark the relative 
length of the stamens. Didyn'amous stamens (as seen in the 
Mint tribe, and in the Figworts, Fig. 181) are four in num- 




Fig. 183. Pistillate flower of Balm of Gilead. 

Fig. 184. Staminate flower of the same. 

Fig. 185. Begonia : «, staminate flower ; J, pistillate flower. 



107. Define "stamens monadelphous." Give examples. Diadelphous. 
Give examples. Polyadelphous. Example. Define " stamens syngenecious/' 
Mention examples. 



IMPERFECT FLOWERS. 



61 



ber, two long and two short. Tetradyn' 'amous stamens are 
six in number, four long and two short (as in the Mustard 
tribe, Fig. 182). Again, liypogynous stamens may be seen 
in the Crowfoot tribe and in Fig. 132 ; and perigynous sta- 
mens in the Kose tribe and Fig. 133. What is the differ- 
ence? You need not be told the meaning of these words 
(§§ 83, M). 

109. Some plants have their essential organs separated, so 
that the stamens are all found in one sort of flowers, the 
sterile, and the pistils are all in another sort, the fertile. So 






189 188 18T 1S6 

Fig. 186. Flower of Lizard-tail (Saururus) ; it is perfect, but naked, i. c, with no 
floral envelopes ; stamens seven, pistils three. 
Fig. 187. Flower of Ash (Fraxinus),— naked, with two stamens and one pistil. 
Fig. 188. Staminate flower of Willow, — made up of two stamens and a bract. 
Fig. 189. Pistillate flower of the same, — merely one pistil and a bract. 

it is in the Begonias (Fig. 185), and in the Willows (Figs. 188, 
189). All such flowers are called imperfect, and only the fer- 
tile bear fruit. 

110. A perfect flower is one that has both stamens and 



108. In what two cases do we mark the length of stamens ? Define " sta- 
mens didynamous ;" " stamens tetradynamous ;" " stamens hypogynons ;" 
" stamens perigynous." 

109. What do you understand by " sterile flowers ?" by " fertile flowers ?" 

110. What is a perfect flower ? complete ? imperfect ? 



62 



OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 



pistils. A complete flower has all the organs, vis., sepals, 
petals, stamens, pistils. A naked flower lacks both the calyx 
and corolla. 

111. Asymmetrical Row- 
er has each of these several 
organs in an equal number, 
or, at least, the same num- 
ber of pieces in each circle 
of organs. For example, 
the Flax flower is symmet- 

Fig. 190. A symmetrical, regular flower of rical, having Sepals five, 
Irish Moss (Sedum acre); it has five sepals, t&[s fi Btamen8 five 

nve petals, twice five (ten) stamens, and five * 7 

pistils— all separate and distinct, and pistils five. The Lily 

Fig. 191. House-leek (Sedum sempervivum), is also Symmetrical, having 

— weve-parte . three sepals, three petals, 

six stamens (in two equal circles), and three pistils (which 
are combined in one). 




LESSON XVII. 

THE PLAN OF THE FLOWER. 

112. It is very instructive and delightful to study the 
symmetry of flowers in the way mentioned in the last lesson. 
"We are thus led to the discovery of a truth in the science of 
botany at once beautiful and sublime, — worthy of the wis- 
dom of the Infinite Creator. That truth or principle is, that 
all flowers, though infinitely various in form and fashion, 



111. What a symmetrical flower? How is the Lily symmetrical? 

112. Please state the principle learned from studying the symmetry of the 
flower. 



PLAN OF THE FLOWER. 63 



are built upon one only plan, and that plan founded in the 
science of numbers. 





194 



Fig. 192. Flower of Hippuris, — one-parted. 

Fig. 193. Circsea Lutetiana ; flower two- parted. 

Fig. 194. Yellow-eyed Grass (Xyris) ; flower three-parted. 

113. Let us, then, examine the Flax. Here all the organs 
are in fives. The Circe has them all in twos ; the Iris, in 
threes. And every plant is distinguished in this way by 
some number which we call the radical number, according 
to which its organs are parted. Now in the Mock Orange, 
or Philadelphus, although the stamens seem to be indefinite, 
still the radical number is four. The stamens occur in many 
circles, with four in each circle, so that these are also in fours. 
As for the pistils, they are evidently four, but so united as 
to form apparently but one. Examine also the Bloodroot. 
Its stamens will be found in fours, the radical number, and 
the stamens of the Apple will be found in fives. So the 
petals of Bloodroot are twice four (8), and of the Magnolia 
twice three (6), or three times three (9). 

114. It is therefore a general law, that when any organ is 



113. Can you define the radical number of the flower? What is it in 
Circe ? Iris ? Flax ? How is it in Philadelphus ? How in Bloodroot ? 

114. State the law of multiplied organs. 



64 



OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 



multiplied, its new number is only a repetition of the radical 
number. 

115. Also, when any organ is diminished in number, we 
find generally that the deficiency is only apparent, and does 
not interfere with the law of the radical number. Thus in 
Philadelphus, the one pistil proves to be four growing to- 
gether. In the Lady's-slipper, the radical number is three, 
and the sepals are three, although the two lower ones are 
united almost to the tip into what seems but one. Thus the 
true number is often curiously disguised hy cohesions. 




195 « 196 197 

Fig. 195. Flower of Aconitum Napellus displayed ; s, s, s, s, s, the five sepals, the 

upper one hooded ; PiP,p, the five petals, of which the two upper are nectaries 

covered by the hood, and the three lower very minute. 
Fig. 196. Flower of Catalpa,— two-lipped, five-lobed. 
Fig. 197. Corolla laid open, showing the perfect stamens and rudimentary. 

116. Again, the five petals of Monk's-hood (Fig. 195) are 
apparently but two, while three of them are so very small as 
to be overlooked. In the Mint tribe, as Peppermint, Cat- 



115. How does cohesion interfere with the radical number in Philadelphus ? 
How in the sepals of the Moccasin flower ? 

116. How does suppression interfere in Monk's-hood? In the Mint tribe? 
Catalpa ? Mustard ? What tendency do you see in all these cases ? 



PLAN OF THE FLOWER. 



65 



mint, while five-parted, the flowers have generally but four 
staniens; but on close observation we often find a small 
rudiment of the fifth stamen in its proper place, as if its 
growth had been early stopped. And in Monarda and Catal- 
pa, only two stamens grow up to maturity, while three are 
mere rudiments (Fig. 202). Nevertheless, such flowers are 
said to be unsymmetrical. So the flowers of the Mustard 
tribe. The stamens are in two rows of four in each ; but of 
the outer row (or circle) two were checked in growth (or 
suppressed^ as the botanists say) at the outset. (See Fig. 97.) 
The tendency to symmetry is manifest in all these cases. 

117. We must carefully distinguish between the terms 
xinsymmetriccd and irregular. The former refers to number 

only, the latter to form and size 
(Less. XIV.). The Mustard 
flower is unsymmetrical. but 
not irregular. The Orchis is 
irregular, but not unsymmet- 
rical. Snap-dragon is both 
irregular and unsymmetrical. 





Fig. 198. Nymphsea odorata. 

Fig. 199. Petals gradually passing into stamens. 

118. Here is a figure of the Water Lily (198), and a 
separate view of its sepals, petals, and stamens. Observe 



117. What difference between unsymmetrical and irregular? Examples. 



66 



OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 



liow the form of the slender stamen gradually changes to 
the broad petal, the anther becoming smaller and smaller. 
One can scarcely say where it ceases to be a stamen and 
begins to be a petal. So, also, the petals gradually pass into 
sepals, and in other plants, Peony for instance, the sepals 
just as gradually pass 
into leaves. (See Class 
Book of Botany, § 113.) 

119. This transforma- 
tion of one sort of organ 
into another (always 
from stamen back to- 
wards the leaf) is quite 
common among culti- 
vated plants. It is in 
this manner that the 
Rose, Carnation, Peony, 
&c, become double, viz., 
by the stamens, and oft- 
en the pistils too, becom- 
ing petals: for in the 
wild state these flowers 
have but five petals. 

120. From these ex- 
amples and others like 
them, we conclude that the different organs of the flower, and 
the leaf also, although commonly very different, have all one 
common nature and origin; or, in other words, the organs of 
the flower may all be considered as transformed leaves. 

118. Show the graduation of organs in Water Lily. 

119. How do the Rose, Peony, &c, become double? 

120. What great principle is derived from these facts ? 





201 200 

Fig. 200. Flower of Crowfoot. 
Fig. 201. Double flower of the same ; the sta- 
mens and pistils have become petals. 



OF THE PISTILS. 



67 



LESSON XVIII 

OF THE PISTILS. 




Fig. 202. Section of flower of Strawberry, — ovaries many, on a raised torus. 
Fig. 203. Section of a Kose, — ovaries sunk into a hollow torus. 

121. The pistils occupy the centre of the flower, at the end 
or centre of the torus. Their number varies in different 
plants from one to one hundred, or more. When they are 
several they stand arranged in a circle like the other organs. 
When they are many they are commonly heaped together in 
a spiral manner, and raised on the conical torus, as in Butter- 
cup, Strawberry, or sunk into the cavity of a hollow one, as 
in Rose. (See Figs. 202, 203.) 

122. The pistil consists, plainly, of three parts, as may be 
seen in Fig. 204. At the top is the stigma (s), at base is the 
ovary (<?), and between them is the style (sty). The style 

121. In what part of the flower are the pistils situated? What is their 
number ? their arrangement ? How situated in the Rose ? 

122. Please describe the pistil and each of its parts. In what case is the 
etigma sessile ? 



68 



OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 



being a mere stalk, like the filament of a stamen or 
the petiole of a leaf, may, like them also, be wanting, 
without loss to the pistil. In this case the stigma is 
sessile (sitting) upon the ovary, as in the pistils of 
Anemone (Fig. 207), and of Trillium (Fig. 206). 



sty 




204 






20T 

Fig. 204. Pistil of Tobacco. 

Fig. 205. Pistil, stamens, and calyx of Azalia. 

Fig. 206. Trillium,— stigmas (d) and anthers («) nearly sessile. 

Fig. 207. Pistils of'Eue Anemone (A. thalictroides), — stigmas sessile. 



123. The ovary is a kind of sac or case, enclosing the 
ovules (see Fig. 215, where there is but one, or in Fig. 209, 
where there are five, and Fig. 202, where there are many 
ovaries.) When full grown, the ovary becomes the fruit, and 
the ovules the seeds. 

124. It is very important to distinguish between the simple 
and the compound pistil, for when there are several in the 
same flower they often grow together, forming a single body 
with members more or less distinct. As the petals grow 



123. Describe the ovary and the ovules. 

124. Name an important distinction in ovaries, 
pistil compound ? 



When is the ovary or 



OF THE PISTILS. 



09 




ft \W\ 




203 209 210 211 

Fig. 208. Simple pistil of Larkspur. 

Fig. 209. The five simple pistils of Columbine, all distinct. 

Fig. 210. The three pistils of a St. Johnswort, — ovaries united but styles distinct. 
Fig. 211. Compound pistil of another St. Johnswort, the three pistils entirely 
united. 

Fig. 212. Flax, — the five ovaries united but the styles distinct. 
Fig. 213. Pink, — the two ovaries united, styles distinct. 
Fig. 214. Saxifrage, — the two pistils slightly united. 

together, forming a monopetalous corolla, so the pistils may 
combine into a compound pistil. The parts of such a pistil 
are conveniently called carpels. 

125. As to the extent of this union of the pistils, it is found 
in all possible degrees, always beginning at base and pro- 
ceeding upwards. For example, in Columbine (Fig. 209), 
the five carpels (pistils) are entirely distinct ; in Early Saxi- 
frage (Fig. 214), the two carpels are united at the base ; in 
Pink (Fig. 213), the two unite to the top of the ovary, leav- 
ing the styles distinct; so also in Flax (Fig. 212); in Even- 
ing Primrose, the four pistils cohere to the top of the style, 
leaving the stigmas distinct ; and finally, in the Lily, the 
three carpels are united throughout. (See Figs. 209-214.) 

126. We may know the number of carpels in a compound 



125. As to the cohesion or union of pistils, — how is it in Columbine ? in 
Pink ? in Early Saxifrage ? Evening Primrose ? Lily ? 



70 



OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 



pistil by the number of separate styles, or by the separate 
stigmas, or by the lobes of the stigma or ovaiy, or by the 
number of cells in the ovary, or (when only one cell) by the 
number of seed-rows. Thus the three-lobed stigma or ovary 
of the Lily indicates a triple pistil, also the three stigmas of 
the Spring Beauty, and the three seed-rows in the Violet. 
(See Fig. 229.) 





215 216 

Fig. 215. Section of the flower of Alchemilla, showing the stamens perigynous, 

the style single, simple, and lateral. 
Fig. 216. Section of flower of JefFersonia, — stamens hypogynous, pistil single, 

simple, with one seed-row. 

127. But when the pistils remain separate and distinct we 
call each one a simple pistil. Thus in Columbine (Fig. 209) 
there are five simple pistils ; in Anemone (Fig. 207), and in 
Buttercups, many ; while in Cherry, Peach, Bean, Alchemilla, 
and JefFersonia, there is just one simple pistil in each flower. 
Such a pistil is usually of an irregular form, with its style 
lateral (on one side), and only one seed or seed-row. (See Figs. 
215, 216.) 



126. Please tell us how you detect the number of carpels in the compound 
ovary of Spring Beauty ; of Lily ; of Violet. 

127. What peculiarity in the form of a simple pistil ? 



TWO KINDS OF BUDS. 



71 



LESSON XIX. 

HOW THE LEAVES ARE FOLDED IN THE BUD. 

221 




^Estivation.— Fig. 217. Valvate calyx, as of Mallow. Fig. 218. Sepals of Holly- 
hock, — valvate-reduplicate. Fig. 219. Sepals of Clematis,— valvate-induplicate. 
Fty. 220. Petals of Flax,— contorted. Fig. 221. Petals of Wild Rose, — quincuntiai. 
Fig. 222. Petals and sepals of Lily or Tulip. Fig. 223. Petals of Wall-flower,— 
convolute. Fig. 224. Petals of Pea,— vexillary. 

128. There is the leaf-hud, consisting of many scales and 
young leaves, folded up in such a manner as to occupy as 
little space as possible ; and the flower-hud, consisting of the 
organs of the flower in their early state, also closely packed. 
Now if you study the arrangement of the pieces composing 
the bud of either sort, you will be surprised and delighted 
with its variety and elegance. As each species of plant has 
the same invariable mode of folding in all its buds, this study 
well becomes a matter of science. 



Less. XIX. — What is the subject of this Lesson? 
128. Two kinds of buds ; please describe each. 



7'2 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 



129. With a sharp knife let us make a cross-section (that 
is, a cut square across) of a flower-bud just ready to open ; 
we may thus obtain some such views as are here drawn. 
For example, in Fig. 217, we have the valvate arrangement. 
Here the pieces composing the circle barely touch each other 
by the edges, as in the sepals of Mallows, petals of Lilac, 
valves of a seed-vessel. (See, also. Figs. 218, 219.) 

130. In the Phlox, Flax, Oleander, we find a twisted or 
contorted arrangement of the petals (Fig. 220), where each 
piece overlaps the next, all in one direction. 

131. The bud is said to be imbricated* when some of the 
pieces are wholly outside, covering by the two edges others 
which are wholly inside. But this may take place in various 
ways. See how it is in the petals of the Eglantine, or Apple 
(Fig. 221). Here two petals are outside, two inside, and one 
partly both. In the Tulip, one sepal is outside, one inside. 
and one partly both. And just so with its three petals 
(Fig. 222). 

132. The bud is convolute when each leaf wholly involves 
all that are within it, as do the petals of Magnolia and Wall- 
flower (Fig. 223); and it is vcxUIary in the Pea tribe, where 
only the outside petal, larger than the rest, infolds them all 
(Fig. 224). 

133. The plicate arrangement is found in monopetalous 
flowers, as in Thornapple, Potato, where the corolla is folded 
in a manner somewhat like a fan. 

129. How do we prepare a "bud for examination ? What do you under- 
stand by a cross-section ? Define the valvate arrangement, with examples. 

130. What aestivation do we find in Flax, Phlox, &c. ? 

181. What is the imbricated aestivation? Describe it in the petals of 
Tulip ; Apple ; Eglantine. 

132. How are the petals arranged in the bud of Wall-flower ? 
183. How in the flower of Thornapple ? or Potato ? 



VERNATION. 



73 



13-i. The pupil should make himself well acquainted with 
these seven modes of mtivation (so the botanists call it). 
Other modes are described in larger works. (Class Book of 
Botany, p. 79.) 

135. Also in the leaf-bud we find similar modes of leaf- 
folding (here called vernatioiiy from the Latin vernus, spring, 
as (estivation is from cestivus^ summer). The figures follow- 
ing represent cross-sections of various sorts of leaf-buds. In 
the bud of Sycamore the infolding scales are imbricate, but 
the young leaves within are somewhat plicate. 

136/ In the leaf-bud of Cherry (Fig. 230) we find the con- 
volute vernation, similar to the cestivation of Wall-flower. 
The leaf-bud of Lilac (Fig. 231) gives us another form of 
imbricate. 





225 226 . 227 228 229 

Vernation.— Fig. 225. Unfolding leaf-bud of Tulip-tree,— reclinate. Fig. 226. 
Fern loaf-bud, — circulate. Fig. 227. Sedge,— equitant. Fig. 228. Sage,— obvolute. 
Fig. 229. Iris,— equitant. 

137. Fig. 229 represents the vernation of Iris, and Fig. 227, 
of a Sedge-grass. Both are equitant (which means, in Latin, 



134. What is the meaning of the word cestivation ? 

135. What is the meaning of the word vernation f 
vernation in Sycamore leaf-bud. 

136. In the leaf-bud of Cherry ; Lilac. 

137. What of the equitant vernation? 



Please describe the 



OBJECT LESSONS EN BOTANY. 



riding horseback). Each leaf, first on this corner, then on 
that, infolds or overlays all that is within it. 

138. Obvolute vernation appears in the leaf-bud of Sage 
(Fig. 22S), where each leaf infolds only half of the blade of 
its opposite leaf. 




Vernation. — Fig. 230. Cherry leaf-bud,— convolute. Fig. 231. Lilac,— imbricate. 
Fig. 232. Birch leaf,— plicate. Fig. 233. Dock,— revolute. Fig. 234. Balm-of-Gil- 
ead, — involute. 

139. In the bud of Dock (Fig. 233) we find the young 
leaves revolute. or rolled backwards from both edges ; but in 
the bud of Balm-of-Gilead (Fig. 231) they are involute, or 
rolled inwards from both fedges. This is best seen under a 
micrq^cope of one lens, i. £., a single microscope. 

140. In the bud of Tulip-tree (Fig. 225) each leaf is recti- 
nate\ being bent over forward and infolding all within it; 
and in the Fern (Fig. 226)* it is circinate, or coiled from the 
top downwards, like a watch-spring. 



138. The obvolute ? 

139. What the vernation of Dock ? of Balm-of-Gilead ? 

140. Please describe the reclinate ; the circinate. 



INFLORESCENCE. 



75 



LESSON XX. 

HOW THE FLOWERS ARE ARRANGED ON THE PLANT. 

x41. We may now devote one or two lessons to the arrange- 
ment and position of the flowers upon the plant, a subject to 
which botanists give the name of inflorescence. . 




Fig. 235. Staphylea trifolia; a pendulous, paniculate cyme. 
Fig. 236. Catalpa; a panicle. 



142. Every one has obser^d such facts as the follow- 

k ing, namely, that flowers are sometimes alone, and often in 

clusters; that they are*sometimes raised on stalks, and some- 

141. What is the meaning of the word inflorescence? 

142. What common facts in inflorescence does everybody notice? 



76 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 



times sessile (or without stalks) ; and that they may arise 
from terminal buds, or from axillary. "With the meaning of 
the words terminal and axillary you were made acquainted 
in Lesson IX. 

143. The stalk which supports the flower, or the cluster of 
flowers, we call peduncle. Now the peduncle may be either 
simple, bearing a single flower, or divided into branches and 
bearing a cluster of flowers. In the latter case, the branches 
or branchlets are called pedicels. 

144. When the peduncle arises from terminal buds it 
seems like a continuation of the main stem, as in Foxglove, 
Horse-chestnut ; and when from axillary buds, it comes out 
from the side, of the stem just above a leaf, as in the Cur- 
rant. Sometimes it arises from the root or some under- 
ground part of the stem, and then we generally #all it a 
scape'. Thus the flower-stalk of Tulip is a scape ; also of the 
Dodecatheon. 

145. The flower is said to be solitary, not only when alone 
on the plant, but also when alone in the axil -of a leaf, 'as in 
Fuchsia, Morning-glory, Petunia. 

146. Among clustered flowers, you will often meet with 
the following twelve varieties of inflorescence, which we 
must now try to represent and describe. We begin with the 
spike, such a cluster as we see in the Plantain, Mullen, &c. 
We may define it thus: A long peduncle (called rachis), 
having sessile flowers arranged along its sides. But before 
we go further with inflorescence, we must examine the bracts 
which accompany it. 

143. Please define ped un cle ; also pedicel. 

144. When are the flowers terminal ? axillary ? Define scape. 

145. Why is the flower called solitary in Fuchsia, Petunia, &c. ? 

146. Define a spike. Explain to us the racliis. 



INFLORESCENCE. 



77 




237. 



233. 



239. 



Bracts (5, b, b). Fig. 237. Cornus Canadensis, with an involucre of four colored 
bracts. Fig. 238. Hepatica triloba, with an involucre of three green bracts. Fig. 
239. Calla palustris, with a colored spathe of one bract, inclosing the spadix. 

147. Bracts are evidently of the same nature as leaves, 
differing only in their diminished size, and in their position 
on the flower-stalks, or near the flowers. They are some- 
times colored as brightly as flowers, as in Painted-cup, or in 
Balm. "When several bracts are arranged in a whorl at the 
base of the cluster of flowers, an involucre isformed, such as 
we And in Carrot, and most of the Umbelworts (Fig. 244). 
In the Flowering Dogwood the large involucre is colored 
■jvhite. 

148. Next in resemblance to the spike is the spadix, an 
inflorescence seen in the Calla (Fig. 237), Golden-club (Fig. 
241), and Cat-tail. It may be defined as a thickened, club- 
shaped spike, often with a large bract (called spathe) at base, 
as in Jack-in-the-pulpit, or without a spathe, as in Fig. 241. 



147. What sort of leaves grow on the peduncles, if any ? Define bracts. 
What is an involucre? Howls it in Cornus ? 



75 



: s; i :: : - : r-i>~y. 




:-.: 



^: 



:^ 



/^. 341. Golden-dob (Orwrfiwm), — -flowers in a epodix witk 110 aprthe. 

-":■/ --1 I.::_ J-:-": — ::~:;-5i: :i:::>, 

149. An ament called also catkin, is a more slender and 
delicate spike, filled with colored scales and fl: weirs, and all 
falling together without separating, snch as adorn the Birches 
(Fig. 243 Willows, and Poplars in early spring. The H : p 
also boars aments. 



I'ZZ 



LESSON XXI. 
::7i;7.z-;z::;z co>~t$nitjhdl 



150. T^p flowers of the Black Che: :ve, 

Locust, and Moth-mullen are in racemes. The raceme, then, 
is a rachis bearing its flowers on distinct, simple pedicels 

148, 149. Can you define the spike? amc n fcl b [ iii znd spathe ? 

1:". ?^i ; ri:i:r^: i- = :ri: -. :-r i~i ::i : :-il:- ::31i..-£ Zirrry. 



INFLORESCENCE. 



79 



(not sessile, as in the spike). It is often pendulous, often 
erect. 





242a 243 

Fig. 242. Secnnd (one-sided) raceme of Andromeda racemosa. 
Fig. 243. Pendulous raceme of Currant. 

151. The corymb differs from the raceme in having the 
lower pedicels lengthened so as to elevate all the flowers to 
about the same level, as in the Yarrow or Wild Thorn. 

152. The umbel appears in Milkweed, Onion, Ginseng, &c. 
It consists of several pedicels of similar length, all arising 
from the same point at top of the peduncle. But in Car- 
away, Carrot, and most of the Umbelworts (Fig. 244), the 
umbels are compound, as if each of the pedicels had become 



151. How does a corymb differ from a raceme? 

152. Please name and describe the inflorescence of the Milkweec}. How 



- 



OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 



itself an umbel. These secondary 
umbels we call umiellets. At the 
base of the umbel there is usually a 
whorl of bracts forming an involucre 
and often also at the base of 
each umbellet (5), when we call it an 

153. The fine flowers of the Ca- 
talpa are in panicles (Fig. 235), also 
the flowers of Oats. We may describe 
a panicle as if a raceme should have 
its pedicels irregularly branched. 

154. A cluster resembling a. pani- 
cle, but more compact, such as you 
see in Lilac, is called a thyvse* 

155. A head of flowers, such as we 
in Clover or the Button-bush, 

Eardly needs description. We might say that the head is a 
reduced umbel, having its flowers all sessile at the top of the 
peduncle. 

15 6. The great family of the Asterworts ftas all its flowers 
in heads, so dense and so nicely arranged as to be easily mis- 
taken for a single flower. But if you carefully examine such 
a head, say of an Aster, or especially of a Sunflower, you 
will see that it is composed of many little flowers or florets. 
The florets of the outer row are enlarged and open, so as to 




Fig. 244. Compound umbel 
of Sweet Cicely ( Osnwrhiza). 



that of Carrot differ? What is an umbellet? What the whorl of 
at the base of the nmbeHe- 
IV: ? Vase describe the panicle 154 The thyrse l r - r The head. 
156. What the inflorescence of the Asterworts ? How is the head of Aster 
made to resemble a single flower ? What the florets of the ray ? What the 
of the disk i 



INFLORESCENCE. 



81 




resemble the petals of one 
corolla, and the involucre, 
formed of many imbricated 
scales, resembles a calyx. This 
head is often called a com- 
pound flower. The outer flo- 
rets are the florets 'of the ray, 
the interior are the florets of 
the disk. See all this illus- 
trated in Figs. 245-250. 

157. The forms of inflo- 
rescence heretofore described 
result from axillary buds ; 
but the three following come* 
from terminal buds. Cyme is 
the general name given to all 
the forms of terminal inflores- 

v- * 

cence. lou may recognize 

them by the ord£r in which 

the flowers open. Thus, in 

the cyme, the terminal and central flowers open first, but in 

the logins before mentioned, the lower and outer flowers first. 

158. When the cyme is spreading and level-topped, we call 
it a cymous corymb, as in the common Elder ; and when not 
level topped, it may become a Cymous panicle, as in Chick- 
weed (Fig. 251), Spergula, and Staff-tree (Fig. 234). 

159. The scorpoid'cyme is a very remarkable form of in- 



Fig. 245. Head of Blue Milkweed 
(Mulgedium) ; all its florets are ligulate. 
Fig. 246. A view of one of them remain- 
ing on the receptacle. Fig. 247. A fruit 
crowned with its pappus. 

Fig. 248. Heads of Ironweed {Verno- 
nia) ; all its florets are tubular. Fig. 249. 
One of them remaining on the receptacle. 
Ficr. 250. Fruit. 



157. Are the forms hitherto described terminal or axillary ? Please define 
the cyme. 

158. Cymose corymb ; Cymose panicle. 

159. What is a scorpoid cyme ? Name and describe the inflorescence of 
Bunch Pink ; the inflorescence, of Catmint. 

4* 



82 



OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 




252 ftv— 251 

Fig. 251. Cyme of Chickweed (Steltaria media). First, the terminal flower (a) 
opened; secondly, from the axils of its highest leaves arr.se two branches, and ter- 
minated in the flowers b. b ; thirdly, fromtheir highest axils arose the flowers c, c, 
c, c. from whose axils a fourth set is seen to start, and so on. 

Fig. 252. Scorpoid cyme of Forget-me-not (Myosotis palustris). 

florescence, as shown in Pink-root and Forget-me-not (Fig. 
252). Before flowering if is coiled from the tip down- 
wards, and it uncoils as it blossoms. In^its nature it is a 
half-cyme. The fascicle is 'k densely packed cyme, as seen 




Diagrams of the forms of axillary inflorescence, showing how they gradually pass 
into each other. Fig. 253. Spike. Fig. 254. Eaceme. Fig. 255. Corymb. Fig. 256. 
Umbel. Fig. 257. Panicle. Fig. 258. Compound corymb. Fig. 260. Head. Fig. 
25i». Compound umbel. 



©F THE FRUIT. 



83 



in Bunch Pink or Pycnanthemum. The .glomerule is a small, 
dense cyme appearing in the axils of the leaves, as in Cat- 
mint and the Mint tribe generally. 

160. The* preceding diagrams may be carefully studied. 
They will convey a general idea of all these forms of inflo- 
rescence, and how they are related to each other. 



LESSON XXII. 

CONCERNING THE FRUIT.' 

161. The flower is of short duration, ^iter a few hours 
or a few days of blooming beauty, it fades and disappears. 





Fig. 2G1. Fruit of Currant, — a berry. 



160. Please explain the diagram^ 253-260. 



Fig. 262. Fruit of Maple,— samara. 

— * 



84 



OBJECT LESSONS EN BOTANY. 



The stamens and petals have accomplished their and 

are dead. Th "hen colored Kk are 

L But the pistil. es| -riially the ova: remains in its 

place, living and growing until the seeds which it contains 
are perfect. 

_ Zhnfi the -~ it h die ovary or pistils brought to per- 
: ion. 

163. During the growth and ripening of the {astO, ^rreat 
and manifold- changes occur, so that ar last the fruit i^ i 
different in form, s:ze. substance, and color. The little pistil 
in the flower of the ( must undergo a great alteration 

in becoming a plump Ox-hear: ! 




M9 

Fig '.- 1. An umbel of Ch^ — namely, a bud, an entire flower, and a 

""...« fcl '--. : •! istO and the 
264s. The di : ne and one seed. 

: orymb of any, — flower and ft 

surfae eh is only . 



161. Can you tell us what parts of the flower perish 1 What parts remain 
stiD grow? 
I . How do you define the fruit ? . * 

163. Mention some of the changes occtftring from ovary to fruit. 



OF THE FRUIT. 



85 




164. In the fruit we see the end and 
aim of plant-life accomplished, accord- 
ing to the wise and good design of the 
great Creator. "While it serves to re- 
produce and keep alive the plants upon 
the earth, it also serves as food for ani- 
mals and for man. 

165. It is curious to observe how dif- Fig 266 Driipej _ a ripe 
ferent are the parts of the fruit which Cherry. 

in different plants become food. In the f^' ff' Tryma,-a*om 
Apple, we eat the calyx which here 

adheres to the ovary, a«d in ripening was thickened and en- 
larged by the nutritious substance. In the Strawberry, we 
eat the enlarged, pulpy 
torus, which bears, all 
over its surface, the little 
dry, seed-like fruit. In 
Peach, the luscious mor-" 
sel is the outer coats of 
the ovary itself; and in 
the Orange, it is the in- 
ner coat. In the Nut,, 
Pea, Wheat, and most 
plants, the nourishing 
matter is laid up in the seeds, while the carpels ripen into 
• a dry fruit. 

166. The fruit consists of the seeds and the seed-vessels. 
The word pericarp means the same as seed-vessel. When 

164. Mention some of the uses of the fruit. 

165. Can you tell us what part of the Apple is eaten ? What part of the 
Strawberry is the eatable part ? What part of the Peach ? the Orange ? In 
what part is the nutritious matter deposited in the Pea ? Wheat*? Almond ? 




Fig. 268. Etaerio,— a Blackberry. 
Fig. 269. Capsule of Violet, open. 



86 



OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 



the pericarp is ripe, it may open in some special manner of 
itself and discharge the seeds ; or it 'may have ho provision 
for opening, and remain closed until it grows or decays. 




* 275 



Fig. 270. Achenia of Rue Anemone, in a head. 

Fig. 271. Fruit of Caraway, consisting of two achenia. 

Fig. 272. Kernel of Wheat, — a sort of achenium called cariopsis. 

Fig. 278. Fruit of Thistle,— another sort' of achenium, crowned with a pappus 
which serves as wings. 

Fig. 274. Fruit of Elm, — a samara, or winged achenium. .* 

Jfig. 275. Fruit of Beech, — two nuts, inclosed in the burr. 

Fig. 276. The Peach (a drupe), — cut open, showing the seed inclosed in its stone, 
and the stone in the thick pulp. 

Fig. 277. Fruit of Pigweed,— a one-seeded pericarp called utricle. 

Fig. 278. Fruit of India Strawberry, — a fleshy torus bearing the achenia outside. 

Fruits that open we will call dehiscent fruits, and those 
which do not open, indehiscent. We will first study some of 
the forms of indehiscent fruits, arranged as follows : 

167. First Division : Fruits indehiscent, one-seeded, dry ; 



namely, Achenium, Samara, Glans. 



166. Of what two parts does the fruit consist ? What is a deniscent fruit ? 
indehiscent ? 



OF THE FRUIT. 



87 



2T9 



230 



Second Division : Fruits indehiscent, one-seeded, fleshy ; 
namely, Drupe, Tryma, Etjerio. 

Third Division: Fruits indehiscent, several-seeded; name- 
ly, Bkkry, Pepo, Pome. 

168. The achenium is such a fruit as we find in Butter- 
cups, Anemone, Sage. Usually there, are several produced 
together from one flower. . We must not mistake them for 
seeds. They are pericarps, each inclosing one seed, as you 
see in the figures. The grain of Wheat or Corn (called cariop- 
sis) is much the same, but the one seed cannot be separated 
from the pericarp. 

169. The samara is mere- 
ly an achenium with a wing, 
as in Ash, Elm, Maple. The 
latter fruit is a double sa- 
mara. 

170. A glans (or nut) is 
such a fruit as Acorn, Chest- 
nut, Hazelnut, much like 
achenium, but larger, and 
seated in a cup or invo- 
lucre. 

171. A drupe is such a 
fleshy fruit as the Cherry 

Or Peach. It is well Called Fi ?- 279 ' Maple,-* double samara. 

. Fig. 280. Peary-apepo. 
a Stone-trUlt. Ihe Stone in- Fig% 28 l. Gooseberry, cut across; an en- 
closes the One Seed, and is larged view, showing the seeds lying in 

itself inclosed in a juicy ^JJ^ Fruit of Henbane,_a pyxis 
pulp. with its lid open. 




167. Please define our first division of fruits. What special fruits belong 
to it? the second, &c. ; the third, &c. 



88 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 



172. Tryma is the name for such fruits as Walnut, Cocoa- 
nut. Like the drupe, it has a stony seed- shell, but its outer 
coat is rather woody than pulpy. 

173. Such fruit as the Raspberry or Blackberry we call 
etcerio. It consists of many little fleshy drupes growing fast 
together or to the torus. In the Blackberry they grow to 
the torus (Fig. 268). 

174. The berry is a thin-skinned, pulpy fruit, holding its 
several seeds loose in the pulp, as Currant, Grape (Fig. 261). 
The Orange, &c, is much like a berry, but on account of its 
thick rind has been called by another name (hesperidium). 

175. jPepo is such a fruit as Squash, many-seeded, with a 
hard, crusty rind. 

176. jPome, the Apple, Pear, Haw, a flesjiy fruit with sev- 
eral distinct cells. Here the fleshy calyx grows fast to the 
ovaries ; while in the Sip, or Rose-fruit, the fleshy calyx 
merely incloses the ovaries, as seen in Fig. 203. 



■4 * » 



LESSON XXIII. 

FRUITS, CONTINUED. * 

» 

177. The dehiscent pericarp, — that is, those which open to 
discharge the seeds, — are generally dry -fruits, known as pods. 
The various forms have the following names: Pyxis, Folli- 
cle, Legume, Silique, Capsule. 

168-176. The student will now please define and name the fruit of Butter- 
cups, Corn, Ash, Maple, Oak, Hazel, Plum, Walnut, Raspberry, Grape, 
Orange, Squash, Pear, Haw, and Rose. 

177. Please give the names of the dehiscent pericarps. 



FORMS OF FRUITS. 



89 



ITS. The pyxis is the most curious and singular of all pods. 

It opens crosswise by a lid, like a snuff-box. Fig. 284 is the 

likeness of the pyxis of Kheumatism-root, common in Ohio. 

It is formed of one carpel only. Fig. 282 is the pyxis of 

Henbane, formed of two carpels. So the pyxis 

of Poor-man's-weather-glass (Anagallis, Fig. 

344) is formed of several carpels. 





2S6 



Fig. 283. A follicle of Milkweed (Asclepias). 
Fig. 284. A pyxis, — fruit of Jeffersonia, the Eheumatism-root. 
Fig. 285. A pair of follicles, — the fruit of the Dogbane (Apocynum). 
Fig. 286. A legume, open, — fruit of the ^ea-plant. 
Fig. 287. A jointed- legume, or loment, — fruit of Desmodium. 
. Fig. 288. A silicle, — fruit of Shepherd' s-purse. 

179. Follicle is the name of such pods as those of Colum- 
bine (Fig. 208), Milkweed (Fig. 283), and of Dogbane (Fig. 
285). They are formed of a single carpel, and open length- 
wise, t>n one side only. It is easy to see the resemblance 
between the follicle and a leaf, the leaf being folded so as to 
bring its two margins together. (See Fig. 207.) 

180. Legume is the proper name of the Pea pod, Bean pod, 
&c, of one carpel, one cell, one row of seeds, and commonly 

178. Give the character of the pyxis. How does the pyxis of Henbane 
differ from that of Jeffersonia ? 

179. Can you describe and name the fruit of Columbine ? How is its leafy 
character seen ? 

180. Describe and name the Pea pod. What is a loment ? 



90 



OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 



opening by two valves (Fig. 286). Such a pod is sometimes 
divided cr by joints (as in Fig. 287, Desniodium) ; we 

then call it a lament. 

181. Silique is a two-carpeled pod, such 
as we find in Mustard. It has two cells, 
separated by a thin partition, and two 
rows of seeds (Fig. 291). A short silique, or 
one not much longer than wide, such as 
we find in Pepper-grass or Shepherd Vpurse 
(Fig. 288), is called a silide. (See Fig. 290). 

182. Capsule (the word means casket). 

This name is applied to all 
other forms of dry, compound 
fruits, formed of several unit- 
ed carpels. In opening, they 
commonly split into several v in Iris ; 

or divide into several parts (carpels) like so 
many follicles, as in St. Johnswort : or they 
open by small pores, as in Poppy. 





I ..:. 291. A silique,— 

rd. 



290J Silicle 

of Draba (en- 
larged). 



296 



"<W^- - 





294 



293 



Fig. 292. A capsule,— fruit of 
Scrophularia ; it is two-celled, 
two-carpeled, or I rd. 

Fig. 298. A three- celled cap- 
sule of Colcbicnm ; it opens be- 
tween the cari \ 

. 2^4. Capsule of Iris, open- 
ing into the carpe' s. 

same, showing 

Fig. 296. Fruit of Geranium ; 
its five carpels 
carried up on : 
(called a regma) m 



181. Mustard pod : describe its structure and name. "What is a sii: 

182. What is a capsule? What three modes of opening are mentioned? 



COMPOUND FRUITS. 



91 



183. "We -should not omit altogether to notice the aggre- 
gated fruits, such as the Pine-cone (Fig. 300), Pine-apple, 
These fruits are composed not merely of the pistil, but 
of the entire flower, or even of tUe whole inflorescence, bracts 
and all, grown thick, and consolidated into one fleshy mass. 
This is evidently the nature of the Pine-apple and of the 
Mulberry. 

297 






*sn> 



Fig. 297. Black Mulberry, — an aggregated fruit. 
Fig. 298. Fig, cut open, showing the little flowers within. 
Fig. 299. Hip of a Rose, cut open, showing the achenia within. 
Fig. 300. Pine-cone, composed of thick scales. 

184. As for the Fig, it is a great hollow torus, having its 
innumerable flowers within the cavity, growing from the 
walls, and all together become a sw<eet, pulpy mass. 






Fig. 301. A branchlet of the Canada Yew, showing the fruit. 

183, 184. Mention some examples of aggregated fruits. Can you describe 
Pine-apple? a Fig? 



92 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 



l x o. But there are some kinds of fruit almost or quite des- 
titute of a pericarp, consisting of naked seeds. On the pre- 
ing page is a figure (301) of the Canada Tew, a trailing 
shrub of ]STew England and. Canada. The fruit is a single 
naked black seed, seated in a fleshy, coralline-red cup. The 
(of Pine, Fir, <fcc.) is made up of thick woody bracts, each 
covering in their axils two or more winged seeds (Fig. 300). 



LESSON XXIY. 

CONCERNING THE SEEDS. 

186. Last and most important is the seed, the perfected 
ovule, containing the germ of a new plant like its parent 
plant. The seed consists of a kernel and its shell. Place a 
bean in water, and soon its 'softened shell or skin is easily 
separated from the kernel. 

187. The shell of a seed may be of any color, -as white, 
black, yellow, red, &c. ; may be polished and shining, or dull 
and rough; may be of any shape, as round, or oval, or egg- 
shaped ; may be winged, as in Catalpa, or may be clothed 
with long hairs, called coma. The silk of Silk-grass (Ascle- 
pias) is the coma of the seed, and cotton is the coma of 
Cotton seed. The seed of Poplar (cotton-wood) or Willow 

also furnished with coma. 

What plants have no pericarps ? Please describe a cone of Pine ; 
fruit of Tew. 

"What* is the seed, and wnat does it contain? Of what two parts 
does it cons:- 

What do von remember concerning the color and shape ? Describe 
the coma of a seed. 



CONCERNING THE PAPPUS. 



93 




307 

-Fig. 302. 
Fig. 303. 
Fig. 304. 
Fig. 305. 
Fig. 306. 
Fig. 307. 
Fig. 308. 
2^. 309. 
Fig. 310. 



305 



309 







302 



303 304 



A seed of the Cotton-plant, with its tuft of coma, or cotton. 
A seed of the Cotton-tree (Populus), with its silky coma. 
A winged seed of the Catalpa. * 

Achenium of Eclipta ; it has no pappus. 
Achenium of Horseweed ; scarcely any pappus. 
Achenium of Sunflower ; has two awns for pappus. 
Achenium of Ageratum ; has five sepals for pappus. 
Achenium of Blue Milkweed; has abundant pappus. 
Achenium of Wild Lettuce ; with. pappus raised on a beak. 



188. The learner must distinguish between the coma of a 
seed and the pappus of a fruit. The down of Thistle or Dan- 
delion is pappus, for the little fruit on which it grows is not 
merely a seed, but a pericarp (achenium), also containing one 
seed. In a word, the seed may be nedged with ^ coma, but 
the fruit is fledged with a pappus, both intended as wings 
to bear away the seed to distant places! (See Class Book of 
Botany, § 485.) 



188. What is the distinction between coma and pappus? 



94 



OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY, 



l v .\ A= ro the seedO: en >;-*. 
:: may consist of two parts, 
namely, the germ and albu- 
men, or it may be all germ. 

190. In the Bean (Fig. 311) 
it is all germ. A better name 






r. 



ryo. U o 



7T 



k \ I, 



3 embryo is, in 
e plant* eonsist- 






in all seeds, t 

fact, a miniati 

ing of three parts, viz^-radi- 

cU, plumule, cotyledons. In J* ^J£ i^WSt £ 

this Bean, r is the radicle, p radicle; p, the plnmale. 

is the* plnmnle, c, c, are the 
cotyledons. 

£14 



the albumen; c, the one cotyledon; p, 
plumule; r, radicle. 





/a^. 313. Seed of Fonr- o'clock; embryo two-cotyledoned, coiled; a, albumen. 
Fig. 314. Seed of Heather. Fkf. 315. A section of the same, showing the cured 
embryo, with two cotyledons, lying in albamen. 
Fig. 316. Seed of Onion. Fig. 317. Section of the same, showing the coiled em- 
: , one cotyledon, in albumen. 

191. T::e radicle is the part destined to grow downwards 



189. Of what two parts may the seed-kernel consist? 

190. Describe the parts of the seed of bean. 



OF GERMINATION. 95 



and become root. The plumule is the young bud destined 
to expand upwards and become stem and leaves. The cotyle- 
dons are two young leaves, thick and bulky, full of starchy 
matter to feed the embryo when it shall awake and begin to 
grow. 

192. In the Wheat-seed (Fig. 312) we find, besides the. 
embryo, a white, mealy mass (a), well known when ground 
into flour. This mass is evidently intended to answer the 
same purpose as the starchy cotyledons of the Bean — to 
nourish the embryo. The radicle (?*), the plumule (p), the 
cotyledon (<?), and the .albumen (a), are clearly shown. Fig. 
313 (seed of Four-o'clock) also shows albumen ; here the em- 
brvo is coiled into a ring around the albumeji. Thus we see 
that the food of the young plantlet is laid up somewhere. in 
every seed, either in the bulky cotyledons of the embryo 
itself, or in the albumen outside the embryo. 

193. We have, then, seeds albuminous, and seeds exalbu- 
minous ; seeds two-cotyledoned, and seeds one-cotyledoned. 



LESSON XXV. 

THE SEED BECOMING A PLANT. 

194. We have seen that the ripened seed is a miniature 
plant, living, but sleeping; packed and sealed up for trans- 
portation. It may continue to sleep, perhaps, for years, if 

191. Describe the nature and destiny of the radicle ; of the plumule ; of 
the cotyledons. 

192. Of w*hat does the Wheat-seed consist ? What is the intention of the 
albumen ? the position of it in Wheat ? in Four-o'clock ? 

193. What seeds are albuminous ? exalbuminous ? What seeds are two- 
cotyledoned ? one-cotyledoned ? 






OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 



but if : to moisture, it soon 

awakes and commences its \ urse of 

195. In the Spring of the year the melting snows 
the warm rains supply the proper moisture to 

the which have fallen fcc the ground, and 

y may be seen everywhere swelling, bursting, 
and growing. The young botanist must not fail to 
watch their development. 

196. Beneath some Oak, for example, 
buried in the old leave?, we rind acorns 
in all stages : growth, showing atone 
view all the steps in the process of ger- 

Here is an acorn wit 
its shell soffened and its kernel a 
little sw . _-- 

with a sharp knife, and the 
secti :g. 31$) shows the 

thick cotyledons •:•) and the 
radicle (r). 

197. In an rther acorn Fig. 
i the cotyledons have ab- 
sorbed yet more water, and en- 

;ed so much as to burst 
i. and the radicle 
growing, has come forth, 
a little root, directing 
course downwards. 




CIS 



Fig. 318. Acorn, seed of the 
Oak, eat open, — showing «, ^ 
the cotyledons ; r, the radicle. 

7 ii. 313, 820, 3^1. Show the 



progress of germination: r, radicle ; p, plnmnle. 



Please teU us again what a seed is. In what condition is a seed 

"VVhen will it awake ? 

195. Condition of the seeds generally in Spr: 



OF GERMINATION. 



97 




198. In the next stage of growth 
(Fig. 320) the two stalks of the cotyle- 
dons (*, petioles, Less. I,), make their 
appearance, and from between them, at 
the top of the rootlet, the plumule 
shoots forth, a little stem with a bud 
at the top, directing its course up- 
wards. ' The rootlet, meanwhile, has 
grown longer, entered the soil, and 
divided itself into branches and fibres 
all covered over with fine white hairs. 
These hairs, called fibrils, may be 
seen under a microscope, as in Fig. 
322, which represents the end of a 
fibre of Maple with its fibrils much 
magnified. 

199. Up to this stage, the growing rootlet and bud have 
drawn all their nourishment from the store of food laid up 
beforehand in the thick cotyledons for this very purpose ; but 
now. the rootlet has reached the soil, and by means of its 
numerous fibrils, which are so many little mouths, it is begin- 
ning to" draw its nourishment from the earth. 

200. Another acorn, or the same one a few days later 
(Fig. 321), shows root and stem well organized, and the young 
Oak fairly started on its grand journey of growth and life. 
The root has descended deeper and spread its branches wider 



Fig. 322. The extreme end 
of a rootlet of Maple, greatly 
magnified under a lens, show- 
ing the fibrils. 



196. What is the meaning of the word germination f Describe the section 
of an acorn in Fig. 318. 

197. Describe that stage of growth seen in Fig. 319. 

198. Describe the third stage, as represented in Fig. 320. 

199. The first source of food for the embryo? the second? 

200. How does the plant appear in Pig. 321 ? 



98 



OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANT. 



in the soil, while the bud has mounted higher, unfolding 
itself into stem and Reaves, and spreading itself in the air and 
light. 

201. The young plant has now become independent of the 
seed, which will soon wither and* perish. The cotyledons, in 
this case, are never able to throw off the shell, but perish 




323 32T 326 325 324 

Progress of germination in Maple.— Fig. 323. A seed (samara). Fig. 324. The 
same, just beginning to grow ; the rootlet descends, the cotyledons have burst the 
shell. Fig. 325. The leaf-like cotyledons (c) nearly open, the stem (s) and root (r) 
lengthening. Fig. 326. The terminal bud appears. Fig. 327. The first pair of true 
leaves expanded. Fig. 328. The second pair appear, &c. 



together with it. In other plants, however, as in Maple 
(Fig. 325), the two cotyledons escape from the shell, change 
color, and become leaves, — the first pair on the plant (c). 
202. The bud, which we called plumule, is still seen at the 

201. When does the seed perish? Cotyledons of Oak and Maple — how 
differ in development ? 



DEVELOPMENT OF BUDS. 



99 



top, arising higher and higher, as it unfolds its axis into the 
joints (called nodes and interaodes) of the stem, its outer 
scales into leaves, and is itself continually renewed from 
within. Thus the ascending stem, or axis, is always termi- 
nated by a bud. 




829 • 330 

Fig. 329. Bud of Currant unfolding, — the scales (s) gradually becoming leaves. 
Fig. 330. Bud of Tulip-tree,— the scales unfolding into stipules ($). 

203. Soon other buds appear. There is one in the axil of 
each leaf. So long as the terminal bud only is developed, 
the plant grows up a simple stem. But by the grow r th of 
these axillary buds, if they grow at all, branches are pro- 
duced-; and these branches, from their axillary buds, produce 
branchlets. and so on. 



202. What do you understand by the nodes and internodes? How is the 
axis always terminated ? 

203. In what case will the stem be simple ? How are branches produced ? 



• 
100 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 



LESSON XXYI. 

LIFE OF THE PLANT, OR ITS BIOGRAPHY. 

■ 

201. The water which the plant imbibes by it?* roots be- 
comes sap in the stem, and circulates in every part as the 
blood circulates in the animal frame. The leaves, bv their 
broad, thin forms, serve as lungs, to bring all the sap which 
passes through them into contact with the air and light. 

205. Bv this means the sap is changed into a nourishing 
food, fitted to sustain the growth of the plant in every part. 
Thus the leaves are designed, not onlv as an ornamental robe, 
but as organs of breathing and digestion. 

206. In the second stage of growth, when the plant depends 
no longer upon the seed for nourishment, it goes on increas- 
ing in stature and multiplying its leaves and branches. It 
now consists of three parts, namely, root, stem, and leaves. 
These are called the organs of vegetation. 

207. The third stage of plant-life is the period of flowering. 
Before this period, all its activity was devoted to its own 
nourishment and growth. Now it begins to live and act for 
the continuance of its own kind after it upon the earth, 
according to the Divine decree in Genesis, i.. 11. Some of 
its buds undergo a striking change, and open each a flower 

instead of a leafy branch. 

t/ 

20S. A flower is therefore a leafy branch transformed (as 

204. What becomes of the water which the roots imbibe ? What part do 
the leaves act ? 

205. What change takes place in the sap? 

206. What is the second stage of plant -life ? 

207. The third stage ? Whence come the flowers ? 



BIOGRAPHY OF THE PLANT. 101 



shown in the Class Book, p. 23), having its axis undeveloped, 
its leaves in crowded circles, moulded into more delicate 
forms and tinged with brighter colors, not only to adorn the 
face of nature, but to prepare the way for fruit. 

209. The fourth stage of plant-life is the period of its fruit- 
bearing. The flowers have gradually, faded and disappeared, 
but the pistil, having received the quickening pollen (see Class 
Book of Botany ,.p. 148), remains in its place, holds fast all 
the nourishing matter which continues to flow into it through 
the flower-stem, grows, and Anally ripens into the perfected 
fruit and seed. 

210. The fifth and last stage in the biography of the plant 
is its hibernation (winter's sleep), or its death. If the event 
of flowering and fruit-bearing occur within the first or second 
year of the life of the plant, it is generally followed by its 
speedy death. In all other cases ifris followed by a state of 
needful repose, wherein it is commonly stripped of its leaves, 
and gives few, if any, indications of life, until awaked, with 
renewed vigor, in the following Spring. 

211. According to their* different terms of life, we distin- 
guish plants as annuals, biennials, and perennials. An an- 
nual herb completes its whole history in one year. In the 
Spring it germinates ; in Summer it* grows, blooms, bears 
fruit; and in Autumn its work and life are ended. The 
Mustard, Maize, and Morning-glory are such. 

212. A biennial herb lives two years. During the first it 

208. Please state the nature of the flower. 

209. Please describe the fourth stage of plant-life. 

210. The fifth stage. 

211. In regard to their term of life, how are plants divided? Describe an 
annual herb. 

212. A biennial herb. 



102 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 



germinates, grows, and bears leaves only ; and in its second 
year it blossoms, bears fruit, and dies. Sucli are the Beet 
and Radish. 

213. A perennial plant survives several or many years. 
There are herbaceous perennials and icoody perennials. The 
herbaceous perennials, or perennial herbs, are such as survive 
the .winter only by their roots or their parts which grow 
underground. These in Spring send up leaves, flowers, and 
and often stems, all of which perish in Autumn, leaving only 
the parts underground alive as before. Such are the Hop, 
Asters, Yiolets. 

214. Woody perennials survive the winter by their stems 
as well as roots, and usually grow several years before flow- 
ering, and thence flower annually during their existence. 
According to their size, such plants are trees, shrubs, under- 
shrubs. A tree is the largest among plants, having a perma- 
nent, woody stem, usually unbranched below, and dividing 
into branches above. The Oaks, Elms, and Pines are famil- 
iar examples. 

215. A shrub is smaller than a tree, usually growing in 
clusters from pne underground mass of roots. The Lilacs, 
Roses, Alders, are shrubs. Small shrubs, about of our own 
stature, as the Currants, Brambles, we call bushes. Yery 
low shrubs, as the Blueberries, Box, &c, are unidershrubs. 

213. Describe a perennial plant. Of what two sorts ? Describe a peren- 
nial herb. 

215. A tree, a shrub, bush, undershrub, — how distinguished ? To which 
of the above-mentioned sorts does the Cabbage belong ? To which the Hol- 
lyhock? theBalsamine? Four-o'clock? To which the Tulip? Golden-rod? 
Lily? Pink? Quince? &c. 



CONCERNING THE ROOT. 



103 



LESSON XXVII. 

CONCERNING THE AXIS OP THE PLANT. 



216. The term axis ex- 
presses the central column 
or body of the plant around 
which the branches and 
other organs are arranged. 
As we have already no- 
ticed, the axis grows and 

- extends in two directions, 
— upwards and downwards. 
•The ascending part is the 
stem, the descending part 
is the root. The former 
loves and seeks the air and 
light, the latter the dark, 
damp bosom of the earth. 

217. The Root serves the 
twofold purpose of fixing 
the plant firmly in its place, 
and of imbibing the neces- 
sary food from the soil. 
The food when thus im- 
bibed is never in a solid 

• 

Fig. 331. An entire plant (Shep- 
hercTs-pur.se), showing the axis (a 
to ?')* The part from c to r is the 
descending axis, or root; from c to a 
the ascending axis, or stem; b, b, 
branches, bearing racemes of flowers 
and fruit. 




881 



104 



OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY 



state, but dissolved in water, and con- 
sists of certain earths, alkalies, and 
gases. (See Part II., Chap. 7, Class 
Book of Botany.) 

2 IS. It is the nature of the root to 
divide itself into branches, and the onlv 
organs which properly belong to it are 
branches, iibres, and 'fibrils. It puts 
forth no buds nor leaves unless the 
plant be in some unnatural state. 

219. The roots of woody plants, es- 
pecially, are branching roots. Year 
after year they multiply and extend in 
branches and branchlets beneath the ofayotmcr t ree. 




: ; 2 Branching root 




Fig. 333. A tuberous root (Erigenia >. Fig. 334. Fibrov a 

Fig. 335. Branching root (White Clover), with tuber. 



FORMS OF ROOTS. 



105 



ground, in proportion to the growth of the branches and 
twigs of the stem above. The axis itself may not descend 
to any great depth, and after a few years may be found far 
exceeded in growth by its own branches which extend hori- 
zontally in a better soil. The greater the growth of the root? 
the more firm will be its hold Upon the ground, and the great- 
er its capacity for drinking in liquid nourishment for the tree. 

220. The roots of herbaceous 
plants take a great variety of 
forms. Some are tuberous, some 
fibrous. The tuberous are such as 
consist of a large axis or body, with 
small branches ; as in the Beet, 
Ground-nut, Spring Beauty, and 
many othBr biennial plants. 

221. The fibrous are such as con- 
sist mostly of fibres, with scarcely 
any axis ; as in Buttercups, Grass- 
es. In such cases the axis ceased 
to grow immediately after ger- 
mination, and long thread-like 
branches supplied its place. 

222. The fibvO-tuberOUS roots ***- 837 - Tuberous and napiform 
. . ,, , . root of Turnip. 

are such as have some ot their 

fibres thickened and fleshy, as seen in the Peony, Dahlia, 

216. Please explain the meaning of the term axis. In what two directions 
does it grow ? 

217. What is the twofold purpose of the root? What does it imbibe ? 
In what state is this food when imbibed ? 

218. What is said of the nature of the root? What are its only proper 
organs ? What is said of leaves or buds ? 

219. Describe the roots of woody plants, and their growth. 

220-222. Describe tuberous roots ; fibrous ; fibro-tuberous ; tubercular. 

5* 




Fig. 336. Tuberous and fusiform 
root of Beet. 



106 



OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 



Spiraea. If little tubers here and there are attached -to the 
fibres, the root is tubercular, as in Squirrel-corn. 




Fig. 338. Fibro-tuberous root of Peony. 

Fig. 339. Fibro-tuberous root of Spiraea filipundula. 

Fig. 340. Fibro-tuberous root ef Mourning Geranium. 

9 

223. All these fleshy forms, whether tuberous or fibro-tu- 
berous, are filled with starch, deposited there in store, for use 
in the f»ture growth of the plant. Many other forms of roots 
are described in larger works. 



■♦♦♦- 



LESSON XXVIII. 

OF THE STEM OR ASCENDING AXIS. 

224. The stem tending upward in its growth is often called 
the ascending axis. It does not in all cases continue to arise 

223. What purpose do fleshy roots serve ? 

Less. XXVIII. What is the subject of this lesson? 



THE ASCENDING AXIS 



ior 




M^. 



Fig. 341. Spotted Prince's Pine, entire plant; the stem is a "leaf-stem 
Fig. 842. Diclytra (D. cucullaria), whole plant; it has a "scale-stem." 



in growing, but often becomes oblique or horizontal. There- 
fore we have, besides erect stems, sterns prostrate, procumbent, 
trailing, when running along flat on the ground, or over 
bushes, as the Partridge-berry, White Wintergreen (Fig. 343) ; 
atid, also, stems decumbent, first arising and afterwards* re- 
clining on the ground, as the Poor-man's-weather-glass (Fig. 
344). 

225. There are, also, subterranean stems, never arising 

% . 

224. What of the direction of the growth of stems ? How does the stem 
of White Wintergreen grow ? How the stem of Anagallis ? 



108 



OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 




Fig. 343. The White Wintergreen ( Ckiogenet) ; it has a procumbent stem 

above the ground at all, but only sending up leaves and 
flowers with their stalks, as the Tulip. 

226. It is the nature of the stem to produce buds, as it is of 
the root to produce none. At first the stem is itself a bud, 
and as it grows it bears this bud always at the summit and 
produces a new bud in the axil of every new leaf. 




Fig. 344. Poor-man' s-weather-glaas (Anagallis) ; it has a decumbent stem. 



227. The stem has nodes and internodes. The joints where 
the leaves severally come out are the nodes, and the portion 
of stem between, Jhe internodes. In the bud the internodes 
are quite undeveloped, and the nodes close together ; but as 
it develops into a regular leaf-stem, the internodes grow, and 
the nodes with their respective leaves are separated. 

228. But in some plants, the nodes only are developed, and 
the axis never extends itself above ground, and covers itself 

225. What of the stem of Tulip ? 

226. What the nature of the stem with respect to buds ? 

227. Please tell us what are nodes and internodes. 



FORMS OF STEMS. 



109 




Fig. 845.*Conns of Putty-root {Aplectrum) : a, of last year;«&, of the present year. 

Fig. 346. Scale bulb of White Lily. 

Fig. 347. Scale bulb of Violet Sorrel {Oxalis vwlacea). 

with scales instead of leaves. Thus we have two classes of 
stems ; namely, leaf-stems and scale-stems. These figures, 
one of the delicate Diclytra and the other (Fig. 341) of the 




Fig. 348. Rhizome of Solomon's Seal : a, fragment of the first year's growth ; b, 
the second year's growth; c, the third year's growth, bearing d, the stem of the 
present year, which will leave a scar (the seal), like that of the others. 

Fig. 349. Premorse rhizome of Trillium. 

228. What two classes of stems have we to consider ? What is the differ- 
ence between them ? To which class does Diclytra belong ? Prince's Pine ? 



110 OBJECT LESSOXS IN BOTANY. 



Prince's Pine, make a fine contrast of the two kinds of 
stems. 

229. Several varieties of scale-stems mnst be distinguished ; 
as. bulb, corm, rhizome, creeper, tuber, etc. 

230. The Tulip, Hyacinth, Onion, Lily, have lulls ; you 
see (Figs. 316, 317), they consist of roundish masses of thick 
scales with a small axis — in fact, an overgrown bud. The 
covin is like it in shape, but has a thick axis with thin scales 
or none. (Fig- 315.) 

231. The rhizome, or root-stock, is a fleshy, underground 
stem, often scaly and marked with scars, as you see in the 
Bloodroot, Solomon's Seal (Figs. 318, 319). 




Fig. 350. Creeper of ; 'Ximble Will," or Witch-grass: a, bud; 6, 5, bases of the 
stems which rise above-ground. 

232. The creeper is more slender, much branched, many- 
jointed and many-scaled, as seen in this figure of the Witch- 
grass. It sends out rootlets from its joints, and is very tena- 
cious of life, binding the soil into turf wherever it abounds. 

233. The tuber, such as grows on the underground stems 
of the Potato-plant, is evidently a stem (not a root), for it al- 
ways produces buds. 

229. Name five sorts of scale-sterns. 

230. Describe the bulb ; the conn. 231. The rhizome. 
232, The creeper. 233. The tuber. ' 



FORMS OF STEMS. 



Ill 



234. Of the leaf-stem class we must describe three kinds, 
the trunk, caulis, and vine. Trunk is the name given to the 
stems of wobdy, erect plants, especially of trees. They are 
"the representatives of loftiness and strength, in poetic phrase, 
lifting their summits to the skies and doing battle with the 
storm. There are, indeed, few objects in nature possessed of 
a truer grandeur than the White Pine's trunks of the North- 
ern forests. 

235. Caulis, is the general name given by botanists to the 




Viues. Fig. 351. Passion-flower (Passifloi'a lutea), climbing by tendrils. Fig. 
352. Morning-glory, twining from left to right. Fig. 353. Hop, twining from right 
to left. 



234. Name, next, three kinds of leaf-stems. Describe the trunk. 

235. The caulis. Meaning and use of caulescent ? acaulescent f Give ex- 
amples of each. 



112 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY, 



stems of herbs. From this word come two adjectives much 
used and quite convenient, viz., caulescent and acaulescent ; 
the former denoting the presence of stems above-ground, the 
latter of only underground stems. Thus the Buttercup is 
caulescent, while the Pitcher-plant is acaulescent ; the Garden 
Violet or Pansy is caulescent, while the wild Blue Violet is 
acaulescent. 

236. Vine, as every one knows, denotes a slender stem, too 
weak to stand alone, and supporting itself by the aid of other 
plants or objects. Some vines are woody, some herbaceous. 
The Hop twines itself around its supporter, turning from 
right to left, as in Fig. 353. The Morning-glory, also, but 
it turns from left to right (Fig. 352). Thirdly, the Grape 
and Passion-flower (Fig. 351) climb by special organs, the 
tendrils, of wonderful adaptation, showing their Maker's de- 
sign more truly than if by an audible voice. 

236. Describe tlie vine. What iheir three varieties ? Wliat is the read- 
mirable in the tendril ? 



CLASSIFICATION. 



113 



LESSON XXIX. 

PLANTS TO BE ARRANGED IN CLASSES. 

PLANT may be studied by 
itself, as an individual, separate 
from other plants or objects; 
or it may be considered in its re- 
lations to other plants^ as consti- 
tuting a part 'of a system. In 
this latter view w^ discover one 
vast design embracing the innu- 
merable millions of plants as one 
kingdom, leading us to adore the 
wisdom and goodness of him 
who 'planned and created the 
world. For we see that he has 
not only made each plant. with 
so much loveliness and perfec- 
tion in itself, but has assigned 
to each its proper rank in the 
system, and endowed it with just 

that nature, habit, and style of beauty, which adapts it to 

that rank. 

238. To study plants as constituting a system, as we now 

propose to do, is useful in two ways : first, it gives us a 

larger and truer conception of the Vegetable Kingdom ; and 

_ 

237. What two modes of studying the plant are mentioned ? In the sec- 
ond mode what discovery is made ? 

238. In the systematic study of plants what two other advantages ? 




Fig. 354. 
Clover 



and 

Grasses. 



114 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 



secondly, it teaches us how to recognize by name the plants 
with which we meet, so as to avail ourselves of all that has 
been recorded concerning the same by botanists before us. 

239. Suppose the pupil, in his study, has dropped a single 
Flax-seed on a lock of cotton floating in water in a bulb- 
glass. It grows, filling the clear water with its silvery radi- 
cles, while its stem shoots upwards covered with leaves and 
finally blooming with flowers. This is an individual plant. 
He studies its organs, colors, portrait, and carefully writes its 
history. 

240. Meanwhile, other Flax-seeds, by thousands, have been 
sown in the fields, and from each, also, a plant has arisen. 
The student finds them in flower, tinging all the plain in 
ocean blue. Now, shall he, as a botanist, repeat his study 
over each of all these millions? Certainly not. He finds 
himself already acquainted with them, for each bears ail ex- 
act resemblance to that which he has already described. His 
knowledge of one individual Flax-plant, therefore, avails him 
for each and all the myriads of Flax-plants growing every- 
where. 

241. In this manner we obtain the idea of a Species. Thus, 
a species of plants consists of many individuals of the same 
hind, having descended from a common stock, and resem- 
bling each other and their common parent in every feature. 

242. The common Blue Flax, of which linen is made, is a 
species; the wild Yellow Flax is another; and the Purple 
Flax of the gardens is another. The White Clover is a spe- 

239. Can you give us an idea of an individual. plant f 

240. Having studied one individual Flax-plant, why do we not need to 
tidy the others ? 

241. Please state your idea of a species* 
142. Please illustrate your idea of a species. 



THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 115 



cies with its progeny of millions of plants ; the Red Clover is 
another ; the Yellow Clover another ; the Buffalo Clover 
another. In like manner all the plants of the globe are 
grouped into species, and this is the first step in. classification. 

243. The second step carries us to the genus, which we 
may thus define : A Genus is an assemblage of species which 
are much alike ; especially in their flowers^ and fruit. Thus, 
Flax is a genus made up of the several species mentioned 
above, and other similar species. Clover is a genus com- 
posed of 150 species, some of which we have just mentioned. 
Every one notices the resemblance between White Clover, 
Red Clover, &c. Pine is a genus, embracing as species 
White Pine, Yellow Pine, Pitch Pine, Long-leaved Pine, and 
many others. 

244. Individuals of the same species may differ somewhat 
among themselves, and these differences constitute varieties. 
Thus Apple-trees differ in their fruit, and there are hundreds 
of varieties although only one species. Roses differ in their 
form, color, and fragrance of their flowers, forming many va- 
rieties under each species. Probably no two plants of any 
species were ever exactly alike. Sameness, or monotony, is 
not a characteristic of Nature. 



LESSON XXX. 

THE NATURAL SYSTEM. ' 

245. In attempting to classify and arrange the genera of 
plants, according to their natural resemblances and differ- 

243. Can you now define a genus ? Please illustrate your idea of a genus. 

244. What is a variety ? Illustrate your meaning. 



116 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 



ences, botanists have formed a system called the Natural Sys- 
tem. Let us now briefly notice this system of classification. 
216. We have already stated that the plants of the globe 
are all created in species, and that this is the first step in 
classification. Then,, in the second place, the species are 
grouped into genera. Now the number of species of plants 
already known is about 100,000, and the genera 20,000. 

247. The third step in our system carries us forward to the 
Natural Orieks. These are made up of genera. As we as- 
sociate ' similar species to form a genus, so we associate 
similar genera to form the natural orders. The number of 
orders described in the Natural System is about three 'hun- 
dred. For example, the natural order Orucifirse, or .the 
Crucifers, embraces such genera as Mustard, Cress, Cabbage, 
Turnip, Radish, Wall-flower, which every one sees to bear 
resemblance to each other in many respects. 

248. How then shall we define a natural order? It is a 
group of. similar genera; or, a group of genera closely re- 
lated to each other. . Therefore, individuals form species ; 
species form genera ; genera form orders. But how shall we* 
classify these three hundred orders ? 

249. Suppose we take an excursion into the mountains. 
We walk beneath the forest trees, and among the shrubs. 
We tread upon the lesser herbs, the matted grasses, and the 
mosses and lichens which cover the rocks. Everywhere we 
see plants, and behold the domain of the vegetable kingdom. 

245. What is the subject of this Lesson XXX. ? 

246, 247. What is the first step in classification ? the second ? the third ? 
What number of species known in all the vegetable world ? What number 
of genera ? of orders ? (Ans. 803.) 

248. Define a natural order. Please review these three steps. 

249. Show how we may divide the vegetable kingdom. 



THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 



117 



Now viewing this as one grand whole, we want to divide it 
into two subkingdoms. How shall we do it ? 

250. Every attentive observer has noticed that some of 
these plants produce no flowers ; as, e. g., the Ferns and 
Mosses. Let us then take all such plants and consider them 
as forming one sub-kingdom, viz., the Flowkrless Plants. 
All other plants will of course constitute the other sub-king- 
dom, via., the Flowering Plants. Botanists call the latter 
the Phsenogamia, and the former, the Cryptogamia (Greek 
words of the same import). 

251. Now these two sub-kingdoms have other 
distinctions besides flowering and not-flowering. 
See the fruit-dots growing on tl^e back of Fern 
leaves. The microscope shows them to be clusters 
of hollow cases, and each case filled with a fine 
vellow dust. But this dust is not seeds, with 
embryo, radicle, &c. (Less. 24), but little sacs, 
containing a fluid, similar to the pollen grains 
(Less. 15). We call them Spores. See,»also, the 
Mushrooms having no leaves, and the Lichens 





Some of the Cryptogams.— Fig. 355. A Fern, showing the fruit»dots. Figs. 356, 357 
858, are Lichens, some appearing to have stems, and some with no appearance of any. 



250. Please distinguish the] two subkingdoms. The meaning of Crypto- 
gamia ? Phaenogamia ? 251. What about the Spores of Ferns, &c. ? 



118 



OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 



often, also, without stems. Hence we may say of the Cryp- 
togams that they are not only flowerless, but seedless, and 
often leafless and stemless. 

252. We will now dismiss the Cryptogams for the present, 
and consider the Flowering Plants (Phsenogams), as one sub- 
kingdom ; — how shall this be divided ? Every one notices a 
striking difference between plants with parallel-veined leaves 
and those with net-veined leaves. The former have their 
flowers three-parted, while the latter have their flow T ers two, 
four, or five-parted, &c, — the former have seeds one-lobed 
(monocotyledon.ed, Less. 15), the latter, two-lobed (dicotyle- 
doned, Less. 15). Let* us, then, divide the Phsenogamia into 
two provinces ; as Nature has already done. 





Fig. 359. Cross-section of an exogenous stem (Elm), of two. years growth: 1, the 
pith; 2, 3, two layers of wood; 4, the bark. Fig. 360. Cross-section of an endoge- 
nous stem (Corn), showing no distinction of layers. 

253. We may call these two provinces severally, the Exo- 
gens and the Endogens :- — two Greek words denoting outside- 
growers, inside-growers, referring to their modes of growth. 

254. Now, taking such an Exogen as the Apple-tree, and' 
such an Endogen as the Indian Corn, we may distinguish 
them thus : The Exogen has its wood, if any, arranged in con- 
centric rings, or layers, as seen in Fig. 360 ; — the outer ring 



252. Show how the Flowering Plants are divided. 253. Please give the 
character of an Exogen ; an Endogen. Meaning of these two words ? 



THE' NATURAL SYSTEM. 119 



being the youngest ; the leaves net-veined; the flowers sel- 
dom (or never completely) three-parted; and the seeds two-* 
lobed. On the contrary : 

255. The Endogen has its wood, if any, confused, the inner 
portions being the newest; — its leaves parallel-veined; — its 
flowers three-parted; and its seeds one-lobed. 



+ • » 



LESSON XXXI. 

MORE ABOUT THE NATURAL SYSTEM. ' 

256. Thus Exogens and Endogens are so clearly defined 
that you may know them as far off as yoit can see them. 
The next step in the analysis is, to subdivide each of these 
provinces. First, as to the Exogens : We know T that they 
generally have pistils in their flowers, with the young seeds 
(ovules) inclosed in their ovaries." But there are exceptions 
to this rule. The Pines, Yews, &c, have no pistils at all, or, 
at least, no stigmas, and produce naked seeds, not inclosed in 
seed-vessels. Hence, we have two classes of Exogens : the 
naked-seeded and the vessel-seeded. The botanists call the lat- 
ter the AngioseerTms (Greek, angios, a vessel ; spevma, seed) ;, 
and the former, the Gymnosperms (Greek-, gymnos, naked). 

257. Secondly, the Endogens : here consider the peculiar 
forms and flowers of the Grasses. Their flowers are all en- 
veloped in green, alternate scales, called glumes, instead of 

254. Is the Lily an Exogen or Endogen ? The Buttercup ? The Maple, &c. ? 

256. What is the next step in the analysis ? State the manner of subdi- 
viding thi Exogens. What is the meaning and etymology of the word 
" Angiosperms f What of Gymnosperms ? Give an example of each. 

257. Show the subdivision of the Endogens. What of the Petaliferse? 
What of the Ghmrifera?? 



120 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 



the circles of petals common in other flowers. Hence we 
have a class of Glume-plants and of Glumeless-plants, or, as 
the botanists say, Glumifeile and Petalifer^e. Thus we 
divide all the Flowering Plants into four Classes, viz. : 

1. Angiosjierms / Exogens bearing stigmas and seed-vessels. 

2. Gymnosperms / Exogens with no stigmas, and with naked 
seeds, as the Pines, Firs, Larches, Cedars, Cypresses, Yews, &c. 

3. Petaliferce ; Enclogens with no glumes and ordinary 
flowers. 

4. Glumiferce; Endogens with glumes instead of petals, as 
the Grasses, Sedges, Grains. 

258. Again, each of these Classes are to be subdivided into 
Cohorts, as follows : the Angiosperms are divided (-not very 
naturally) into three cohorts, viz. : 

1. The Dialypetalce, or Polypetalous Exogens, having flow- 
ers with the petals distinct and separate, as in the Buttercup, 
Pose, Mustard. 

2. The Gamopetalce, having flowers with the petals united 
into one piece, as in the Phlox, Morning-glory, Foxglove. 

3. The Apetalce, having flowers without petals, either 
naked, or with only one circle of floral envelopes (which must 
then be considered as sepals, whatever be the color) ; as Gin- 
ger-root (Asarum), Poke (Phytolacca), and Pig-weed (Cheno- 
podium), 

4. Next, the Gymnosperms are regarded as forming one 
cohort, called the Conoids, having the fruit usually in cones. 
(Less. XXIII.) 

258. After the classes, what is the next step in analysis ? How are the 
Angiosperms subdivided ? Please define the Polypetalous Exogens ; the 
Gamopetalous ; the Apetalous. What cohort do the Gymnosperms form? 
Why ? What two cohorts do the Petaliferous Endogens form ? Define the 
fifth -cohort. Define the sixth cohort. What cohort do the Grlumiferous 
Endogens constitute ? , 



THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 121 



The Endogenous Petaliferse are divided into two cohorts, viz. : 

5. The Spadiciflorce, having the flowers on a spadix, as in 
the Egyptian Calla and Jack-in-the-pulpit. 

6. The Floridice, having the flowers separate, not on a 
spadix, as in Tulip, Gladiolus. 

7. The Class Glumiferae constitutes the seventh cohort, 
und^r the name Graminoids, i. e., the Grass-like plants. 

Six other cohorts are formed from the flowerless plants, 
but we cannot notice them in this work. 

259. Lastly, the cohorts are themselves divided into, or 
composed of, the Natural Orders, which we defined in Les- 
son XXX. 

260. Table I. Tabular Yiew of the Natural System. 

Kingdom. Sub-kingdoms. Provinces. Classes. Cohorts. 

( Dialypetalous, 
•3 Gamopetalous, 
j Angiosperms. .• ( Apetalous. 
Exogens. . ( Gymnosperms.=Conoids. 

( Spadicifloraa, 

j Petaliferse ( Floridise. 

t Pheenogftmia. I Endogens. ( Glumiferae . . . .-=Graminoids. 
Vegetables. ( Cryptogamia. (Its divisions here omitted.) 

261. Table II. Yiew of the Natural System. 

1. Flowering Plants. (Next pass to No. 2.) PH.ENOGAMIA. 

1. Flowerless Plants. (Pass to No. 9.) CRYPTOGAMIA. 

2. Leaves net-veined. Flowers never quite 3-parted 3. EXOGENS. 

2. Leaves parallel-veined. Flowers 8-parted 4. ENDOGENS. 

8. Stigmas present. Seeds in seed-vessels 5. Angiosperms. 

8. Stigmas none, seeds naked. Pines, Spruces, &c 6. Gymnosperms. 

4. Flowers without glumes, haying petals, <fec 7. Petalifera. 

4. Flowers with green, alternate glumes, no petals 8. Glumiferae. 

259. Finally, into what are the cohorts themselves divided ? Give us ex- 
amples of each of all these cohorts. 

260. Explain the use of Table I. 261. Of Table II. 



122 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 



5. Petals distinct and separate. Polypetaljs. 

5. Petals united more or less. Gamo petal js. 

5. Petals none. Apetalje. 

6. The cone-bearing plants. Cedars, Larches. Conoids. 

7. Inflorescence a spadix. Spadicifloile. 

7. Inflorescence not a spadix. Florida. 

8. Grass-nke plants. Graminoids. 

9. Such as Ferns, Mosses, Lichens, Sea-weeds, Mushrooms: all omitted in 

this book. (See Class-Book, Chapter XIV.) 

I i 

262. Table III. Another Yiew of the Natural System. 

VEGETABLE KINGDOM, divided into two sub-kingdoms, viz.: 

Sub-kingdom First, PH^ENOGAMIA, the Flowering Plants, including 
Province Z, the EXOGEXS, or Dicotyledons, including two classes. 
Class 1, the Angiosperms, having three Cohorts, viz. : 

Cohort A, Polypetalous Exogens (as Eose worts, &c.) ; 
Cohort i?, Gamopetalous Exogens (Phloxworts, &c); and 
Cohort C, Apetalous Exogens (Pokeworts, &c). 
Class 2, the G-ymnosperms, with one Cohort, viz. : 

Cohort D, Conoids, or cone-bearing plants (Pineworts, &c). 
Province i/., the ENDOGENS, or Monocotyledons, two Classes, viz.: 
Class 3, the Petaliferous Endogens, having two Cohorts ; 
Cohort E, Spadiciflorje (the Aroids, &c.) ; 
Cohort F, Floridlsj (Lily worts, &c). 
Class 4, the G-lumiferous Endogens, one Cohort, viz. : 
Cohort G, Gramixoids (Grasses, Sedges, &c). 
Sub-ling dom Second, CRYPTO GAMI A, the Flowerless Plants. 
Province III., &c.j &c. 



LESSON XXXII. 

OF THE ANALYSIS OF PLANTS. 

263. To study any subject by the separate examination of 
the parts of which it is composed, is a process called analysis. 
For example, in Grammar, we analyze a sentence when we 
point out and separately consider the subject, predicate, 

262. Of Table III. 263. What is the general meaning of analysis ? Illustrate. 



BOTANICAL ANALYSIS. 123 



object, &c. In Chemistry, we analyze water when we sep- 
arate its two elements, oxygen and hydrogen, and examine 
each by itself. 

264. In Botany, however, we use the word analysis in a 
wider sense. It implies not only the separate study of each 
particular organ composing the plant, but doing all this -in 
connection with certain tables, in order to determine its name 
and history. 

265. This kind of analysis is the constant and delightful pur- 
suit of the active botanist. Without it, the study of books loses 
half its pleasure and usefulness. The student can acquire a 
better knowledge of a species by the study of a living specimen, 
than by memorizing the longest description found in books. 

266. During the flowering months, he will often meet with 
species in blossom which are yet unknown to him. If he is 
duly interested in his study, he will not fail to seize and 
analyze each new specimen, and even extend his walk in 
search of more. In this manner, he may in a few seasons 
become acquainted with every species in his locality. 

267. But we do not expect that all this will be accomplished 
by our young friends while using as their only text-book this 
little work. We only aim now to furnish them with the 
means of making a fair beginning, so that they may be able, 
in future seasons, to advance rapidly with the " Class Book," 
or other works of that rank. 

268. In the following pages we present the pupil with 
numerous tables, designed to conduct our inquiries in every 
process of botanical analysis ; also accompanied by a plain, 
miniature Flora, or a partial description of all the flowering 
plants in the United States. 

264. What is its signification in botany? 



124 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 



260. Specimens gathered foi analysis should have flowers 
in full bloom, full-grown leaves, and also, if possible, the 
mature fruit. If it be an herb, it is well to have the whole 
of it, as the root and lower leaves often afford characters by 

m 

which the species is known. Suppose you now have g 
specime some one unknown plant, gathered for analysis 

— how will you proceed with them ( 

I'T 1 "'. TTe first examine the several parts of the plant, begin* 
2 with the root and ending with the pistil or ovary, deter- 
mining the character of each according to the definitions 
given in the former lessons. After this, we refer to the table 
commencing on page 121. entitled, " Review of the Xatural 
-m," and read, compare, and decide according to the 
directions contained in Lesson XXXIII. . in order to determine 
the Xatural Order to which the specimen belongs. Having 
rniined the Order, we next turn to that Order, and deter- 
mine the Genus and Species by means of other similar tables. 

271. In examining the specimen, previous to the use of the 
tables, the first inquiries may be somewhat as follows : 

As to the plant — whether it be an herb, shrub, or tree. 

As to the root — whether tuberous, fibrous, or fibro-tuberous. 

As to the stem — whether a scale-stem or leaf-stem ; bul- 
bous, rhizome, or erect. <kc. 

As to the leaves — whether alternate or opposite ; parallel- 
veined or net-veined ; whether the figure be ovate, lanceo- 
late, oblong. &c. 

269. What kinds of specimens are to be preferred for analysis ? 

'270. Please state the first thing t<5 be done with them. After you have 
found the Order, what then ? 

271. What special care should be taken? As to character., what do we 
inquire concerning plants ? What concerning the root ? the stem ? the 
leaves ? the stipules ? What concerning the flowers '? the calyx ? the corol- 
la? stamens? What concerning the pistil or fruit? 



USE OF THE ANALYTICAL TABLES. 125 



As to stipules — whether present or absent. 

As to the flowers — whether symmetrical or unsymmetrical ; 
regular or irregular; whether the calyx be free or adherent; 
the petals, whether distinct or united ; the stamens, whether 
hypogynous or perigynous, whether opposite to the petals or 
alternate with them. 

As to the pistil and fruit, — whether the carpels be more 
than one, and whether distinct or united. (See Lesson 
XVIII.) 



LESSON XXXIII. 

HOW TO ANALYZE A PLANT BY THE TABLES. 

272. Our readers are already informed that the Flora 
which accompanies these instructions is not intended to 
make them acquainted with the plants of the country, but 
simply to teach the pupil how to analyze. Hence they will 
not expect to find in it any thing like a full account of all 
our flora, but a few plain exercises by which they may trace 
every flowering plant in the country to its Natural Order, 
about one in every two to its Genus, and about one in every 
five to its Species. In conducting an exercise in this Flora 
with a class of pupils who have well studied the former part 
of the work, some method like the following would be inter- 
esting and profitable. 

273. Suppose the class present, and each furnished with a spe- 
cimen of some one unknown species, both in flower and fruit. 

Teacher. Are you all ready? Turn to the Flora and let us find out to- 
gether the family relations and the names of this fine plant. We will 
commence at the "Analysis of the Natural Orders" (page 132), and read 
the first pair of lines, which we will call a couplet. 



126 OBJECT LESSONS IX BOTANY. 



John {reads). ''Plants bearing flowers (Phamogamia). 

"Plants not bearing flowers fCryptogainia)." 

Teacher. To which of these sub-kingdoms does your specimen belong? 

John. To the flowering plants, for it has both flowers and fruit. 

Teacher. Now tell us to which couplet we shall next pass. 

John. To the second. 

Teacher. Very well. Edward, you may read and determine the second 
couplet in the same manner. 

Edicard. " Leaves net-veined. Flowers never completely three-parted. 

"Leaves parallel-veined (rarely net-veined). Flowers three-parted/' 
This specimen seems to answer to the first line, having net-veined leaves 
and five-parted flowers. It is. then, an Exogen. Pass to No. 3. 

Teacher. Now let it pass along, and if a wrong decision is made, let the 
observer signify it by raising his hand. 

Sarah. "Stigmas present. Seeds inclosed in seed-vessels. 

11 Stigmas none. Seeds naked.'' These flowers have pistils and stig- 
mas. I think it is an Angiosperm. Pass to No. 5. 

Eliza. " Corolla* with distinct petals. 

" Corolla with united petals. 

" Corolla none : sepals sometimes none." !M> specimen has five distinct 
petals, and five sepals. It is therefore Polypetalous. Pass over to A. 

Jane. "Herbs. 

" Shrubs, trees, or undershrubs." This plant is an herb. Pass onto 
No. 2. 

Mary. "Leaves alternate or all radical. 

''Leaves opposite, on the stem." The leaves of the stem are- alternate, 
but many are radical. Pass to No. 15. 

Louisa. "Flowers regular or nearly so. Fruit never a legume. 

''Flowers irregular," &c, I do not remember the legume. (Several 
hands are raised.) 

Teacher. Edward will define a legume. 

Edicard. A legume, sir, is a fruit like a pea-pod. 

Teacher. Can Mary improve this definition? 

Mary. The legume is a simple, or one-carpeled fruit, with two valves 
and one cell. 

Louisa. But this plant has regular flowers, in any case. See No. 17. 

Xancy. "Stamens numerous." &c. I count more than twenty stamens 
here. Turn to No. 21. 



HOW TO ANALYZE. 127 



Lucy. "Stamens on the torus," &c. I think they are on the torus, and 
not on the calyx. Next to No. 22. 

Emily. " Pistils few or many, distinct (at least as to the styles). 

" Pistils (styles, also, if any), completely united." I see many little 
.green pistils, quite distinct, in the centre of the flower. Go to No. 23. 

Caroline. u Petals five or more, deciduous. Leaves not peltate," &c. 
This flower has five petals, but I do not know whether they are deciduous 
or not. 

Teacher. Will some of you relieve Caroline's doubts ? 

Emily. I think* they are deciduous, for they have already fallen off from 
several of my flowers. 

Teacher, True. Then what is Caroline's decision? 

Caroline. I suppose, then, that the plant belongs to the " Order of the 
Crowfoots," which is the first natural order. 

Teacher. 'Well done. This brings us to the order of which our plant 
seems to be a member. Let us now turn to that order and learn the 
genus of the plant. But before we look into the " Analysis of the Gen- 
era," we should carefully compare our plant with the characters of the 
order, so that we may be sure that we have not erred in our conclusion. 
John will read aloud these characters, and the class will consider whether 
their specimens answer to each. 

John {reach). "Herbs, rarely shrubs, with a colorless, acrid juice" (&c, 
to the end). 

Teacher. Since we are now confident that we have a plant belonging 
to the order of the Crowfoots, let us commence the "Analysis of the 
Genera." Edward, the first couplet. 

Edward. " Sepals four, valvate in the bud. Achenia tailed. 

" Sepals imbricate in the bud." The sepals are imbricate. No. 2. 

Sarah. " Ovaries one-seeded, achenia in fruit. 

"Ovaries with two or more seeds." I find one seed in each ovary, — 
indeed, the ovary is itself like a little seed. Pass to No. 3. 

Eliza {after reading the couplet). The greenish sepals are quite differ- 
ent from the yellow petals. Go to the triplet marked d. 

Jane {after reading the three lines). As this plant has leaves on the 
stem, and a little scale with honey at the base of each petal, I must pro- 
nounce it a Crowfoot, genus No. 4. 

Teacher. We now turn to that genus (page 147), and read its character 
for the sake of confirmation and a better knowledge. 



128 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 



Mary (reads the character of the genus Ranunculus aloud). 

Teacher. We are now ready for the analysis of the species. Mary is next. 

Mary. " Petals yellow. Seeds (carpels) rough with prickles. Flowers 
' small. South 

" Petals yellow, seeds smooth and even 

u Petals white (claws yellow). Seeds wrinkled crosswise." This spe- 
cimen has smooth seeds and yellow petals. Pass to #. 

Louisa. " Leaves more or less divided," &c. This second line of the 
triplet describes the plant. Pass on to o. 

Nancy. u Root leaves neither divided nor cleft, merely crenate. 

" Lower leaves three-cleft, but not divided to the base. 

" Leaves all ternately divided and much cleft." Pass to c. 

Lucy. ' " Sepals reflexed in flower. Plants erect. 

" Sepals spreading in flower, shorter than the petals." The sepals are 
reflexed. Read Kos. 14, 15. 

Emily, after reading both descriptions, finally concludes that she holds 
in her hand a specimen of the Bulbous Crowfoot, or Ranunculus bulbosus, 
in which conclusion all concur. 



LESSON XXXIV. 

VARIOUS SUGGESTIONS AND CAUTIONS. 

274. The work of analysis is often attended with difficul- 
ties which severely try the skill and perseverance of the 
young botanist. So it often is in the study of Algebra, or of 
Logic ; indeed, in nearly every valuable branch of learning. 
His decisions may be wrong through a want of a thorough 
acquaintance with botanical terms, or through his ignorance 
of the real characters of his specimens. Of course his success 
will always be in proportion to the accuracy of his knowl- 
edge, — here, as well as in all other pursuits. 

• — . — — — i «;» 

274. Mention two sources of error in the analysis of plants. 



DIFFICULTIES IN ANALYSIS. 129 



275. But the minuteness of the organs or parts to be 
studied is often discouraging even to the accurate student, 
much more to the careless one. To overcome this, skill in 
dissection and a dauntless courage in observation are indis- 
pensable. Moreover, there is often much ambiguity in the 
nature of the subject. For example, whether the Geraniums 
are herbs or shrubs ; whether the flowers of Petunia are reg- 
ular or irregular; whether the Pear leaf is ovate or oval, 
&c. Experience will at length diminish this difficulty. 

276. The exact limits between the classes, the cohorts, &c, 
are not always easily defined. For example, is Trillium an 
Exogen or an Endogen ? Its netted leaves indicate the for- 
mer, but its flowers being three-parted throughout, and its 
seeds with one cotyledon, prove it to be^an Endogen. Again, 
is Spring Beauty an Exogen or an Endogen? Its leaves 
seem, at first, parallel-veined, but as its flowers are five-parted 
it is an Exogen. 

277. Angiosperms will be readily distinguished from Gym- 
nosperms, if we remember that almost all the latter are ever- 
green trees, like the Pines, Cedars, Larches, &c. 

278. The industrious student will very soon find himself 
so w T ell acquainted with the different characters of the cohorts 
that he will in analysis refer his plant at once to its right 
cohort, without consulting the previous parts of the table. 
This is desirable; and a thorough acquaintance with the 



275. What of the minuteness of the organs of some plants ? What of the 
ambiguity of the plants themselves ? What will soon diminish this diffi- 
culty ? Mention examples of this ambiguity. 

276. Are the limits of the classes, cohorts, genera, &c, always clear? 
How do we know that the Trillium is an Endogen ? that Spring Beauty is 
an Exogen ? 

277. How may the Gymnosperms be quickly distinguished ? 



130 OBJECT LESSONS EN BOTANY, 



characters of the five great < following will prove a 

great saving of time and trouble. 

279.1 xcifees are herbs with alternate leaves, cruci- 

form flowers (§ v 7 . two stamens shorter than the other four, 

and -lied pods. Example, Mustard. 

280. The Peaworts are plants with one-celled pods, mostly 
papilionaceous flowers and compound leaves. Examples, 
Pea. Bean. 

281. The Umbellefees have alternate leaves, small, regular, 
five-parted flowers, in umbels, and two-seeded fruit. Cara- 
way. 

'2^2. The Asterworts are herbs with compound flowers, 
that is, with heads composed of many little five-parted flow- 
appearing together like a single flower. Asters, Sun- 
flower. 

253. The Labiates are herbs with square stems, opposite 
leaves, labiate flowers, and fruit deeply cleft into four parts. 
Peppermint. 

Among Endogens we select two or three orders. 

284. The Oechips. Herbs with very irregular and gro- 

wers, and stamens united to the style. Orchis. 

285. The Sedges. Herbs with solid stems; linear, gi. 
like leaves (if any ). on entire sheaths ; and with green glumes 
and flowers. 

286. The Grasses. Herbs with hollow stems, linear leaves 
on split sheaths, and with green glumes and flowers. 

279. Define the Crucifers. 280. The Peaworts. 

1. The Umbellifers. 282. The Asterworts. 

283. The Labia- 2S4. Define also the Orchids. 

285. The Sedges. 286. The Grasses. 



ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS, 
Often used in Descriptive Botany. 



ach., achenia. 
cest., aestivation. 
alter., alternate. 
antk., anther. 
axill., axillary. 
c.% common. 
cat., calyx. 
cap*., capsule. 
an\, corolla. 
decid., deciduous. 
diam., diameter. 
tmarg., emarginate. 
f. or ft., feet. 



jil., filament. 

fl., flower; fls., flowers. 

/;•., fruit. 

hd., head; hds., heads. 

lu/p., hypogynous. 

imbr., imbricate. 

inf., inferior. 

in vol., involucre. 

irreg., irregular. 

leg., legume. 

If., leaf; Ivs., leaves. 

\fts., leaflets. 

ova., ovary. 



pet., petals. 
r., rare, uncommon. 
recp., receptacle. 
reg., regular. 
rfdz., rhizome. 
rt., root. 
sds., seeds. 
seg., segments. 
sep., sepals. 
st., stem. 
sta., stamens. 
stig., stigmas. 
i sty., styles. 



Apr., April. Aug., August. Dec, December. Feb., February. Jan., January. 
Jl., July. Jn., June. Mar., March. Nov., November. Oct., October. Sept., 
September. 

N, Northern, that is, the northern portions of the United States. 
N.-E., New England, or the Northeastern States. 
N.- W., the Northwestern States. 
E., the Eastern, or the Atlantic States. 

IF., the Western, or the States bordering on the Mississippi and Ohio rivers. 
M., the Middle States or portions of the United States. 
&, the Southern States. m 

S.-E., the Southeastern States, and S.- W., the Southwestern States. 
iV". Y., New York. Mass., Massachusetts. Fa., Pennsylvania, &c. 

/. (with or without the period), a foot. 

' (a single accent) denotes an inch (a twelfth of 1 foot). 

" (a double accent) a second, a line (a twelfth of an inch). 



An annual plant. 



§ (placed after), a naturalized plant. 
t (placed after), cultivated for ornament. 
X (placed after), cultivated for use. 
oo Indefinite or numerous. 
A staminate flower or plant. 



A biennial plant. 

It A perennial plant. 

*> A plant with a woody stem. 

$ A pistillate flower or plant. 

£ A perfect flower, or a plant bearing perfect flowers. 

# Monoecious, or a plant bearing staminate and pistillate flowers. 

9 S Dioecious; pistillate and staminate flowers on separate plants. 

$ £ $ Polygamous; the same species, with pistillate, perfect, and staminate fls. 

(a cipher) signifies wanting or none, as, " Petals 0." 



132 



LESSONS IN BOTANY. 



ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS, 

Being a Key for the ready determination of any 'plant, native or cultivated, 
growing within any State east of the Mississippi river, or bordering on its 
western shore. 

Note.— A star (*) prefixed to the name of the Order, denotes that that Order, with its 
genera and species, is described in its place in the Flora. The Orders not thus marked are 
not noticed in the Flora beyond this Table. The Orders are here numbered to correspond with 
the "Class Book of Botany." 



CLASSES AND COHORTS. 

1. Flowering Plants 2. Sub-kingdom, PELENOGAMIA. 

1. Flowerless Plants Ferns, Mosses, Lichens, Mushrooms, 

Sea-weeds, &c. (not further noticed here). Sub-kingdom, CEYPTOG-AMIA. 

EXOGENS. 

L ENDOGENS. 

Angiosperms. 

Gymnosperms. 

Petaliferse. 

Grlumiferse. 

polypetalous. 

Gamopetalous. 

Apetalous. 

Conoids. 

Spadicifloe^e. 

Florideje. 

Graminoids. 



2. Leaves net-veined. Flowers never completely 3-parted 3. 

2. Leaves parallel-veined (rarely net-veined). Flowers 3-parted . . 

3. Stigmas present. See$s inclosed in a seed-vessel 5. 

3. Stigmas none. Seeds naked (Pines, Spruces, &c.) ... .6. 
4. Flowers without glumes, colored or green. . . .7. 
4. Flowers with green, alternate glumes, no perianth . 

5. Corolla with distinct petals A. 

5. Corolla with united petals S. 

5. Corolla none. Sepals sometimes none O. 

6. The cone-fruited plants (same as Gymnosperms) . 

7. Fls. on a spadix, apetalous or incomplete. . . 

7. Fls. complete, perianth double. No spadix. 
8. The grass-like plants (same as Glumiferse) G- 



D. 
E. 
P. 



Cohort 1. 
Cohort 2. 
Cohort 3. 
Cohort 4. 
Cohort 5. 
Cohort 6. 
Cohort 7. 



A. Orders of the Polypetalous Exogens. 

1. Herbs.... 2. 

1. Shrubs, trees, or undershrubs 3. 

2. Leaves alternate or all radical 15. 

2. Leaves opposite on the stem 11. 

3. Flowers regular or nearly so 4. 

3. Flowers irregular (or fruit a legume,. § 180). . . .57. 
4. Stamens 3 times as many as the petals, or more. . . .5. 
4. Stamens 1 or 2 times as many as the petals, or fewer. . . .7. 

5. Leaves opposite 60. 

5. Leaves alternate 6. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ORDERS. 133 



6. Stamens on the torus or on the hypogynous (§ 83) petals 63. 

6. Stamens and petals on the calyx tube (perigynous, § 83) 68. 

7. Ovaries simple, distinct or one only. Vines or erect shrubs 69. 

7. Ovary compound 8. 

8. Ovary inferior, — wholly adherent to the calyx 70. 

8. Ovary superior,— free from the calyx, or nearly free. .*. .9. 

9. Stamens opposite to the petals, and of the same number 72. 

'J. Stamens alternate with the petals, or of a different number. . . .10. 

10. Leaves opposite on the stem 73. 

10. Leaves alternate, compound.. . .76. 

10. Leaves alternate, simple 78. 

11. Stamens 3 times as many as the petals, or more 47. 

11. Stamens 1 or 2 times as many as the petals, or fewer 12. 

12. Pistils distinct and simple, few or one only 48. 

12. Pistils united into a compound ovary. . . .13. 

13. Ovary free from the calyx 14. 

13. Ovary adherent to the calyx. . . .49. 

14. Stamens opposite to the petals, and of the same number 51. 

14. Stamens alternate with the petals, or of a greater number 52. 

15. Flowers regular or nearly so. Fruit never a legume. . . .17. 

15. Flowers irregular (rarely regular), aud the fruit a legume. . . .16. 

16. Stamens 3 or more times as many as the petals 42. 

16. Stamens few and definite, 5-12 43. 

17. Stamens numerous, 3 or more times as many as the petals 21. 

17. Stamens few and definite 18. 

18. Ovary free from the calyx, — superior. . . .19. 

IS. Ovary adherent to the calyx, — inferior 39. 

19. Pistils one or indefinite (1-15), distinct, simple 30. 

19. Pistils definite in number, as follows, viz 20. 

20. Carpels (or pistils) 2, united, the short styles combined into 1 ... .31. 

20. Carpels 3 or 4, united, the styles or stigmas 3, or 4, or 6 32. 

20. Carpels 5, distinct or united, with 5 distinct styles 37. 

20. Carpels 5, united, and the styles combined into 1 38. 

21. Stamens on the torus (hypogynous) 22. 

21. Stamens situated on the corolla at base 27. 

21. Stamens situated on the calyx at the base 28. 

22. Pistils few or many, distinct (at least as to the styles) 23. 

22. Pistils (and styles also, if any) completely united 24. 

23. Petals 5 or more, deciduous. Leaves not peltate. Order of the * Crowfoots. 1 
23. Petals 3, persistent and withering. Floating leaves peltate. Water -shields. 7 
23. Petals many, deciduous. Leaves all peltate. * Water-beans. 8 

24. Sepals 2 only.... 26. 

24. Sepals 4, 5, or 6 ; mostly 5 25. 



134 



LESSONS IN BOTANY. 



25. Petals numerous, imbricate in the bud. 
25. Petals 5, imbricate in bud. Leaves tubular. 
25. Petals 5, convolute in bud. Flowers of 2 sorts. 
26. Petals 5, imbricate in bud. 
26. Petals 4, usually crumpled in bud. 
27. Filaments united into a tube. Anthers 1-celled. 
2S. Sepals 2, persistent. Fruit a pyxis (§ 178). 
28. Sepals 3 to 5.... 29. 

29. Petals imbricate in bud. Fruit a long pod. South. 
29. Petals imbricate in bud. Fruit not a pod. 
29. Petals convolute in bud. Fruit compound. 
Stamens opposite to the imbricated petals. Pistil one. 
Stamens alternate with the petals, or more numerous. 
31. Stamens 6 (tetradynamous, § 103). Pods 2-celled. 
31. Stamens 4, or 8-12, Pod 1-celled. 
Sepals and petals in 3's. Stamens 6. Small herbs. 
Sepals and petals in 4's. Stamens 8. Climbing. 

Sepals and petals in 5's 33. 

33. Stamens definitely 5.... 34: 

Stamens indefinite, 3-30 36. 

34. Stamens monadelphous. Stems climbing. 

34. Stamens distinct 35. 

35. Stem climbing. Flowers greenish, (Meicican vine.) Order 

35. Stem erect. Flowers yellow. Turner worts. 

35. Stem erect. Flowers cyanic. * Sundews. 

36. Flowers perfect, very many and small. Rock-roses. 



30. 
SO. 



* Water Lilus. 


9 


* Water-pitchers. 


10 


s. Jiock-roses. 


17 


* Pur sela ties. 


22 


** Poppy worts. 


11 


* Mallows. 


24 


* Purse-lanes. 


22 


i. Lindenhlooms. 


26 


* Roseworts. 


47 


Loasads. 


53 


* 'Berberids. 


6 


* Crowfoots. 


1 


* Crucifers. 


13 


Capparids. 


14 


Limnanths. 


36 


* Indian Soap worts. 


41 



33. 



Passiomcorts. 57 



104 
56 
19 
17 



36. Fls. monoecious. Plants woolly, scurfy, or downy. Order 112 



37. Stamens 5, alternate with the 5 petals. Seeds many. * Flaxworts. 

37. Stamens 5, opposite to the 5 petals. Seed 1. (Leadworts.) Order 
Stamens 10 (twice as many as the petals), united at base. * Wood-sorrels. 



87. 

37. Stamens 6-24 (twice as many as the petals), distinct. 
38. Ovary 1-celled. Leaves radical, spinous. S. 
38. Ovary 3-5-celled. Leaves mostly radical, dotless. 
38. Ovary 3-5-celled. Leaves cauline, dotted, pinnate. 
39. Style 1, but the carpels (§124) as many as the petals (2-6). 

39. Styles 2, carpels 2, fewer than the (5) petals 40. 

39. Styles 3-5.... 41. 
40. Seeds several. 
40. Seeds two only. 

41. Sepals 2, with 5 petals. 
41. Sepals as many as the petals. 
42. Ovaries many or few, rarely 1, always simple. 
42. Ovary compound, 3-carpeled, open before ripe. 



* Houseleeks. 
* Sundews. 

* Order 
Rueworts. 

* Onagrads. 



* Saxifrages. 
* Umbelworts. 

* Purselanes. 

Araliads. 

* Crowfoots. 
Mignonettes. 



30 
80 
32 
60 
19 
73 
37 
52 



61 

63 
22 
64 
1 
15 



ANALYSIS OF THE ORDERS. 135 



43. Sepals fewer or more in number than the petals. . . .44. 

43. Sepals and petals each of the same number 45. 

44. Sepals 2 (or vanished) ; petals 4 (2 pairs), with 1 or 2 spurs. *Fumcworts. 12 

44. Sepals 4, petals 2 ; the largest sepal spurred behind. * Jewelweeds. 34 

44. Sepals 5, petals 3. No spur. * Milkworts. 45 

45. Flowers 4-parted, not very irregular. No spur. Capparids. 14 

45. Flowers 5-parted 46. 

46. Stamens 8. Spur slender. Trophy worts. 35 

46. Stamens 5. Spur blunt, or none. * Violets. 16 

46. Stamens 10 (or more). Fruit a legume. No spur. * Pea worts. 46 

47. Pistils many, entirely distinct, simple. * Crowfoots. 1 

47. Pistils 3 to 5, united more or less completely. * St. JoJinsworts. 18 

47. Pistils 5 to 10, united, with sessile stigmas and many petals. Ice-plants. 23 

48. Pistil only 1, simple. Petals 6-9. Stamens 12-18. * Berberids. 6 

48. Pistils 3 or more, distinct, simple. Flowers all symmetrical. *Houseleeks. 60 

48. Pistils 2, covered up by the stamens. Juice milky. * Order 97 

49. Carpels as many as the sepals. . . .49? 

49. Carpels fewer than the sepals 50. 

49? Anthers opening at the top. N Melastomes. 50 

49. 1 Anthers opening along the side. * Onagrads. 52 

50. Seeds numerous. Styles 2. * Saxifrages. 61 

50. Seed 1 in each cell. Styles 2 or 3. Araliads. 64 

50. Seed 1 in each cell. Style 1 (double). * Cornels. 65 

51. Style 3-cleft at the summit. * Purselanes. 22 

51. Style and stigma 1, undivided. * Order 78 

52. Leaves pinnate, with stipules between the petioles. Bean-capers. 33 

53. Leaves simple, toothed or lobed 53. 

52. Leaves simple, entire 54. 

53. Flowers cruciform, with 6 stamens. * Crucifers. 13 

53. Flowers 5-parted, with 10 stamens. * Geraniums. 31 

54. Petals and stajnens on the throat of the calyx. Loosestrifes. 51 

54. Petals on the torus (hypogynous) 55. 

55. Flowers irregular, unsymmetrical (§ 110). * Milkworts. 45 

55. Flowers regular, 2 (or 3)-parted throughout. Water-peppers. 20 

55. Flowers regular, 5-parted 56. 

56. Leaves dotted with pellucid or black dots. *St. Johnsworts. 18 

56. Leaves not dotted. * Pinkworts. 21 

57. Pistil a simple carpel, becoming a legume. Stamens 10-100. * Peaworts. 46 

57. Pistil compound, 3-carpeled 58. 

67. Pistil compound, 5-carpeled 59. 

58. Flowers perfect. Leaves digitate. * Buckeyes. 41 

58. Flowers monoecious (§ 109). Leaves 1-sided. Cultivated. Begoniads. 59 

o9. Stipules present. Plants half-shrubby. Cultivated. * Geraniums. 31 

59. Stipules none. Shrubs or half-shrubs. Native. * Order 73 



136 



LESSONS IN BOTANY. 



60. Stamens on the torus, in several sets. Leaves dotted. 
60. Stamens on the calyx (perigynous, § 83) 61. 

61. Ovaries many, free, but inclosed. 

61. Ovary compound, free in the bell-shaped calyx. 

61. Ovary compound, adherent to the calyx. . . .62. 
62. Leaves with a marginal vein. 
62. Leaves with no marginal vein. 
63. Petals imbricate or valvate in the bud. . . .65. 
63. Petals convolute in the bud 64. 

64. Anthers l-celled, turned inwards. 



* St. Johnsworts. 18 



64. 



Anthers 2-celled, turned outwards. 



63. 
68. 



South. 
..66. 



Calycanths. 
Loose- strifes. 

My rtleb looms. 
* Saxifrages. 



* Mallows. 
Silk-cottons. 



65. Ovaries distinct, many or few 

65. Ovary compound 67. 

66. Petals 6, valvate (§ 129). Erect shrubs. Papaws. 

66. Petals 3-9, imbricate. Trees or erect shrubs. * Magnoliads. 

66. Petals 6-9, imbricate. Climbing shrubs. Moonseeds. 

67. Leaves dotted with pellucid dots. Orangeworts. 

67. Leaves dotless. Sepals valvate. Fls. small. Linderiblooms. 

67. Leaves dotless. Sepals imbricate. Fls. large. Teawotts. 

Style 1, with many stigmas. Green, fleshy shrubs ( acti). Indian Figs. 

Styles several, or 1 with 1 stigma. Woody trees or shrubs. * Boscworts. 

69. Pistils many, spicate on the slender torus. Climbers. ScMzands. 



69. Pistils 2-6, capitate on the short torus. *Climbers. 

69. Pistil 1 only. Stamens opposite the petals. 
70. Flowers 4-parted, with 8 stamens. 
70. Flowers 4-parted, with 4 stamens. 
70. Flowers 5-parted, with 5, 10, or many stamens 71. 

71. Ovary 5-carpeled, 5-styled. 

71. Ovary 2-carpeled. Leaves palmate-veined. 

71. Ovary 2-carpeled. Leaves pinnate-veined. 

72. Leaves opposite. Stem climbing by tendrils. 

72. Leaves alternate. Erect, or vine without tendrils. Buckthorns. 

73. Carpels 3-5 74. 

73. Carpels 1 or 2 75. 

74. Styles short. Leaves simple. Staff-trees. 

74. Styles long and slender. Leaves pinnate, serrate. * Soajpworts. 



Moonseeds. 

* BerbeHds. 

* Onagrads. 
* Cornels. 

Araliads. 

* Currants. 

* Saxifrages. 

Vineworts. 



75. Styles 2, slender. Samara double. 
75. Style 1, short. (Drupe, or single samara.) 
76. Filaments 10, united into a tube. Leaves bi-pinnate. 

76. Filaments 5, distinct 77. 

77. Leaves pellucid-punctate. 

77. Leaves not dotted. Ovary 3-carpeled, 1-seeded. 

77. Leaves not dotted. Ovary 3-carpeled, 3-seeded. 



* Mapleworts. 

* Order 

Pride-of- India. 

Bueworts. 

Sumacs. 

* Soapworts. 



48 
51 

49 
61 



24 
25 



3 

2 
5 

28 

26 

27 

54 

47 

4 

5 

6 

52 

65 

64 
55 
61 
44 
43 



42 

41 
40 
99 
29 

37 
38 
41 



ANALYSIS OF THE ORDERS. 



137 



78. Petals 4, yellow. Witch-hazels. 62 

78. Petals 4-7, cyanic 79. 

79. Fruit becoming fleshy drupes 80. 

79. Fruit becoming dry capsules 81. 

80. Stigmas 3, but the drupe is 1-seeded. Sumacs.. 38 

80. Stigmas 4-6, and the drupe 4-6-seeded. (Holly worts.) Order 74 

81. Capsule 3-seeded. Seed with a scarlet aril. Staff-trees 42 

81. Capsule 2 or 3-seeded, seed not ariled. § 3. * Order 73 

81.. Capsule many-seeded. § 2. * Ord. 73, and Pittospores. 39 



A. 



26. 



B. Gamopetal^e, or Monopetalous Exogens. 

1. Stamens (6-100) more numerous than the lobes of the corolla 8. 

1. Stamens (2-12) fewer than the corolla lobes, or of the same number 
2. Ovary adherent to the calyx tube, that is, inferior.. . .3. 
2. Ovary free from the calyx tube, that is, superior. . , 

3. Stamens cohering by their anthers 11. 

3. Stamens entirely distinct 12. 

4. Flowers regular 5. 

4. Flowers irregular 28. 

5. Stamens as many as the petals 6 

5. Stamens 2, fewer than the petals. . . 
6. Stamens opposite to the lobes of the corolla (and free) ... .14. 
6. Stamens alternate with the lobes of the corolla (rarely connate) 

7. Shrubs, trees, with the stigmas or carpels 3 to 6 15. 

7. Herbs 1-10-carpeled, or shrubs 2-carpeled 16. 

8. Stamens 6, united below into 2 equal sets. Herbs. 

8. Stamens 10, united into a split tube around the 1 style. 

8. Stamens many, united into an entire tube around the styles. 

8. Stamens many, united only at the base into 1 or 5 sets 9. 

8. Stamens entirely distinct 10. 

9. Calyx of 5 leafy, imbricated sepals. Shrubs, trees. (Teaworts.) Order 

9. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, or truncate. Shrubs, trees. Styracacece. 

10. Stamens 8 or 10. Flowers all perfect. * Heath worts. 

10. Stamens 8 or 16. Fls. not all perfect (dioecious). Persimmons. 

11. Flowers in a compact head surrounded by an involucre. * Aster worts. 

11. Flowers separate, irregular, perfect. Plants erect. 

11. Flowers separate, regular, imperfect. Weak vines. 

12. Leaves alternate. Flowers 5-parted, regular, separate. 

12. Leaves opposite, with stipules between, or verticillate. 

12. Leaves opposite. Stipules none 13 

13. Stamens 4 or 5. Ovary 2-5-cel.led. 

13. Stamens 2 or 3. Ovary 1-celled, 1-seeded. 

13. Stamens 4. Ovary 1-celled, 1-seeded. 



.7. 



* Order 

* Order 

* Order 



* Lobeliads. 
( Cucurbits. ) Order 

* Bellworts. 

* Madderworts. 

* Honeysuckles. 

Valerians. 
Teazelworts. 



12 
46 

24 



27 
75 

73 

76 
70 
71 
58 
72 
67 

66 
68 
69 



138 



LESSONS IN BOTANY. 



Leadworts. 


80 


* Primworts. 


78 


Soapworts. 


77 


Holly worts. 


74 


Vervains. 


88 


\Heaihworts. 


73 


* Borrageworts. 


90 



* Bindweeds. 

* Dogbanes. 

*Asc 



93 

96 
97 



* 0/Yfer 101 

* Hydrophylls. 91 

* Gentianworts. 95 



14. Herbs. Ovary with 5 styles and but 1 seed. 
14. Herbs. Ovary with 1 style and many seeds. 
14. Shrubs, trees. Ovary 1-styled, 5-celled, 1-seeded 
15. Style none. Drupe 4-6-seeded. 
15. Style one. Drupe 4-seeded. 
15. Style one. Capsule 3-5-celled, many-seeded. 
16. Ovary 1, deeply 4-parted or 4-partible, forming 4 achenia. 
16. Ovaries 2, distinct, often covered by the stamens.... 18. 

16. Ovary 1, compound 17. 

17. Ovary 1-celled 20. 

17. Ovary 2-6-celled. . . .22. 

18. Stigmas united or connate 19. 

18. Stigmas distinct. Flowers minute, yellow/ 
19. Flower-bud with convolute pieces. 
19. Flower-bud with valvate pieces. 

20. Seeds several 21. 

20. Seed one. Corolla limb entire. 
21. Leaves cleft and lobed. 
21. Leaves or leaflets entire. 

22. Leaves opposite 23. t 

22. Leaves alternate 24. 

23. Ovary 2-celled. 

23. Ovary 3-celled. Plants not twining j 

24. Ovary 3-celled. Plants not twining, j" 
24. Ovary 2-celled, 2-6-seeded. Twining. 
24. Ovary 2-celled, 4-seeded. Stem erect. 

24. Ovary 2-celled, many- seeded 25. 

25. Styles 2. 
25. Style one. 
26. Herbs. Corolla 4-parted, dry, scarious. 
26. Shrubs.... 27. 

27. Corolla 5-parted, imbricate in bud. 
27. Corolla 4-parted, valvate or none. 
28. Ovary deeply 4-parted, forming 4 (or fewer) achenia. . . .29. 

28. Ovary entire, of one piece 30. 

29. Leaves opposite. Stems square. . * Labiates. 

29. Leaves alternate. Stems round. * Borrageworts. 

30. Ovary with 4 or fewer seeds. Leaves opposite. Vervains. 

30. Ovary with many seeds, or more than 4 31. 

31. Trees or climbing shrubs. Seeds winged. * Bignoniads. 
81. Trees. Seeds wingless. * Pauloivnia.'m Order 

81. Erect shrubs. Seeds wingless. * Heathworls. 

81. Herbs.... 32. 



* Loganiads. 

* PMoxworts. 

* Bindweeds. 
Borrageworts. 

* Hydrophylls. 

* Nightshades. 

Ribworts. 

Jasmineworts. 
* Oliveworts. 



85 

92 

98 
90 

91 
94 
79 

98 
99 



89 
90 

87 



86 
73 



ANALYSIS OF THE ORDERS 



139 



32. Leatiess and without verdure. 

82. Leaves only at base. Fls. spurred. 

82. Leafy 33. Fruit 4 or 5-celled. 

33. Fruit 2-celled 34. 

84. Corolla convolute in bud. 

84. Corolla imbricate in bud. 

34. Corolla plicate in* bud. 



Broomrape8. 82 

Butterworts. 81 

Pedaliads. 84 

Acanths. 87 

*Figiuorts. 86 

Nightshades. 94 



O. Orders of the Apetalous Exogens. 

1. Plants herbaceous, the flowers not in aments (except in the Hop, 115) 2. 

1. Plants woody,— shrubs or trees 22. 

2. Flowers with a regular calyx or calyx-like involucre 3. 

2. Flowers naked, having neither calyx nor corolla 20. 

3. Calyx tube adherent to the ovary, limb lobed, toothed, or entire.. 

3. Calyx free from the ovary, sometimes inclosing it 4. 

4. Ovaries several, entirely distinct, each 1-styled, 1-seeded. * Order 

4. Ovary one only, simple or compound. . . .5. N 

5. Style or stigma one only 6. 

5. Styles or stigmas 2-12 7. 

6. Ovary 1-ovuled, bearing but one seed 11. 

6. Ovary many-ovuled, bearing many seeds. . . .12. 

7. Ovary 1-3-ovuled, 1-3-seeded 13. 

7. Ovary 4-oo-ovuled, 4- co-seeded 17. 

8. Stamens 1-12, as many or twice as many as the stigmas 9. 



8. 



.10. 



Stamens 2-10, not symmetrical with the 1 or 2 stigmas. 
9. Stigmas and cells of the ovary 1-4. 
9. Stigmas and cells of the ovary 6. 

10. Ovary many-seeded. Styles 2. 
10. Ovary 1 or 2-seeded. Style 1. 
11. Flowers perfect. Calyx 4-lobed. Stamens 1-4. 
11. Flowers perfect. Calyx entire, funnel-shaped, colored. 
11. Flowers imperfect. Calyx lobed, green. 
12. Stamens 4, opposite the sepals. 
12. Stamens 5, alternate with the sepals. 
Fruit 3-6-seeded, with 3 (often cleft) stigmas 

Fruit 1-seeded 14. 

14. Stipules sheathing the stems. 

Stipules none 15. 

15. Calyx with scarious bracts outside. 
Calyx double. Climbing. 

Calyx naked 16. 

16. Leaves alternate. 
16. Leaves opposite. 



13. 
13. 



* Order 

* Birthworts. 

* Order 
Sandalworts. 

* Order 
* MarvehvoMs. 

Nettleworts. 
(Loosestrifes.) Order 

* Order 
Sjpurgeworts. 



.8. 



52 

100 

61 

108 
47 

101 

115 
51 
78 

112 



Knot-grasses. 102 



14. 



15. 
15. 



Amaranths. 
Mexican. Vine, 



106 
104 



Goosefoots. 105 
§3. * Order 21 



140 



LESSONS IN BOTANY. 



17. Leaves opposite 18. 

17. Leaves alternate 19. 

18. Fruit a pyxis, opening by a lid. 
18. Fruit a capsule, opening by 4 or 5 valves. 
19. Fruit a capsule, 5-celled, 5-horned. 
19. Fruit a fleshy, 4- bo-seeded berry. 
19. Fruit dry, 1-seeded, opening by a lid. 
20. Flowers on a spadix with a spathe. 
20. Flowers in a long, naked spike. Stamens 6 or 7. 
20. Flowers solitary, axillary, minute. Water-plants ... .21. 
21. Stamen 1. Leaves opposite. 
21. Stamens 2. Leaves alternate, dissected. 
21. Stamens 12-24. Leaves whorled, dissected. 

22. Flowers, none of them in aments 23. 

22. Flowers (imperfect), the sterile only in aments. . . .34. 

22. Flowers (imperfect), both the sterile and the fertile in aments, 

23. Leaves opposite 24. 

23. Leaves alternate. .. .27. 
24. Stamens 2. 



27. 
27. 
27. 



34. 
84. 



* Order 


22 


* Order 


21 


* Order 


60 


* Pokeweeds. 


103 


Amaranths. 


106 


* Order 131 


Lizard- tails. 


123 


Starworts. 


124 


Threadfoots. 


125 


EornworU. 


126 



.35. 



* Order 



24. Stamens 3. Parasites. 
24. Stamens 4-9 25. 

25. Fruit a double, 2-winged samara. 

25. Fruit not winged.... 26. 



Mistletoe — Lorantlis. 



99 
108 



* Order 40 



Low shrubs. 
Shrubs. 

.28. 



26. Seeds 

26. Seed 1 

Style or stigma 1. Seed 1 

Styles or stigmas 2 31. 

Styles or stigmas 3-9 32. 

28. Calyx free from the ovary 29. 

28. Calyx adherent to the ovary. . . .30. 
29. Anthers opening by valves. 
29. Anthers opening by slits. 
30. Seeds 2-4. Shrubs. 
30. Seed 1. Trees. 
Stamens numerous. 
Stamens as many as the calyx lobes. 
32. Leaves pinnate. Pistils 5. 

Leaves simple, linear, evergreen 



Box. 



Spurgeworts. 
Oleasters. 



112 
111 



31. 
31. 



32. 
32. 
33. 
83. 





* Laurels. 


107 




Dwplinads. 

Sandal^orts. 

* Order 


110 

109 

65 




* Order 


62 




Elmworts. 


113 


{Prickly Ash.) Order 
Crowberries. 


37 
116 



Leaves simple, not linear 33. 



Flowers 3-parted. Fruit dry. {Stillingia.) Spurgeworts. 112 

Flowers 4 or 5-parted. Fruit fleshy. (Buckthorns.) Order 43 

Nut or nuts in a cup or involucre. Leaves simple. * Mastworts. 119 

Nut naked, a tryma (§ 172). Leaves pinnate. Hickoryworts. 118 



ANALYSIS OF THE ORDERS. 



141 



85. Fruit fleshy, compound. Juice (sap) milky. Artocarps. 114 

85. Fruit dry (except in Myrica, 121). Sap watery 36. 

36. Aments globular, racemed. Nutlets 2-celled. (Liquidambar.) Order 62 
36. Aments globular, solitary. Nutlets 1-celled. Sycamores. 117 

86. Aments cylindrical or oblong 37. 

87. Ovary 1-celled, 1-seeded. Fruit dry or fleshy. Galeworts. 121 
37. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled, 1-seeded. * Birchworts. 120 

37. Ovary many-ovuled, many-seeded. *WUlowworts. 122 

D. Orders of the Conoids. 

Leaves simple. The fertile flowers in cones. Stems branched. Pineworts. 127 
Leaves simple. The fertile flowers solitary. Stems branched. Yews. 128 

Leaves pinnate. Stems not branched, palm-like. Cycads. 129 



E. Orders of the Spadiciflor^e. 

1. Trees or shrubs with palmately- cleft leaves all from one terminal bud, and 

a branching spadix arising from a s-pathe. Palms. 180 

1. Herbs with simple (rarely ternate) leaves. Spadix simple. . . .2. 

2. Plants minute, floating loose on the water. Duckmeats. 182 

2. Plants with stem and leaves rooting in the soil 8. 

8. Spadix evident, in a s-p-athe or on a scape. * Avoids. 131 

8. Spadix obscure or spike-like. Stems leafy 4. 

4. Flowers with no perianth, densely packed. Cat-tails. 

4. Flowers with a perianth or not. In water. Naiads. 



183 
134 



P. Orders of the Floride^e. 

1. Flowers (not on a spadix) in a small, dense, involucrate head. . . .17. 
1. Flowers (not on*a spadix) solitary, racemed, spicate, &o. . . .2. 

2. Perianth tube adherent to the ovary 4. 

2. Perianth free from the ovary 3. 

3. Petals and sepals differently colored (except in Medeola, 147). . . .9 

3. Petals and sepals similarly colored 12. 

4. Flowers imperfect 5. 

4. Flowers perfect. ... 6. 

5. Low herbs, in water. Frogbits. 136 

5. Woody climbers. Yainroots. 144 

6. Stamens 1 or 2, growing to the pistil (gynandrous). * Orchids. 1S8 

6. Stamen only 1, with half an anther. Arrowivorts. 139 

6. Stamens 3 to 6, distinct 7. 

7. Perianth woolly or mealy outside. Ovary half-free. Bloodworts. 142 

7. Perianth glabrous outside 8. 



142 LESSONS IN BOTANY. 



8. Stamens 3. Anthers turned inwards. Burmaniads. 137 

8. Stamens 3. Anthers turned outwards. * Irids. 143 

8. Stamens 6. * Amaryllids. 140 

9. Pistils many, distinct, achenia in fruit. * Water-plantains. 135 

9. Pistils 3, more or less united 10. 

10. Leaves verticillate, in 1 or 2 whorls. Stigmas 3. * Trilliads. 147 

10. Leaves alternate 11. 

11. Stigmas 3. Plants growing on other plants. Bromeliads. 141 

11. Stigmas united into one. * Spiderworts. 152 

12. Leaves net-veined, broad 13. 

12. "Leaves parallel-veined 14. 

13. Flowers perfect, 4-parted. Croomia — Boxburgs. 146 

13. Flowers dioecious, 6-parted. Greenbriers. 145 

14. Styles, and often the stigmas also, united into 1 15. 

14. Styles and stigmas 3, distinct 16. 

15. Flowers colored, regular. Stamens 6 (4 in one species). *Lilyworts. 148 

15. Flowers colored, irregular, or else 3-stamened. Pantederiads. 150 

15. Flowers greenish, glume-like, or scarious. ^Rushes. 151 

16. Leaves rush-like. Ovary of three 1-seeded carpels. * Arrow-grasses. 135 

16. Leaves linear, lanceolate, &c. Ovary 6-oc-seeded. * Melanths. 149 

17. Petals yellow, small, but showy. Leaves radical. Xyrids. 153 

17. Petals white, minute, fringed. Leaves radical. Pipeworts. 154 

G\ Orders of the Graiiinoids. 

Flower with a single bract (glume). Stem solid. Sheaths entire. Sedges. 155 

Flower with several bracts (glumes and pales). Stem hollow. Sheaths 

split on one side. Grasses. 156 



THE FLOEA: 



OR, 

SELECTIONS FROM THE NATIVE AND CULTIVATED PLANTS 
OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Designed as first exercises in Analytical Botany. 



Explanations.— The Tables in this work are designed to be complete, that is, each Ordinal 
Table includes all the genera belonging to that order known within the limits of the Flora (/. e„ the 
States east of the Rocky Mountains); and each Generic Table includes, in like manner, all its 
kno\*n species. The numbers annexed to the genera in the Ordinal Tables, refer to the descrip- 
tions immediately following. If no number be annexed, the pupil will understand that that genus 
is not further noticed. N 



COHORT I. 

THE POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS. 

^Essential Character. — Flowering Plants (Ph^enogamia), 
with their stems growing by additions to their outside in 
layers (Exogens), their seeds inclosed in a seed-vessel or peri- 
carp (Angiosperms), their flowers with a double perianth and 
their petals distinct (Polypetaljs). (But to this last condition 
there are many exceptions.) 

Order I. ■ R ANUNCULACEJS. The Crowfoots. 

Herls, rarely shrubs, with a colorless, acrid juice, with 

leaves mostly alternate and much divided, without stipules ; 

sepals 3-15, deciduous, distinct, and colored when apetalous; 

petah 3-15, distinct, often deformed or contracted or wanting; 

stamens go, distinct, hypogynous ; 

pistils cc (rarely 1 or few), distinct, becoming in 

fruit either achenia, follicles, or berries. 



144 



THE FLORA. 




Fig. 361. Bulbous Crowfoot; 2, a petal, showing the honey-scale at base; 3, a single ovary; 
4, section of it, showing the ovule. 

Fig. 365. Wild Columbine; 6, one of the hollow petals attached to the receptacle with the 
stamens and styles ; 7, a ripe follicle ; 8, a seed ; 9, section of it, showing the embryo. 

Fig. 370. Plan of the flower. 



Analysis of the Genera. 

§ Sepals 4, valvate in the bud. Achenia tailed a 

§ Sepals imbricate in the bud 2 

2 Ovaries 1-seeded, achenia in fruit. . . .8 
2 Ovaries with 2 or more seeds 4 

3 Corolla 0, or undistinguishable from the colored calyx.. 

3 Corolla and calyx distinct either in color or form d 

4 Sepals as permanent as the stamens. Fruit dry . . . .6 

4 Sepals falling off sooner than the stamens k 

4 Sepals persistent with the fnfit. Petals very large m 

5 Sepals persistent with the stamens b 

5 Sepals caducous (falling) sooner than the stamens c 



.5 



Order 1.— THE CROWFOOTS. 145 



6 Flowers regular 7 

6 Flowers irregular h 

7 Petals none e 

7 Petals smaller than the sepals f 

7 Petals larger than the sepals g 

a Petals none* or stamen-like. Leaves all opposite. Virgin's Bower. Clem'atis. 1 
b Stem leaves opposite, remote from the flower. Anem'one. Anemone. 2 

.b Leaves all radical. 3 bracts close to the flower. Liverleaf. Hepat'ica! 3 
c Flowers mostly imperfect. Leaves compound. Meadow Rue. Thalic'trum. 
c Flws. perfect. Lvs. simple, palmately lobed. Prairie Rue. Trautvitte'ria. 
d Leaves all radical, linear. Torus linear. Small plant. 

Mousetail. Myosu'rus. 
d Lvs. cauline. Petals with a honey-scale at base. Crowfoot. Ranunculus. 4 
d Leaves cauline. No honey-scale. Petals red or yellow. 

Pheasant 1 s-eye. Adonis. 5 
e Sepals white, 5 in number. Leaves compound. False Rue. Isopy'rum. 

e Sepals yellow, 6-9. Marsh Marigold. Cai/tha. 6 

f Petals tubular aj; apex. Roots yellow. Gold-thread. Cop'tis. 7 

f Petals tubular at base, 1-lipped. Globe- -flower. Troi/lius. 8 

f Petals tubular, 2-lipped. Sepals persistent. Hellebore. Helleb / orus. 

f Petals concave, 2-lobed. Flowers racemed. Yellow-root. Zanthoriu'za. 
g Petals larger than the colored sepals, 3-lobed. Fennel-flower. Nig-ei/la. 

g Petals larger than the colored sepals, spurred alike. Columbine. Aquile'gia. 9 
h Upper sepal spurred, inclosing spurred petals. Larkspur. Delphinium. 10 
h IT pper sepal hooded, covering 2 deformed petals. Monk' 's-hood. Aconi'tum. 11 
k Flowers numerous, in long, slender racemes. Bugbane. Cimicif'uga. 

k Flowers many, in short racemes. Berries simple. Baneberry. Act^/a. 

k Flower one only. Leaves 2. Berry compound. Turmeric-root. Hydrastis. 
m Disk sheathing- the ovaries. Very Showy. Peony. P-.eo'nia. 



1. CLEM'ATIS. Virgin's Bower. 

Calyx of 4 colored sepals, valvate-in duplicate in the bud. Petals none, 
or small and stamen-like. Stamens many, shorter than the sepals. . Ova- 
ries many, styles becoming long and feathery upon the seed-like achenia. 
— 2£ Mostly climbing vines, with twisted petioles for tendrils, and with 
opposite, compound leaves. 

§ Leaves verticillate. Outer stamens petal-like. Vine . . . .No. 1 
§ Leaves opposite. Petals none. Calyx colored a 

a Etect herbs near 1 foot high. Flowers solitary 10, 11, 12 

a Vines climbing b 

7 



146 THE FLORA. 



b Flowers clustered in panicles 2, 3, 4, 5 

b Flowers solitary, large, showy 6, 7, 8, 9 

1 Clematis verticilla'ris. Purple Virgin' ) s m Bower. Leaves ternate, 4 at each node. 

Flowers purple, 2 at each node. Hills. N. W. 

2 C. Virginia'na. Virginian V. Leaves ternate. Leaflets smooth, lobed, and toothed. 

3 0. holoseric / ea. Silky V. Leaves ternate, leaflets downy or silky, entire. S. 

4 C. Catesbya'na. Catesby's V. Lvs. bi-ternate, lfts. 3-lobed. Clusters axillary. S. 
.) C. Flam'mula. Sweet V. Lvs. pinnate. Lfts. entire, pointed. Fls,. terminal, t 

6 O. cylin'drica. 'Crisped V. Lfts. acute, thin, 3-15. Sepals wavy at edge, b-p. S. 

7 C reticulata. Veiny V. Lfts. obtuse at each end, thickish. Sep. wavy. b-p. S. 

8 C. Vior'na. Leather-flower. Lfts. ovate, acute, pinnate. Sep. not wavy. P. 

9 O. Viticella. Vine-Bower. Lfts. oval, 8-15. Sepals not wavy, obovate. P. t 

10 C. ochroleu / ca. Ground V. Lvs. undivided, ovate, entire, silky beneath, p-y. 

11 C.ova'ta. Egg-leaved V. Lvs. undivided, broad-ovate, smooth, glaucou*. p. S. 

12 C. Baldwin / ii. Baldwins V. Lvs. -g-cleft, the upper rance-ovate, entire, p. S. 

2. ANEMO^KE. Anein'one, or "Wind- Flower. 

Calyx regular, of 5-15 colored sepals resembling petals. Petals prop- 
erly none. Stamens many, much shorter than the sepals. Pistils many, 
collected into an oblong or roundish head. Achenia generally without 
tails. Leaves mostly radical, palmately lobed, those of the stem opposite, 
forming a sort of involucre. . 

§ Carpels with long, feathery tails in fruit. Flower large. . . .1 

§ Carpels without tails a 

a Stem leaves (involucre) sessile. . ..2, 3 

a Stem leaves petiolate b 

b Flower-stalk 1 or several, all leafless 4, 5, 6 

b Flower-stalks 2-5, all but the first 2-leaved in the middle 7, 8 

1 A. Nuttal'lii. Pasque-flower. Lvs. cleft into linear lobes, very hairy. Apr. N.-W. 

2 A. Carolinia'na. Carolina A. Flower only one, with 15 sepals. S. W. 

3 A. Pennsylvania. Pennsylvanian A. Flowers 1-5, with 5 obovate, pure 

white sepals. Height 12-20'. N. W. 

4 A. nemoro'sa. Wood A. Flower 1, stalk 2 or 3 / long. Sepals rose- white. Apr. 

5 A. cylin'drica. Gray's A. Flowers mostly several, whitish, stalks 6-12' long. Fruit 

heads oblong or cylindrical. May. N. W. 

6 A. thalictroi'des. Rue A. Flowers several or many, rosy or white, on short (l-2 / ) 

stalks. Leaves of the invol. 2, twice ternate. Apr. Common. 

7 A. Virginia'na. Virginia A. Leaf-lobes, lance-ovate. Flowers greenish- 

white. Height 2-3 feet. Common. 

8 A. multif'ida. Red A. Leaf-lobes linear. Flowers red. Height 6-1 2>. r. N. 



Order 1.— THE CROWFOOTS. 



147 




3. HEPATTCA. Noble Liverwort. 

"Calyx (generally called an involucre) of 3 
entire, ovate, green sepals (or bracts), situated 
a very little below the corolla. Corolla of 5-.0 
petals, arranged in 2 or three rows. Achenia 
without tails. — U Pretty little plants blossoming 
in early spring. Leaves all radical, thick, 
3-lobed, green through the winter. Flowers 
numerous, one on each scape, blue, roseate, or 
white. 

Fig. 371. Flower and leaf of H. triloba." 

1 H. triloba. Leaf-lobes and sepals obtuse. Scapes hairy, several inches high. 

2 H. acutil'oba. Leaf-lobes and sepals acute. Fls. and scapes like the other. 

4. KAISTTOT'CULUS. Crowfoot, buttercups. 

Calyx of 5 ovate sepals. Corolla of 5 roundish, shining petals, each 
with a honeyed scale or pore at the base inside. Stamens 00. Achenia 
numerous, flattened, crowded in a roundish or oblong head. — A large 
genus of herbs mostly perennial (H) and with yellow flowers. Leaves di- 
vided or entire. Juice very acrid. 

§ fetals yellow. Seeds (carpels) rough with prickles. Fls. small. S 1,2 

§ Petals yellow. Seeds smooth and even | 

§ Petals white (claws yellow). Seeds wrinkled crosswise ) 

a Leaves all undivided. Plants growing in wet places. . . .5-8 

a Leaves more or less divided, not growing under water b 

a Leaves in fine, thread-like divisions, growing under water 3, 4 

b Boot leaves neither divided nor cleft, merely crenate. . . .9, 10 

b Lower leaves 3-cleft but not divided to the base. Height l-2f 11-13 

b Leaves all ternately divided and much cleft c 

c Sepals reflexed in flower. Plants erect 14, 15 

c Sepals spreading in flower, shorter than the petals 16-18 

1 R. murica'tus. Bough -fruited G Plant, smooth. Seeds with large, stout, hooked 

beaks. Sepals spreading. Leaves 3-lobed and cleft. South. 

2 R. parviflo'rus. Small-flowered G. Plant hairy. Seeds with a very short beak. 

Sepals finally reflexed. Leaves 3-lobed and cleft. South. 

3 R. aquat'ilis. Water Crowfoot. In ponds and rivers. The white petals with a 

cavity at base. Only the flowers above water. Summer. 

4 R. Pursh'ii. Pursfts Crowfoot. In stagnant water. The yellow petals with 

a scale at base. Floating leaves, 3-5-parted. Spying. 



148 THE FLORA. 



5 R. Flam'mula. Spear -leaved G. Stems ascending (l-2f). Leaves all lanceolate, 

narrow, entire, on sheathing stalks. Sum. 

6 R. pusil'lus. Tiny C. Stems nearly erect. Leaves ovate and lanceolate. Petals 

mostly but 8, with about 10 stamens. May. 

7 R. rep'tans. Greepiny G. Stems creeping and rooting (4-8'). Leaves lance-lin- 

ear, and linear. Flower 1 at a node. July. 

8 R. Cymbala'ria. Boat G. Stems creeping and rooting (1 foot). Leaves all round- 

cordate, crenate. Salt-marshes. June. 

9 R. aborti'vus. Abortive G. Plant glabrous, l-2f. high. Eoot leaves, round- 

cordate. Petals smaller than the sepals. Spring, c. 

10 R. rhomboi / deus. Rhombic G. Plant hairy, bushy, 4-10' high. Eoot 

leaves rhombic-€»vate. Sepals spreading. 1ST. W. 

11 R. palma'tus. Palm G. Stem hairy. Seeds with a straight beak in a roundhead. 

Leaves palmately 3-5-cleft, with sinus closed. South. 

12 R. recurva'tus. Hook-seed G. Stem hairy. Seeds with a recurved beak in around 

head. Leaves all similarly 3-parted. Flowers small. Spring. 

13 R. scelera'tus. Villainous G. Stem glabrous. Seeds not beaked, in an oblong 

• head. Flowers small. Leaves palmately 3-5-parted. June, July. 

14 R. bulbo'sus. Bulbous G. Erect (6-12 7 ) from a solid bulb. Petals large. 

Head of fruit round. Eoot leaves ternate. Spring. 

15 R. Pennsylvan'icus. Bristly C. Erect (l-3f.), very hairy. Head of fruit ob- 

long. Leaves ternate. Summer. 

16 R. repens. Large creeping G. Stems first ascending, then creeping. Flower- 

stalks furrowed. Petals obovate, large. Wet places. June. 

17 R. fascicula'ris. Early G. Stem erect. Eoot fibres thickened. Flower-stalks 

terete. Petals narrow. Leaves appear pinnate. May. 

18 R. acris. Tall Buttercup. Stem erect (2-3f.). Leaves palmately divided, and 

cleft. Petals roundish. Flower-stalk terete, calyx spreading. Summer, c. 
In the gardens, it becomes double-flowered. 

5. ADO'NIS. Fheasant's-eye. 

Sepals 5, colored. Petals 5-rl5, with no scale on the claws. Achenia 
in a sp'ike, egg-shaped, and pointed, with the hardened, persistent style. 
Leaves numerously cleft into linear and very narrow segments. Flowers 
terminal, solitary, red or yellow. 

1 A. autumna'lis. Late Ph. A fine, hard annual, from Europe, cultivated in gardens, 

and naturalized in some places. Stem rather thick for its height, branched. 
Leaves pinnately parted* with very numerous segments. Petals 5-8, of a 
bright crimson color, IV across. 

2 A. verna'lis. Early Ph. .Petals 10-12, oblong, yellow, dentate. Upper leaves 

sessile, all much divided. Flowers large. Spring. + 



Order 1.— THE CROWFOOTS. 149 



6. CAL'THA. Marsh Marigold. 

Calyx colored, of 5 roundish sepals resembling petals. Corolla 0. Sta- 
mens 00. Follicles 5-10, oblong, compressed, erect, many-seeded. — 
U Smooth marsh plants. 

C. palus'tris. Cowslips. Marsh Marigold. In wet meadows.- Root large, thick. 
Stem about If. high, hollow, round, branched. Leaves large (4-6' wide), 
roundish, cordate, crenate — lower on long, half-round petioles, upper sessile — 
all of a dark, shining green, and very smooth. Flowers of a golden yellow in 
all their parts, 1¥ broad. Outer row of stamens club-shaped, long. &pri?ig. 

7. COP'TIS. Gold-thread. 

Calyx of 5 or 6 oblong, colored sepals. Corolla of 5 or 6 small club- 
shaped sepals, hollow and 1-lipped at top. Stamens 20-25. Follicles 5- 
10, stalked, beaked, spreading, 4-6-seeded. — U Herbs "frith radical leaves, 
and long, creeping root-stocks. 

C. trifo'lia. Gold-thread. Leaves 3-fpliate, all radical, the divisions broad, 4-8" 
long, crenate, smooth shining, sessile. Petiole 1-2' long. Stems underground, 
creeping extensively, bright yellow, and very bitter. Peduncles 3-4/ high, 
each 1-flowered. Calyx white, Petals yellow, much smaller than the sepals," 
barely distinguishable among the stamens by their color. May, 

8. TROL'LIUS. Globe-flower. 

Calyx of 5, 10, or 15 concave sepals colored like petals. Corolla of 
5-25 small, linear petals, which are tubular at base. Stamens many, 
much shorter than the sepals. Pods many, each many-deeded. — U 
smooth, with palmately-parted leaves. 

1 T. laxus. American G. Sepals 5. Petals 15-25, shorter than the stamens. 

Grows in swamps, M. r. Calyx yellow, greenish outside. June. 

2 T. Europae'us. European G. Sepals 10-15. Petals 5-10, as long as the stamens. 

Flowers globular, bright yellow, f 

3 T. Asiat'icus. Asiatic G. Sepals 10, orange-colored. Petals 10, longer than sta- 

mens, t 

9. AQUILE'GIA. Columbine. 

Sepals 5, ovate, colored, spreading. Petals 5, tubular with a wide 
mouth, the outer margin erect, the inner attached to the receptacle, and 
behind extended into a long, spurred nectary. Stamens 30-40, the inner 



150 



THE FLORA. 



ones longer and sterile. Styles 5. Follicles 5, many-seeded. — if- Leaves 
twice and thrice ternate. Flowers nodding. 

1 A. Canadensis. American C. Spurs straight, longer than limb. Stamens exserted. 

Flowers scarlet. 

2 A. vulgaris. European G. Spurs incurred, shorter than limb. Stamens included. 

Flowers purple, f 





Fig. 372. Flower of Larkspur, displayed : s,. s, s, s, s, the five petals ; a, the spurred sepal ; 
c, the two petals, spurred, which spur was sheathed in the spurred sepal. 
. Fig. 373. Flower* of Garden Aconite, displayed : s, s, s, s, s; the five sepals ; p, p, p, p, p, the 
five petals. — 

10. DELPHINIUM. Larkspur. 

- Sepals 5, colored, the npper one spurred. Petals very irregular, the two 
upper ones extended behind into a tubular, honeyed spur, sheathed in the 
spur of the calyx. Styles 1-5. Follicles 1-5. — Showy herbs with the 
leaves much divided. Flowers blue, red, or purple, never yellow. 

§ Petals united into 1 piece. Pistil and pod 1 1,2 

§ Petals 4, distinct. Pistils and pods 2-5 (a) 

a Leaves many-parted into linear segments 3 

a Leaves divided into 3-7 wedge-shaped lobes (b) 

b Tall (2-5f.), with slender, many-flowered racemes 4, 5 

b Low (6-180, with few (6-12) flowered racemes .... 6-8 

1 D. consol / ida. Field L. Fls. loosely scattered. Ovary smooth. Lvs. finely cut. + 

2 D. Aja'cis. Rocket L. Flowers covering the branches. Ovary pubescent. Leaves 

finely cut. f 
3 D.azu / reum. Azure L. Fls. in strict, slender racemes. Ovaries 3-5. U W. t 
4 D. cxalta'tum. Tall Wild L. Leaf-lobes 3-5, curvate. Spur straight. M. Summer. \ 
h D. elatum. Bee L. Leaf-lobes 3-7, curvate. Spur curved downwards. + 



Order 2.— THE MAG1NOLIADS. 151 

1 

&.D. tric'orne. Low WildL. Leaf-lobes linear. Pods recurved. Height 6-12'. M.W. 

7 D. vires 'cens. Gr ten -flowered L. Leaf-lobes lanceolate. Fls. greenish- 

white. S. W. 

8 D. grandiilorum. Great-flowered L. Leaf-lobe3 5-7, linear. Fls. large, b-p. t 

11. ACONITUM. Monk's-hood. A'conite. 

Sepals 5, irregular, colored, upper one vaulted or hooded. Petals 5 or 
6, the two upper on long claws, concealed beneath the upper sepal, re- 
curved and honeyed at top; the other 3 or 4 very small. Styles 3-5. 
Follicles 3-5.-2^ Leaves palmately cleft or divided. Flowers odd and 
showy, in terminal spikes. 

1 A. uncina'tum. Wild M. Stem reclining, widely branched. Helmet conical. M.S. 

2 A. Napel'lus. Garden A. Stem erect, nearly simple. Helmet semicircular, f 



Order II. MAGNOLIA'CE^]. The Magnoliads. 

Trees and shrubs with membranous stipules sheathing the buds, with 
leaves alternate, leathery, simple entire, or lobed, never serrate ; 
flowers solitary, large and showy, mostly odorous and perfect ; 
sepals 3-6, colored like the 6-12 hypogynous imbricated petals ; 
stamens numerous, hypogynous, distinct, and many ovaries ; 
fruit compound, composed of the uriited carpels. 

Analysis of the Genera. 

% Pistils arranged in a cone 2 

§ Pistils whorled in a single row. Shrub. South. Star Anise. Illic'ium. 

2 Anthers opening inwards. Magnolia. 1 

2 Anthers opening outwards. Lirioden'dron. 2 

1. MAGNO'LIA. 

Sepals 3. Petals 6-9. Anthers longer than the filaments, opening in- 
wards. Carpels 2-valved, 1-2-seeded, imbricated into a hard, cone-like 
fruit. Seeds berry-like, suspended when ripe by a long seed-stalk. — A 
noble genus of trees or shrubs, with large, fragrant flowers. 

§ Native Magnolias, flowering with the leaves a 

§ Exotic Magnolias, flowering before the leaves expand 8 



152 



FLORA. 



a Leaves acute at the base (not cordate) b 

a Leaves cordate or auriculate at the'base. Trees 30-40f. high 5-7 

b Leaves shining above, white or rust-colored beneath. Petals 9-12 1, 2 

b Leaves dull green both sides, thin, deciduous. Petals 6-9 3, 4 

1 M. grandiflo'ra. Big Laurel. Tree evergreen, 60-70!'. high. Leaves thick, rust- 

downy beneath. Flowers 8 or 9 / broad, white. S. 

2 M. glauca. White Bay. Shrub deciduous, 6-25f. high. Leaves very smooth, 

glaucous beneath. Flowers 2-3' broad, cream-color. Swamps, f 

3 M. acuminata. Cucumber-tree. Tree large. Leaves oval, acuminate, scat- 

tered. Flowers small (3-i/ broad), petals obovate. M. S. 

4 M. nmbrel'la. Umbrella-tree. Tree small (20-30f.). Leaves wedge-lanceo- 

late, whorled, very large, as well as the flowers. H. S. 

5 M, corda'ta. Yellow C v. cumber -tree. Petals 6-9, yellow, with reddish lines. Lvs. 

broad-ovate, slightly cordate. Flowers 4' broad. S. 

6 M. Fra'seri. Bar-leaved AT, Petals 6, pure white. Leaves ear-shaped at base, 

obovate-spatuiate, near If. long. Spring. S. 

7 M. macrophyl'la. Great-learned 21. Petals 6, white, each 6-8' in length, Leaves 

2-3i. long, obovate-spatulate, cordate. Tree 30-50f. high. S. W~ f 
8 M. conspic'ua. Yulan. Flowers in Spring, large, rose-colored o*" ^hite, with 
6-9 petals or sepals, nearly erect. Japan. 



2. LIRIOBEX'DPwOX. tulip-tree. 

Sepals 3. Petals 6. in two rows. 
Anthers opening outwards. Car- 
pels 1-2-seeded,^ imbricated into 
a cone, indehiscent, separating 
from each other in fruit. — Trees 
with large and fragrant flowers. 

L. rulipif'era. Tulip-tree. Witiieicood. 
Poplar. This is one of the finest 
and largest trees of our forests. 
The trunk is generally straight 
and cylindric, dividing at the top 
rather abruptly in a few coarse and 
crooked branches. Leaves dark 
green, smooth, square at the end, with 2 lobes each side, 3-5 / in length and 
breadth. Flowers large and elegant, greenish-yellow, orange within, 4-6' 
broad. May, June. 




Fig. 374. Young branch of Tulip-tree, unfold- 
ing from the bud: «, s, stipules. 



Order 6.— THE BERBERIDS. 



153 



Order YL— BERBERIDACEJE. The Berberids. 

'Herts, and shrubs, with alternate leaves and perfect flowers, with 
sepals imbricated in the bud in 2 or more rows; 
petals opposite the sepals, also imbricated in two or more rows ; 
stamens opposite to the petals, the anthers usually opening by two lids; 
ovary 1 -celled, solitary and simple, forming a capsule or berry. 








Fig. 875. Section of the flower of Jeflersonia. 



Fig. 376. A leaf of the same. 



Analysis of the Genera. 

§ Herbs,- anthers opening by two valves hinged at top. . . .a 

§ Herbs, anthers opening by 2 slits lengthwise b 

§ Shrubs, with yellow flowers and acid berries. Ber'beeis. 

Stamens 6. Fruit 2, drupe-like, soon-naked seeds. Cohosh. Leon'tice. 

Stamens 6. Fruit a 2-4-seeded berry. Umbrella-leaf. Biphyllei'a. 

Stamens 8. Fruit a capsule opening by a lid. Twin-leaf. Jefeerso'nia. 



b Stamens 9-18. 



Flower 1, with 2 leaves. 



May Apple. Podophyllum. 3 



1. BEB'BEPJS. Barberry. 

Sepals 6, obovate, colored, the 3 
outer ones smaller. Petals 6, round- 
ish, with two glands, at the base of 
each, inside. Stamens 6. Stigma ses- 
sile, disk-like, on the top of the ovary. 
Berry oblong, sour, 1 -celled, 2-3-seed- 
ed. — Fine, hardy shrubs, with the 
wood, inner bark, and flowers yellow. 

Fig. 377. a, Flower of Berberis^ vulgaris; &, the pistil (magnified), with the ovary cut open; 
c, c, petals with staftnens opposite ; 9, a berry ; 3S0, a seed cut open, showing the embryo. 




154 THE FLORA. 



1 B. vulga'ris. Common Barberry-bush. A well-known, bushy, handsome shrub, m 

hard soils. Gr : high. Leaves oval, near 2' ft>ng, rounded-obtuse at 

apex, tapering to a petiole, with bristly serratures on the margin. Flowers 
yellow, a dozen or more in each hanging raceme, with entire petals. Stamens 
irritable, springing against the stigma when touched. Berries red, very sour. 
June. 

2 B. Aquifolium, Holly-leaved B. Leaves pinnate, of 7-13 thick, spiny-toothed 

leaflets. Shrub 3-5f. high. Cah t 

2. JEFFERSO'XIA. Twin-leaf. 

Sepals 4, colored, caducous. Petals 8, spreading. Stamens 8, with 
linear anthers. Pod on a short stipe, opening by a lid. — U Flowers and 
bs from the root. Scape 1-flowered. . (Figs. 375, 376.) 

J. diphyl'la. Twin-kaf. A very curious plant, acaulescent. Leaves each with two 
blades, about If. high. Flowers same height, white. Root-stock black, with 
a thick mass of fibres, supposed good in rheumatism. M. W. 

3. PODOPHYL'LOL Mandrake. 

Sepals caducous. Petals 6-9, obovate, concave. Stamens 12-18, with 
linear anthers, the lids scarcely opening. Berry large, egg-shaped, 1 -celled, 
crowned with the solitary stigma. — Low, somewhat poisonous herbs, with 
one or two leaves and one flower. 

P. pelta'tum. May Apple. Wild Mandrake. A singular and interesting plant, in 
. woods and fields. Height about If. The barren plants bear but a single leaf, 
which is* 5-8' broad, o-7-lobed, and centrally peltate. The flowering plants 
have a pair of leaves, with the flower at the fork of the two petioles— the leaves 
not peltate, but with a deeply-hollowed base, about 7-lobed. Flower droop- 
ing, white, about 2' across. Fruit yellowish, with the flavor of the Strawberry. 
May. 



Order YIIL— XELUMBIACE^E. The Water-beans. 

8 aquatic, prostrate root-stock, and radical, peltate leaves, with 
ipr* large, solitary, on long, npright scapes, 4 or 5-sepaled ; 
I* numerous, arranged in many rows, as are also the many stamens ; 

-eparate, each with a simple style and stigma, becoming in 
It 1 -seeded nuts, half sunk in the hollows of the very large torus, the 
seeds with a very large embryo and no albumen. 



Ordek 9.— THE WATER LILIES. 



155 



NELUM'BIUM. Nelumbo. 

The character of the genus the same as that of the order. 

N. luteum. Yellow Xelumbo. A magnificent flowering plant, frequent in the stag- 
nant waters of the South and West, rare in N. Y. and Conn. The leaves are 
l-2f. broad, round, entire, peltate in the centre, which is concave, and elevated 
above the water more or less on the long petioles. Flowers several times 
larger than the White Water Lily, but without fragrance. Petals concave, of* 
a brilliant white at edge, becoming yellow towards the base. Nuts (called 
Water-oeans) about as large as acorns, eatable.' Ju?ie t July. 



Order IX.— NYMPHJSACEJE. THe Water Lilies. 

He r bs aquatic, with roundish leaves from a prostrate rhizoma; 

flowers large and showy, the sepals, petals, and stamens gradually passing 

into each other, imbricated and arranged in many rows ; 
sepals few, colored inside^ persistent ; stigmas radiating and crowning the 
ovary, which in fruit becomes a capsule compound and 5-celled ; 
seeds minute, numerous, witli the- embryo at the end of the albumen. 




Analysis of the Genera. 

Petals large as the sepals, white, red, 

or blue. Nymph^'a. 1 

Petals smaller than the sepals, stamen- 
like, yellow. Frog Lily. Nuphar. 




Fig. 3S1. Nymphsea odorata: a, the leaf; c, 
the flower; b, the bud; d, e,f,g, stamens grad- 
ually changing into petals; h, a seed cut open, 
showing the embryo in a little sac. Fig. 3S3, 
the many-rayed stigma ; 384, cross-section of the 
many-celled ovary. 



156 



THE FLORA. 



NTMPHJE'A. Water Lily. 



Sepals 4 or 5, green outside. Petals in many rows inserted on the re- 
ceptacle beneath the ovary. Stamens inserted above the petals. Anthers 
slender, opening inwards, the outer filaments gradually widening and pass- 
ing into petals. Capsule ripening under water. 

N. odora'ta. White Water Lily. One of the loveliest of flowers, frequent in ponds 
and sluggish streams. The root-stock is long and thick, running in the rnud 
where the water is from '8-1 Of. deep, sending up leaves^ and flowers to the 
surface. Leaves 5-6 7 long, roundish, cleft at the base to the centre, where the 
long petiole is inserted, margin entire. Petals lanceolate, H-2' long, of the 
most delicate texture and^ whiteness, often tinged with purple. Filaments yel- 
' low. July. 



Order X. SARRACEJSTIACE^ The Walter-pitchers. 



387 






Fig. 385. Sarracenia purpurea, with bud," flower, and fruit. 

Fig. 3S6. Section of the 5-celled ovary. 

Fig. 387. A seed (magnified), with small embryo and large albumen. 



Order 11.— THE POPPY WORTS. 157 



Herbs aquatic, in bogs, with fibrous roots, and with the 
leaves all radical, urn-shaped, hollow, and large flowers on scapes; 
sepals 5, with 3 little bracts at base; petals 5, clawed, incurved; 
stamens hypogynous; ovary 5-celled, with a single style, the 
stigma very broad, peltate, and 5-angled, crowning, in fruit, the 
capsule, which is 5-celled and full of minute, albuminous seeds. 

SARRACE'KTA. Pitcher-plant Trumpet-leaf. 

Character essentially as expressed in the order. Nos. 4, 5, 7, 8, are 
probably varieties, not species. 

^[ Leaf-blade inflected over the throat of the tube 7, 8 

\ Leaf-blade erect, or nearly erect ; throat of the tube open a 

a Leaf-tube pitcher-shaped, with a broad wing 1-3 

a Leaf-tube trumpet-shaped, with a narrow wing 4-6 

1 S. purpurea. Purple Pitcher-plant. Flowers purple. Leaves all inflated alike, 

dark green with purple veins, 6-9' long. Scapes 1-flowered, l-2f. high. June. 

2 S. heterophyl'la. Yellow Pitcher-plant. Fls. yellow. Lvs. pale, the outer slender. Jn. r. 

3 S. ala'ta. Narrow-winged P. Fls. yellow. Lvs. all more slender than in No. 1. S.-W. 

4 S. (Grono'vii) flava. - Yellow Trumpet-leaf. Flowers yellow. Leaves 18-SC 

high, all yellowish green, veins not' purple. 

5 S. rubra. Bed Trumpet-leaf. Fls. reddish purple. Lvs. (l-2f.) purple-veined. S. 

6 S. Drummondii. Drummond'sT. Fls. purple. Lvs^lS-Sfl') mottled with colors. S. 

7 S. psittacina. Parr oV s Pitcher-plant. Fls. purple. Lvs. (3-5 7 ) spotless, hooded. S. 

8 S. variolaris. Mottled P. Flowers yellow. Lvs. (12-18') spotted with white. S. 



Order XI. PAPAYERACE^E. The Poppyworts. 

Heros, generally with a colored juice, with alternate leaves ; * 

flowers on long peduncles, solitary, never blue ; 

sepals % 2 or 3, falling off when the flower expands ; 

petals generally 4, sometimes 8 ; stamens 4, 8, 12, 16, or 20, &c. ; 

stigmas 2, or if more, star-like on the flat apex of the compound ovary ; 

fruit a pod-shaped or roundish capsule ; seeds numerous and minute. 

Analysis of the Genera. 

IT Plants with a yellow juice. Petals yellow, crumpled in bud a 

a Stigmas and placentae 3, 4, or 6. Capsule ovoid. . ...c 

a Stigmas and placentae 2 only. Capsule long, pod-shaped b . 



15S 



THE FLORA. 



1 Plants with an orange-red juice. Bloodroot. Sanouixa'pja. 1 

r Plants with a milk-white juice. Poppy. Papa'vee. 2 

1 Plants with a colorless juice. Calyx a cap, falling off whole. 

Petals 4, orange-yellow. Lvs. dissected. California Poppy. Eschscholt / zia. 
b Pod 1-celled, smooth. Leaves pinnately divided. Pis. yellow. 

Stamens 24-32. shorter than the '4 petals. Celandine. Chelido'xium. 

b Pod 2-celled, rough. Leaves palmate. Stig. 2-horned. Horn Poppy. Glau'cium. 

c Style present, stigmas 3 or 4. Stem lvs. 2, opposite. Yellow Poppy. Meconop'sis. 

c Style none, stigmas 4 or 6. Stem lvs. alternate. Prickly Poppy. AsasMo'xE. 



1. SAXGUIXATJA. Bloodroot. 

♦ Sepals 2, caducous. Petals 8-12, the outer longer. 
Stamens about 24. Stigma sessile. 1 or 2-lobed. Cap- 
sule pod-like, oblong, 1-celled, 2- valve d. acute at each 
end, and many-seeded. — U A low, acaulescent plant, 
with white flowers, and full of a red or orange-colored 
juice. 

S. Canadensis. Bloodroot. An interesting plant, in shady, rich 
soils, flowering in early spring. Ehizoma thick, fleshy, and 
when broken or wounded exudes a blood-colored juice, as 
does every other part. From each joint of the root-stock 
springs a single large glaucous leaf, and a scape about 6 / 
high, bearing a single flower. Leaf kidney-shaped, with 
lobes separated by rounded sinuses between. Flower of a 
square outline, white, scentless, and of short duration. 

Fig. 3S5. Sanguinaria Canadensis: &, the pod; c, cross-section of it; 
d, seed cut open, showing the embryo. 



2, PAPA'YEP. Poppy. 

Sepals 2, caducous. Petals 4. Stamens 00. Stigmas 
many, united into a star-like crown, sessile upon the 
thick ovary. Capsule 1-celled, opening by pores beneath 
the edges of the stigma. Exotic herbs, mostly 0, with 
a milk-white juice abounding in opium. 




* Bristly or hairy. Leaves pinnatifid. Flowers scarlet 2, 3 

* Smooth, glaucous. Leaves cut-toothed, clasping. Flowers white-....! 



Order 12.— THE FUMEWORTS. 159 



P. somniferum. Opivm'P. Fls. large, often double, t - Summer. 

2 P. dubium. Small Bed P. Pqjl club-shaped, smooth. Leaves coarsely 

divided. Flowers light red, smaller than in No. 1. M. S. Summer. 
2 P. Rheas. Corn P. Pod globular, smooth. Leaves more finely divided. 

Flowers large and brilliant, deep scarlet, often double, t Sum. 



Order XII. FUMARIACEJG. The Fumeworts. 

Herbs smooth and delicate, with brittle stems and watery juice ; 

leaves usually alternate, many cleft or compound ; 

flowers irregular, purple, white or yellow ; • sepals 2, very small ; 

petals 4, more or less cohering, one or both of the outer saccate, the two 

inner inclosing the % anthers in their coherent tips ; 
stamens 6, in 2 sets of 3 in each ; pistil 1 ; pod 1 -celled. 

■ Analysis of the Genera. 

* Corolla equally 2-spurred or 2-saccate" at base a 

* Corolla unequal, only 1 of the petals spurred b 

a Petals slightly united or distinct, deciduous. Not climbing. Dicen'tra. 1 

a Petals firmly united, persistent. Plants climbing. Mountain Fringe. Adltj'mia. 
b Ovary with several seeds, forming a slender pod. Corydal. Coryd'alis. 2 
b Ovary with 1 seed, becoming a globular nut. • Fumitory. Fuma'ria. 

1. DICEN'TRA. Eardrop. 

Sepals 2, very small, sometimes disappearing. The 2 outer petals alike, 
saccate at base, with spreading tips; the 2 inner alike, spoon-shaped, 
meeting face to face over the stamens and pistils. Filaments flat, separate 
or not. Middle anther of each set 2-celled, the outer 1-celled. Pod 
many-seeded. — U 

§ Low herbs (6'), with white flowers in simple racemes 1,*2 

§ Taller (l-2f.), with purple flowers racemed or panicle*d 3, 4 

1 D. cuculla'ria. White Ear-drop. Root bulb-like. Spurs of the flowers divergent, 

acute, straight. Flower nearly as broad as long. Spring. 
D. Canadensis. Squirrel-corn. Root bearing yellow tubers as large as peas. Fls. 
much longer than broad, spurs rounded, incurved. May, Jn. 
3 D. exim'ia. Wild Purple Ear-drop. Racemes panicled. Flowers oblong, 

with very short blunt spurs. Sepals manifest. M. S. + 
3 D. spectaVilis. Ch%ese E. Raceme simple. Flowers nearly as broad as long 
(l 7 ), very fine and showy ; sepals obsolete, t 



160 



THE FLORA. 



2. CORYD'ALIg. Corydal. 

Sepals 2, very small. Petals 4, one of which is spurred at base. Fila- 
ments with broad bases united into 2 sets, sheathing the ovary. Pod 2- 
valved, slender, many-seeded. Leaves twice ternate, on the stem. In 
rocky places. ''Spring. 

1 C. glau'ca. Pink G. Erect. Fls. pink-yellow, panicled. Leaf-lobes obtuse. @ 

2 O. au'rea. Golden C. Diffuse. Fls. yellow, racemed. Leaf-lobes acute, (i) 




Fig. 3S9. Dicentra cucullaria, entire plant. Fig. 390. Enlarged view of a flower.. Fig, 391. A 
section of the same. Fig. 392. A flower (enlarged) of D. Canadensis. 



Order XIII. CKUCIFELLE. The Crucifers, or 
Mustardworts. ' 

Herbs with alternate leaves and no stipules, and regular flowers, with 
sepals 4, ancl petals 4, spreading in the form. of a cross ; 



Order 13.— THE ORUCIFERS. 



161 



stamens 6, 2 of them on opposite sides shorter than the rest ; an 

ovary of 2 united carpels, forming in fruit a 

silique or silicic, with 2 cells and few or many seeds; 

seeds without albumen, the large embryo variously bent and folded. 

Note. — Under this large Order, as under others, we present to our young readers a complete 
analysis, by which they may trace to its genus any Mustardicort growing in the United States. 
But as the genera are so nearly alike, great care and close observation will be needful in avoiding 
mistakes. The plants for examination must be in fruit as well as in flower. 




Fig. 393. Flower of White Mustard. Fig. 394. Same, with its parts separated. 
Clique, ripe and open. Fig. 396. Draba verna. Fig. 397. A pod open. 



Fig. 395. A 



Analysis of the Genera. 
* Garden 'plants cultivated for ornament or art. 

1 Fruit a silique or long pod (§ 363) 5 

1 Fruit a silicic or short pod (§ 364) 2 

2 Silicle 2-celled, with 2 or more seeds 3 

2 Silicic 1-celled, with one seed only. 

3 Petals all-equal 4 

3 Petals unequal, the 2 outside ones larger. 
4 Some of the stamens toothed. Gardens. 
4 Stamens all toothless. Silicles very large and thin. 

5 Seeds flat. Stigma rdunded or head-shaped. 

5 Seeds flat. Stigmas 2-horned, spreading. 



Woad. Isa'tis. 

Candy-tuft. Ibe'ris. 1 
Madwort. Alys'sum. 
Satin-flower. Luna'ria. % 
Wall- flower. Cheiran / thus. 
Stock. Matthi'ola. 



5 Seeds egg-shaped. Stigma with 2 converging lobes. Rocket. IIks'peuisl 



162 THE FLORA. 



** Plants growing wild, or cultivated for food. 

„ , , _ .. ( flowers yellow..,. 8 
1 Fruit a sihque, 2-eelled lengthwise, \ flowers ^^ purpl6) &c 6 

- ^ ,~. ... , ft ,i j t ., • i flowers yellow 5 

1 Fruit a silicle, 2-celled lengthwise, ■{ _ < - ■ _ 

t flowers white, purple, &c 2 

I Fruit a jointed pod, with the partitions crosswise 11 

2 Silicle flattened or turgid, with a broad partition 4 

2 Silicle flattened contrary to the narrow partition 3 

3 Silicle triang., seeds several in each cell. Shepherd' s-purse. Capsei/la. 3 

3 Silicle roundish, with one seed in each cell. Pepper-grass. Lepid'ium. 4 

3 Silicle double, with one seed in each lobe. S. Swine Cress. Senebie'ra. 5 
4 Silicle flattened. Leaves cauline or radical. Whitlow-grass. Draba. 6 

4 Silicle turgid. Leaves cauline. Horse Radish. Armora'cia. 

4 Silicle turgid. Leaves all radical. r. Awlwort. Subula'ria. 

5 Silicle obo void, i.e., inversely egg-shaped, turgid. False Flax. Cameli'na. 

5 Sil. globose, turgid, membranous. Style long. Bladder-pod. Vesica'ria. 

5 Silicle oblong, turgid, and somewhat terete. Cress. Nastup/tium. 

6 Seeds arranged in two rows in each cell, not winged. Cress. Nastue/tium. 

6 Seeds in two rows in each cell, wing margin. Tower-mustard. Tor -Ems. 

6 Seeds arranged in a single row in each cell. ... .7 

•7 Sil. linear, flattish, each valve with 1 central vein. Rock Cress. Ar'abis. 7 

7 Silique lanceolate, flat, the valves veinless. Tooth-root. Denta'ria. 8 

7 Siliques linear, veinless, terete. Flws. purple. False Rochet. Iodan'thus. 

7 Siliques linear, veinless, flat. Fls. whitish. Cuckoo-flower. Cardami'ne. 9 

8 Seeds* ovate or oblong 9 

8 Seeds globose 10 

8 Seeds flat, with a broad, winged margin. S. Leavenworth'ia. 

9 Calyx |-open. Lvs. runcinate, or finely dissect. Hedge-mustard. Sisymbrium. 

9 Calyx closed. Leaves lyrate-pinnatifid. Winter Cress. Barba'rea. 10 

9 Calyx'closed. Leaves lanceolate. False Wall-flower. Erys'imum. li 

10 Calyx spreading. Valves of the pod T-3-veined. Mustard. Sina'pis. 12 

10 .Calyx mostly erect. Valves of the pod 1-veined. Cabbage, &c. Bras'sica. 

11. Pods short,' 2-jointed, with 1 seed in each joint. Sea-rocket. Oaki'le. 

II Pods with several transverse joints and cells. Radish. Raph'anus. 

1. IBE'EIS. Candy-tuft. 

The two outside petals larger than the two inside ones. Pods flattened, 
truncate, emarginate, the cells one-seeded. — Foreign, ornamental plants. 

1 Flowers white. Plain about If. high 2-4 

1 I. umbeUVta. Purple C. Fls. purple, in umbels. Lvs. serrate, upper entire. 

2 I. ama'ra. Bitter C. Corymbs lengthening into racemes. Lvs. slightly toothed. 

3 I. pinna'ta. Wing-leaved C. Corymbs scarcely lengthening. Leaves pinnatifid. 

4 I. saxat'ilis. Rock C. Corymbs not lengthening. Shrubby. Lvs. linear, entire. 



Order 13.— THE CRUCIFERS. 163 



2. LUNA'RIA. Satin-flower. 



Sepals somewhat 2-lobed at base of the flower. Petals nearly entire. 
Stamens without teeth. Silicle oval or lanceolate, flat, usually very large, 
with a stalk. Seed-stalk adhering to the partition. — Foreign, ornamental 
plants. 

L. redivi'va. Perennial S. Pods lanceolate, narrowed to each end. Lvs. sharp- 
toothed, u. 

L. biennis. Biennial S. Pods broad-oval, rounded at each end. Lvs. blunt- 
toothed. © 

3. CAPSEL'LA. Shepherd's-purse. 

Calyx equal at base. Silicles triangular, wedge-shaped at base, notched 
at top, compressed laterally, that is, contrary to the narrow partition. 
Valves boat-shaped. Style short. Seeds 00, oblong, small. — A common 
weed, with white flowers. m 

C. Bursa-Pasto / ris. Shepherd's-purse. Found everywhere, in fields, pastures,, and 
road-sides. Stem growing to a foot in height, hairy below, branching. Eoot 
leaves many (when the plant has room), half a foot long, deeply-lobed and 
toothed. Stem leaves much shorter, with two ear-shaped stem-clasping lobes 
at base. Flowers very small, in racemes which become very long, and are suc- 
ceeded by the little purse-shaped pods. Apr.-*Sept. (See Fig. 331.) 

4. LEPID'IUM. Pepper-grass. 

Sepals ovate. Petals ovate, entire. Silicles roundish or oval, notched 
at the end, flattened contrary to the very narrow partition. Cells 1 -seed- 
ed. Valves boat-shaped, dehiscent. Flowers white, racemed, numerous. 

1 Stem leaves undivided. Flowers from June to Sept 2 

1 L sativum. Leaves all divided and lobed. Pods round. Gardens. July. 

2 L V-irginicum. Tongue-grass. Pods round, wingless. Stem leaves toothed. 

3 L rudera'le. Pods roundish-oval, wingless. Petals 0. Stem leaves entire. W. 

4 L campes'trc. Pods ovate, winged, rough-scaly. Leaves arrow-shaped. W. 

5. SENEBIE'RA. Swine Cress. . 

Silicle 2-lobed, appearing double. Valve somewhat turgid and inde- 
hiscent. Cells each with 1 roundish and 3-cornered seed. Flowers 
white, in short racemes which stand opposite to the leaves. ~ 



164 THE FLORA. 



S. pinnatif'ida. A prostrate, weed-like plant, common at the South, in fields and on 
river-banks. Leaves divided in a pinnate manner, into oblong, toothed lobes. 
Flowers obscure, with scarcely any petals. Silicles'flattened, notched at apex, 
wrinkled on the surface. Feb. -July. 



6. DKA'BA. Whitlow-grass. 

Calyx equal at base. Petals equal. Filaments without teeth. Silicle 
oval-oblong' entire, flattened parallel to the broad partition. Cells 2, 
many-seeded. Seeds not margined. — Low herbs, with small white or 
yellow flowers in racemes. (See Fig. 396.) 

§ Petals 2-cleft, white. Leaves all radical 1 

§ Petals entire or merely notched. Stems more or less leafy. . . .a 

a Style present. Plants perennial 2, 3 

a Style none. Plants annual or biennial b 

b Pedicels as long or longer than the pod 4, 5 

b Pedicels shorter than their pods .... 
1 D.verna. Spring W. Leaves oblong, hairy. Scape 1-5' high. Q (See Fig. 396.) 

2 D. arabi'sans. JRock W. Leaves minutely toothed. Silicle twisted, longer than 

the pedicel, oblong-lanceolate, 4-6 " long. Lake shores. (Figs. 155-159.) 

3 D. ramosis / sima. Bushy W. Leaves with remote and slender teeth. Silicle as 

long as its pedicel, .style half as long. Flowers white. Eocks. 
4 D. nemora'lis. Wood W. Petals notched at end. Pod half as long as its 

pedicel. Seeds near .30. Flowers yellowish-white. N-W. 
4 D. brachycar'pa. Short-fruited W. Petals entire. Pod as long as pedicel, 

10-12-seeded. Leaves round-ovate. S. "W". March, April. 

5 D. Carolinia'na. Leaves round-ovate, entire. Pods linear, in a sort of corymb. 

Flowers white. Plant hispid, 1-3' high. E. S. April-June. 

6 D. cuneifo'lia. Wedge-leaved W. Leaves wedge-oblong. Pods lance-oblong, 20- 

30-seeded, racemed. Plant 3-8' high. S-W. 

7. AK'ABIS. Rock Cress. Sickle-pod. 

Sepals erect. Petals clawed, entire. Silique linear, flattened, valves 
one-veined in the middle. Seeds in a single row in each cell. Flowers 
white. Aprilr-June. 

§ Leaves all (or at least the radical) pinnatifid 1, 2 

§ Leaves all undivided ; toothed or entire, often clasping a 

a Siliques short (6-12") and straight. Seeds not winged 3, 4 

a Siliques longer (1-2'), straight or curved. Seeds not winged. . . .5, 6 
a Siliques long-(3'), curved, hanging. Seeds winged 7, 8 



Order 13.— THE CRUCIFEHS. 105 



1 A. Ludovicia'na. Louisiana R. All the leaves feather-cleft. Seeds bor- 

dered. Plant slender, 6-10' high. S. Mar., Apr. 

2 A. lyra'ta. Lyre-leaved R. Only the root leaves feather-cleft. Seeds not 

bordered. Plant 6-1 2' high. Pods lf-2' long. 
8 A. Thalia / na. Mouse-ear R. Stems erect. Leaves nearly entire. Petals twice 

longer than the sepals. Pods erect. Plant downy. May. 
4 A. denta'ta. Toothed R. Stems diffuse. Leaves sharply toothed. Petals scarce 

longer than sepals. Pods spreading. Rough. M. W. 

5 A. patens. Patent R. Downy. Pods spreading and curved upwards, beaked 

with a distinct style, w. W. S. ■ 

6 A. hirsu'ta. Hairy R. Plant hairy. Siliques straight, erect. Style none. 

Leaves .arrow-shaped. Fls. g. 

7 A. laevigata. Smooth, Sickle-pod. Stem leaves arrow-shaped, clasping, narrow. 

Pod spreading. Plant glabrous, 2f. high. 

8 A. Canadensis. True Sickle-pod. Stem Jeaves pointed at both ends, sessile. Pod 

curved, pendulous. Tall, downy. 

8. DENTA'BIA. Tooth-root. Pepper-root. 

Sepals converging or closed. Silique lanceolate, with flat, veinless 
valves opening elastically. Seeds in a single row in each cell, ovate, not 
bordered. — Plants H . Khizoma prostrate, jointed. Stem leaves bnt 2 or 
3. b Flowers white or purplish. 

Tf Stem leaves almost opposite or whorled. . . 1, 2, 3 
' Tf Stem leaves alternate or scattered. Eoot-stock moniliform. . . .4, 5 

1 D. diphyl'la. Two-leaved P . Stem leaves 2 only, leaflets 3, ovate, toothed. 

2 X>. lacinia'ta. Cut-leaved P. Stem leaves 3, leaflets 3-5, linear, cleft. 

3 D. multif'ida. Stem leaves 2-3, numerously divided into linear leaflets. S. 

4 D. maxima. Leaflets 3, ovate, cut and cleft. Lvs. 3-7. Fls. purple. M. 

5 D. heterophyl'la. Lflts. 3, nearly entire ; of the rt. lvs. round-ovate, toothed. 

. 9. "OARDAMI'NE. Bitter Cress. 
Calyx a little spreading. Silique linear, with flat, veinless valves which 
are narrower than the partition. Stigma entire. Seeds not margined, 
with a slender seed-stalk. Flowers white or purple. 

* Leaves pinnate with many leaflets. April- June 1, 2 

* Leaves simple or partly ternate. Mostly perennials. . . .a 

a Style slender. In low, wet grounds 

a Style none. In high mountains 

1 0. hirsu'ta. Pennsylvanian 0. Smooth, about If. erect. Leaves 5-11-foliate, the 

terminal lobe largest, 3-lobed. Stigma sessile. Wet. © c. 

2 C. praten / sis. Cuckoo-flower. Stem simple, ascending, If. Leaves 7-15-foliate, 

with stalked, roundish leaflets. Stylo present. Flowers large. Wet. 2J 



166 THE FLORA. 



3 C rhomboid 'ia. Rhombic C. Stems upright, bearing tubers at base. Pods 

linear-lanceolate. Leaves roundish and rhomboidal. 'iv.orp. c. 

4 C. rotundifoilia. . Bound-leaved C. Stems decumbent, branched. Pods linear- 

subulate. Leaves roundish, lower 3-lobed. w. ' By streams. 

5 O. billidifo'lia. Daisy-leaved 0. Leaves smooth, roundish. Pods erect. Height 

1-3'. N. H. 

6 C. spattuVta. Spath-leamd C. Leaves hairy, spatulate. Pods spreading*. 6'. S. 

10. BAKBA'EEA. Winter Cress. 

Sepals erect, nearly equal at base. Silique columnar, 2-4-cornered. 
Yalves concave or keel-shaped by means of a strong central vein. Seeds 
in a single row. Leaves lyrate-pinnatifid. Flowers yellow. 

B. vulgaris. Winter Cress. Common in old fields, also brook-«ides. Whole plant 
glabrous. Stem l-2f. high, branching above. Leaves lyrate with the terminal 
lobe roundish, upper leaves obovate, pinnatifid at base, crenate, or repand- 
•dentate — all dark green, shining. Flowers showy, in racemes. Pods ob- 
scurely 4-cornered, slender, %' long, curved upwards. May, June. %. 

11. ERYSIMUM. False Wall-flower. 

Calyx closed. Silique linear, 4-sided. Stigma capitate. Seeds in a 
single row in each cell. Mostly <§) . Flowers yellow. 

1 E. cheiranthoi'des. Stem ascending. Fls. small. Pods spreading, V in length. M. 

2 E. Arkansa / num. Yellow Phlox. Stem strictly erect. Flowers large (V broad). 

Pods 2-3' long. Eiver bluffs. A fine plant. W. 

12. SDJATIS. Mustard. * 

Sepals spreading. Petals ovate, with straight claws. Silique nearly 
terete, valves 3-veined. Style short. Seeds in a single row, globular. — 
© or © with yellow flowers. (Figs. 393, 394.) 

1 S. nigra. Black M. Upper leaves lance-linear, entire. . Pod 4-cornered, smooth. 

2 S. arven'sis. Field M. Leaves all repand-toothed. Pods torose, smooth. 

3 S. alba. White M. Leaves all lyrate-pinnatifid. Pods bristly, shorter than beak. 



Order XYI. YIOLA'CE^E. Violets. 

Herbs with simple (often cleft), alternate leaves with stipules ; 
flowers irregular, spurred, with the sepals, petals, and stamens in 5's ; 
corolla spurred at base; anthers united: 2 of the filaments appendaged; 



Order 1(5.— VIOLETS. 



167 



style 1, with a one-sided stigma; capsule 1 -celled, 3-valved; 
seeds many, with the embryo nearly as long as the albumen. 



Analysis of the Genera, 

Sepals unequal, with ear-shaped lobes at base. 
Sepals nearly equal, not appendaged at base. 



Viola. 1 
Green Violet. So'lea. 



1. VFOLA. Violet. 
Sepals 5, prolonged at base into two auriculate 
lobes. Petals more or less unequal, the largest 
one spurred at base, the 2 opposite ones at the 
sides equal, the 2 upper ones all equal. Stamens 
cohering by their anthers, 2 of them spurred at^ 
base. Seeds attached to the valves of the capsule. 
— U Low herbs, caulescent or acaulescent. Pe- 
duncles angular, solitary, 1 -flowered, nodding at 
the top. 




Fig. 39S. Violet No. 1 : section. 



9 . [otic 22. 

10-12, and the Ex- 



* Acaulescent : leaves and flowers all radical . 

* Caulescent : stems leafy d 

a Flowers blue b 

a Flowers white .... Nos. 2-4. 

a Flowers yellow No. 1. 

b Petals beardless 5-7 

b Petals bearded c 

c Leaves divided.... 8, 9 
c Leaves undivided 

d Pet. yellow. Stems leafy at the top only 13-15 

d Petals not yellow, or but partly yellow e 

e Stipules entire. Summer 16 

, e Stipules fringe-toothed. May, Ju ne. .. .17-19 

e Stipules lyrate-pinnatifid, very large 

1 V. rotundifo'lia. Early Yellow Violet. Lvs. round-ovate, 
cordate, smooth. Sepals blunt. April. 

2 V. lanceola'ta. Lance-leavedV.'~Lvs. lanceolate, taperingto the base. Some bearded. 

3 V. primulaefo'lia. Primrose V. Lvs. lance-ovate, abrupt at base. Fls. beardless. 

4 V. blanda. Sweet Wild V. Leaves round-cordate. Fls. beardless, fragrant. May. 

5 V. palus'tris. Bog V. Lvs. % reniform-cordate. Spur very short. Stips. ovate. White Mts. 

6 V. Selkir'kii, Selkirk' 's V. Lvs. round-cor. Spur near as long as petals, blunt. May. 

7 V. peda'ta. Foot-leaved F.Lvs. pedate, 5-9-part.,segrn. narrow, entire. Eoot premorse. 

8 V. delpbinifo'lia. Larkspur V. Leaves in 7-9 linear, 3-cleft segments. W. April. 

9 V. palma'ta. Palm-leaved V. Leaves hastatc-lobed, cordate. Variety of No. 10. 




Fig. 399. Eipe, open cap- 
sule of Violet. 



163 



THE FLORA. 



10 V. cuculla'ta. "Hood-leaved V. Leaves reniform- cord ate, base lobes involute, com. 

11 V. villo'sa. Woolly V. Leaves round-ovate, cordate, obtuse, flat, downy. M. S. 

12 V. sagitta'ta. Arrbw-Ud. V. Lvs. lance-oblong, some sagittate or cut-toothed, at base. 

13 V. hasta'ta. Halberd-leaved V. Smooth. Lvs. hastate. Stip. ovate, minute. S. 

14 V. tripartita. Three-cleft V. Hairy. Lvs. deeply 3-parted. Stip. lanceolate. S. 

15 V. pubes'cens. Downy V. Downy. Lvs. broad-cordate. Stip. ovate, large, c. 
16 V. Canadensis. Canada V. Plant If. high. Leaves cordate, pointed, smooth. 

17 V. striata. Cream-color edV. Spur ithe length of the corolla. Stip. large, oblong. 

18 V. Muhlenberg. Muhlenberg's V. Spur k the length of corolla. Stip. lanceolate. 

19 V. rostra'ta. Long-spurred V. Spur longer than corolla. Stipules lanceolate. 

20 V. tricolor. Pansy. Heartsease. Stipules as large as the leaves. Fls. three-colored, f 

21 V. grandifrVra. Great-flow eredV. Stip. much smaller than the leaves. Purple, t 
22 V. odora'ta. ' Sweet English Y. Stolons creeping. Lvs. cordate. Fragrant, f 



Order XYIII. HYPERICACEJS. St. Johnsworts. 

Herbs or shrills with opposite, entire 
dotted leaves, and no stipules ; 

flowers mostly yellow, in cymes ; 

sepals unequal, 4-5, dotted; 

petals 4-5, twisted in the bud, dotted, 
and with the veins oblique ; 

stamens hypogynous, in 3 or more par- 
cels ; 

ovary superior; style 1; 

fruit s, capsule or berry, many-seeded. 



Analysis of the Genera. 

Petals and sepals 5 2 

Petals and sepals 4. Flowers yellow. 

St. Peter swort. As'cyroi. 
2 Fls. yellow. St. Jolinswort. Hypericum. 1 
2 Flowers purplish. Elode'a. 



Fig. 400. Hypericum perforatum (Common St. 
Johnswort) : stem, leaves, and flowers. Fig. 401. 
The stamens in 3 sets surrounding the ovary with 3 
styles. Fig. 402. Cross-seotion of the ov.ny. 




400 



Order 18.— ST. JOHNS WORTS. 169 



HYPERICUM. St. Johnswort. 



Sepals 5, connected at base, nearly equal, leaf-like. Petals 5, oblique. 
Stamens many (sometimes few and distinct), united into 3-5 parcels with 
no glands between them. Styles 3-5, either distinct or united at base. 
Capsule 1 -celled, or 3-5-celled. — Herbs or shrubs, with branching stems, 
opposite, entire leaves, and yellow flowers. (Pigs. 210, 211, 400-402.) 

§ Stamens 25 to 100, more or less united into sets a 

§ Stamens 5 to 15, not at all united g 

a Carpels (pistils) and styles 5 or more. Capsule 5-celled Nos. 1, 2 

a Carpels 3. Capsule 3-celled (the partitions meeting) b 

a Carpels 3. Capsule 1-celled (the partitions not quite meeting) c 

b Shrubby. Petals not dotted. Leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate . . . .3-5 
b Shrubby. Petals not dotted. Leaves linear.:. .6, 7 
b Herbaceous. Petals sprinkled with black dots. . . .8-10 

c Shrubs. Styles united into 1 .... d 

c Half-shrubby. Styles united into 1 . . . .e 

c Herbaceous. Styles distinct, at least at the top f 

d Flowers solitary or in 3's, axillary. Stems 2-edged 11, 12 

d Flowers clustered in a compound, terminal cyme 13, 14 

e Flowers in a leaiiess, stalked cyme. Leaves obtuse .... 15, 16 

e Flowers in a leafy (few-leaved) cyme. Leaves acute 17, 18 

f Stem or branches 4-cornered or square. . . .19, 20 
f Stem and branches terete, not angular 21, 22 

g Flowers in corymbous cymes. . . .28, 24 

g Flowers racemed on the slender branches 25, 26 

1 H. pyramida'tum. Giant S. Herb 3-4f., flowers 2' broad. Leaves lance-oblong. 

2 H. Kalmia'num. Kalm's S. Shrub l-2f., flowers 1' broad. Leaves lance-linear. 

3 H. Buckle'yi. Buckley's S. Leaves obovate. Flowers terminal, solitary. S. 

4 H. prolif'icum. Prolific S. Lvs. lance-oblong. Cymes compound. W. 

5 H. galeoi'des. Bedstraw S. Lvs. lance-linear. Clusters axillary. S. 

6 H. rosmarinifo'lium. Rosemary S. Lvs. petioled, shorter than internodes. S. 

7 H. fascicula'tum. Clustered S. Lvs. sessile, longer than the internodes. S. 

8 H. perfora / tum. Punctured S. Stem 2-edged. Lvs. small, light-dotted, c. 

9 H. corymbo'sum. Corymbed S. Stem terete. Lvs. large, black-dotted, c. 

10 H. macula'tum. Spotted &. St. terete. All over black-dotted. Sty. long. 

11 H. au'reum. Golden S. Lvs. thick, obtuse, sessile. Fls. large (U 7 ). Stain. 500 ! S. 

12 H. ambig'uum. Dubious S. Lvs. thin, acute, sessile. Fls. 8" broad. Pet. toothed. S. 

13 H. myrtifc/lium. Myrtle S. Branches terete. Lvs. clasping. Cyme leafy. S. 

14 H. cistifc/lium. Rochrose S. Branches 2-edged. Lvs. sessile. Cyme leafless. S. 

15 H. nudiflo'rum. Naked-flowered S. Lvs. lance-ovate. Pod ovoid-conic. M. S. 

16 H. sphswocar'pon. Round-fruited S. Lvs. linear-oblong. Pod globular. W. 

8 



1T0 THE FLORA. 



17 H. adpres'sum. Closed S. Lvs. half-erect. Petals obovate, longer than sep. 
IS H. dolabrifor'me. Hatchet S. Lvs. spreading. Pet. d-olaoriform, long as sep. 

19 H. angulo'sum. Angled S. Lvs. ovate, acute. Style thrice longer than ovary. 

20 H. ellip'ticum. Elliptic S. Lvs. elliptic, obtuse. Style as long as ovary. N. M. 

21 H. grave 'olens. Strong-scented S. Smooth. Lvs. oblong-ovate, clasping. S. 

22 E. pilo'sum. Hairy S. Hairy. Lvs. lance-ovate, appressed. S. 

23 H. mu'ticum. Dicarf S. Lvs. ovate, clasping, 5-veined. Cymes leafy, c. 
2i H. Canaden'se. Canada S. Lvs. linear, black-dotted. Cymes leafless, c. 

25 H. Saro'thra. Pine-iceed S. Lvs. avrl-shaped, minute. Fls. sessile. 

26 H. Drumrnon'dii. Drummond k s S. Lvs. linear. Fls. stalked. W. 



Order XIX. DROSERACE^E. The Sundews. 

Herbs grooving in bogs, often covered with glands, with 
leaves alternate, circinate (rolled from top to base) in the bud ; 
flowers regular, of 5 persistent sepals and 5 withering petaU ; 
stamens 5, distinct, and a single, compound ovary ; 
styles 1-5, and fruit a 1-3-celled many-seeded capsule, and with 
seeds having a small embryo at the base of the albumen. 

Analysis of the Genera. 

i Stamens 5. Dros'era. 1 

( coiled (circmate) in the bud. ( Stamens 10-15. Dioxje'a. 2 

Leaves ( not coiled in the bud. Sterile stamens many. Pahnas'sia. 3 

1. DROS'ERA. Sundew. 

Sepals 5, united at base, persistent. Petals 5. Stamens 5. Styles 3-5, 
each deeply 2-parted, so that there seems to be 6-10. Capsule 3-5-valved, 
1 -celled, many-seeded. — U Small aquatic herbs. Leaves (all radical in 
the American species) clothed with long, reddish, gland-bearing hairs, 
exuding a clear, sticky fluid. Flowers in a raceme on a slender scape, 
which is at first coiled downward, but uncoils as the flowers open. 

* Scape 4-6 times longer than the spreading leaves 1-3 

* Scape 1-2 times longer than the ascending leaves 4-6 

1 D. rotundnVlia. Bound-leaved S. Leaves round, on long hairy stalks. Fls white. 

small (about 3" broad). Scapes 5-3' high. c. 

2 D. minor. Lesser S. Lvs. wedge-obovate, on smooth stalks. Scape 3-6'. p. B. 
8 D. brevifo'lia. Tiny S. Lvs. spatulate, on short, hairy stalks. Scape 2-3'. p. S. 



Oedee 19.— THE SUNDEWS. 



171 



/'"> 



'£h 






4 D. longifolia. Long-leaved S. Lvs. spatulate, on 

long, smooth stalks. ±-7'. White. (Fig. 20, 21.) 

5 D. linearis. Linear-leaved S. Lvs. linear, obtuse; 

stalks smooth. 3-6 '. White. 

6 D. filiformis. Thread-leaved S. Lvs. filiform, long. 

Scape If. Purple. 

2. DIOK^E'A. Venus' Fly-trap. 

Sepals 5, spreading. Petals 5, obovate, with 
pellucid veins. Stamens 10-15. Style 1. Stig- 
mas 5, many-cleft. Capsule breaking irregularly 
in opening, 1-celled, many-seeded. — H Glabrous 
herbs. Leaves all radical, sensitive, closing con- 
vulsively when touched. Scape umbelled. 

D. Muscip'ula. A very remarkable plant, in sandy bogs, 
at the South, sometimes cultivated. Leaves spread- 
ing, the petiole broadly winged, ending in a roundish 
blade which is fringed with spines, instantly closing 
upon insects which alight upon it. Scape 6-12' 
high, bearing an umbel of 8-10 white, handsome 
flowers. Apr., May. f 

Fig. 40*3. Yen us' Fly-trap. Fig. 404. Ovary and style. 
Fig. 405. Section of ovary. 

3. PARISTAS'SIA. Grass-of-Parnassus. 

Sepals 5. Petals 5, inserted on the calyx (pe- 
rigynons). Stamens also perigynous, in 2 rows, 
the outer row of numerous sterile filaments, united 

in 5 sets, the inner row of 5 perfect stamens. Stigmas 4, sessile. Cap- 
sule 4-celled. Seeds very numerous. — U Elegant herbs, with radical 
leaves and 1 -flowered scapes. 

1 P. Carolinia'na. Meadow G. Sterile filaments, 3 in each set. Leaves about 
7-veined, broadly oval or ovate, radical ones on long stalks, cauline few, near 
the ground, sessile, clasping. Scape about If. high, bearing one flower at top, 

Petals marked with green veins. July, Aug. 




which is about V across. 



2 P. asarifolia. Broad-leaved G. Sterile filaments, 3 in each set. Lvs. reniform. S. 

3 P. palus'tris. Swamp G. Sterile filaments, 9-15 in each set. Lvs. cordate. N. W, 



172 



THE FLORA. 



Order XXI. CARYOPHYLLACEiE. Finkworts. 




Fig. 406. Pink (Pheasant's-eye) : 5, the bracts ; c, the tubular calyx. Fig. 407. The ovary 
with its 2 styles, Fig. 408. A petal of the Diurnal Lychnis, 2-cleft : c, the claw. Fig. 409. 
Arenaria stricta, showing the spreading cyme. Fig. 410. A flower enlarged, calyx not tubular. 

Herbs with the stems swelling at the nodes ; opposite, entire leaves ; 
sepals 4 or 5, sometimes distinct and sometimes united into a tube ; 
petals 4 or 5 (sometimes 0), with or without claws, hypogynous ; 
stamens generally twice as many as the petals ; styles 2-5 ; 
fruit a 1-celled (rarely 2-5-celled) capsule with numerous seeds, and an 
emlryo coiled around fleshy albumen. 



Analysis of the Genera. 

§ Stipules dry, scale-like, between the leaves at base ... .6 

§ Stipules none 2 

2 Sepals united into a tube. Petals with long claws 3 

2 Sepals distinct or nearly so. Petals sessile or Done 4 

3 Calyx with 2 or more bractlets at base a 

3 Calyx naked, i. e., with no bractlets b 

4 Pod 1-celled and w T ith several seeds. Petals generally present 5 

4 Pod 1-celled, with 1 seed. Petals none, calyx green g 

4 Pod completely 3-celled. Petals none, calyx white h 

5 Petals 2-parted or 2-lobed c 

5 Petals undivided and entire d 



Order 21.— PINKWORTS. 173 



6 Styles or stigmas S or 5. Pod 1-eelled, many-seeded e 

6 Styles or stigmas 2 or united into 1. Pod 1-seeded f 

a Styles 2. Petals variously notched or fringed. Pinh. Dian'thtjs. 1 

b Styles 2. Capsule 4-toothed when open. Saponaria. Sapona'eia. 

b Styles 3. Capsule 6-toothed when open. Silene. Silene. 2 

b Styles 5. Calyx 5-toothed, teeth short or long. Rose Campion. Lychnis. 3 
c Styles 5. Pod opening at top by 10 teeth. Mouse-ear. Cerastium. 4 

c Styles 3. Pod splitting into 6 valves. Chiehweed. Starwort. Stella'ria. 

d Styles 3. Valves of the ripe pod 3, each 2-toothed. Sandwort. Arena'bia. 

d Styles 8. Valves of the pod 3, entire. Grove Sandwort. Axsi'ne. 

d Styles 4 or 5, always as many as the sepals. Pearlwort. Sagi'na. 

d Styles 3 and 5. Plant fleshy. Disk 10-lobed. Sea Sandwort. Honken'ya. 
e Styles 5. Leaves linear, whorled. Flowers white. Spurry. Spek'gula. 

e Styles 3 and 5. Lvs. linear, opposite. Fls. red. Sand Spurry. Spergula'ria. 
e Styles 3 in all the fls. Leaves in 4's. Stipules ovate. All-seed. Polycar'pon. 
e Styles 3 in all the fls. Leaves opposite. Stipules many- cleft. Stipulic'ida. 

f Sepals green, distinct or nearly so ... . JSfailwort. Paronychia. 

f Sepals white above, united into a tube below. Syphoxych'ia. 

g Styles 2. Utricle inclosed in the hardened calyx tube. Knawell. Scleran^thus. 
h Styles 3. Stamens 3 or 5. Herb flat on the ground. Carpet-weed. Mollu'go. 5 

1. DIAST'THUS. Pink. Carnation. 

Calyx tubular, cylindrical, striate, with 2 or more pairs of opposite, im- 
bricated scales at base. Petals 5, with long claws, limb unequally notched. 
Stamens 10. Styles 2, with re volute stigmas. Capsule cylindrical, one- 
celled. 

T[ Bracts as long as the calyx tube 2, 3, 4 

Tf Bracts much shorter than the calyx 5, 6, 7 

1 D. Armenia. Wild Pink. Bracts erect. Leaves linear. Flowers small, pink-red 

in cymes of about 3. Stem 18-24/ high. In sandy fields. July. E. 

2 D. barbatus. Sweet William, or Bunch Pinh. Bracts erect. Leaves lanceolate, 

cymes large, many-flowered. Red or variegated with white. May-July, f 

3 D. Chinen'sis. China Pinlc. Bracts spreading. Leaves lance-linear. Flowers 

solitary, red, large. Plant evergreen, not glaucous, f 

4 D. caryophyl'lus. Carnation Pinh. Bracts rounded. Petals crenate, beard- 

less. Whole plant glaucous. Many beautiful varieties, f 

5 D. pluma'rius. Pheasant' "s-eye. Bracts ovate. Petals fringe-toothed, bearded. 

Plant glaucous. Flowers solitary, white and purple, f 
6. D. super'bus. Superb P. Bracts mucronate, ovate. Petals pinnatifid-fringed, 
bearded, cymes level-topped. White, f 



174 THE FLORA. 



2. SILE'KE. Catch-fly. Campion. 

Calyx tubular, swelling, without scales at base, 5-toothed. Petals 5, 
2-cleft, the claws often crowned with a stiff scale. Stamens 10. Styles 
3. Capsule partly 3-celled, opening by 6 teeth at top. (Fig. 116.) 

* Petals many-cleft and fringed. Pis. white or roseate, large. Perennial 1-3 

* Petals bifid or entire, not fringed a 

a Calyx inflated and netted with veins. Perennial ... .4, 5 

a Calyx close upon the pod, not inflated b 

b Flowers spicate, alternate. Annual 6, 7 

b Flowers not spicate c 

c Petals white, closed in sunshine 8, 9 

c Petals red, purple, &c, — (d) bifid 10, 11 

—(d) entire 12-15 

1 S. stella'ta. Whorled G. Lvs. in 4's. Calyx inflated. Fls. white, many. July. 

2 S. ova'ta. Ovate G. Leaves opposite. Calyx not inflated. Flowers white. S. 

3 S. Baldwm/ii. Baldwin's G. Lvs. opposite, obovate. Fls. very large, roseate. S. 

4 S. inila'ta. Bladder G. Petals not crowned. Flowers few, white. 

5 S. nivea. Snowy G. Petals with a little crown. Flowers many, white. 

6 S. quinquevul'nera. Variegated G. Woolly. Petals entire, red, white-edged. S. 

7 S. nocturia. Spiked G. Downy. Petals narrow, 2-parted, greenish-white. 

8 S. Antirrhi'na. Snapdragon G. Sticky in spots. Calyx egg-shaped. 

9 S. noctiflo'ra. Night G. Viscid-downy. Calyx cylindric. Petals 2-parted. 

10 S. Virginia. Virginian G. Leaves spatulate. Fls. large (2 7 ), crimson. M. S. 

11 S. rotundifo'lia. Round-leaved C. Leaves round, large. Fls. large, scarlet. W. 

12 S. Pennsylvan / ica. Perennial. Petals rose-purple, toothed at end. 

13 S. re'gia. Royal G. Perennial. Petals scarlet, entire, oblanceolate. 

14 S. Arme'ria. Garden G. Annual. Stem sticky in spots. Flowers rose-p. t 

15 S. acau'lis. Stemless G. Annual. Scape 2 / high, 1-flowered. Mountains. 

3. LYCHNIS. Cockle. Rose Campion. 

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, without scales at base. Petals 5, clawed, 
Stamens 10. Styles 5. Capsule 1 -celled, or 5-celled at the base, opening 
at the top by 5 or 10 teeth. Petals sometimes crowned. 

* Petals broad, entire. Plants very hairy 1, 2 

* Petals 2-cleft, crowned with 2 scales at top of claw 3, 4 

* Petals gashed or 4-cleft. Plants nearly smooth 5, 6 

1 L. Githa'go. Cockle. Sepals longer than the crownless, purple petals. 

2 L. Corona'ria. MulleinPink. Sepals shorter than the stiff-crowned petals. + 

3 L. Chalcedon'ica. Sweet William. Fls. scarlet, in a crowded, compound cyme, t 

4 L. dk/rna. Diurnal L. Flowers light purple, in an open, loose cyme, t 

(See Fig. 406.) 



Order 22.— THE PURSELANES. 175 



5 L. corona'ta. Chinese L. Petals very broad, fringed with numerous teeth, f 

6 L. Floscu'culi. Bagged Robin. Petals divided into 4 long teeth, crowned, f 

4. CERAS'TIUM. Mouse-ear. duckweed. 

Sepals 5, ovate, acute. Petals 5, bifid or 2-cleft. Stamens 10, some- 
times 5 or 4. Styles 5. Capsule cylindrical or roundish, opening at top 
by 10 tooth-like valves. Seeds numerous. Fls. white, in cymes. (Fig. 114.) 

Petals about as long as the calyx. Plants hairy. . . .1, 2 

Petals much longer than the calyx. Plants hairy or downy 3, 4, 5 

1 C. vulga'tum. Common M. Lvs. obovate. Sepals acute. Fls. at first crowded. 

2 C. viscc/sum. Sticky M. Hairs sticky. Leaves lancc-ovate. Sepals obtuse. 

3 O. arven'se. Field M. Lvs. linear. Eipe pods as long as the calyx. N. E. 

4 C. oblongifolium. Leaves lance-obl. Pods longer than calyx. M. 

3 C. nu'tans. Nodding M. Eipe pods curved, thrree longer than calyx. N.W. 

5. MOLLU'GO. Carpet-weed. 

Sepals 5. Petals 0. Stamens 3-5, opposite to the sepals. Styles 3. 
Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. — © Low or prostrate herbs, 
with the leaves appearing whorled. 

M. verticilla'ta. Stems slender, jointed, much branched, lying fiat on the ground. 
At each joint stands a whorl of wedge-shaped or spatulate leaves of unequal 
size, usually about 5 in number, and a few flowers, each solitary on its stalk, 
which is shorter than the petioles. Flowers small, sepals white inside. In dry 
places. July-Sept. 



Order XXII. PORTTTLACACEJE. The Purselanes. 

Herbs with thick, entire leaves, no stipules, and regular flowers ; 
flowers with 2 sepals, 5 petals, open only in the sunshine ; 
stamens opposite to the petals when of the same number, often more ; 
instils several, with their ovaries united, free, or half-free, forming in 
fruit a pyxis (§ 178) or a capsule. 

Analysis of the Genera. 

^ Sepals five. Petals none. Fruit a pyxis. Stamens oo. Sea Purselane. Sesu'vium. 

T[ Sepals 2. Petals 5 a 

a Stamens 5, opposite the petals. Spring Beauty. Clayto'nia. 1 

a Stamens 8-30, on the torus. Pod 3-valved. Tali / num. 

a Stamens 8-30, on the calyx. Pyxis opening by a lid. Portula'oa. 2 






T"Z FLvKA 



1. Spring Beauty. 

Sepals 2, oyate. Petals 5. emarginate or obtuse. Stamens 5 T inserted 
on the claws of the petals. Stigmas 3, on 1 long - I Capsule 3-val ved, 
8 5 o eod ed. — Tie 7 ire small, fleshy, 2£, earlj-floirering herbs, arising 

: 



1 C. Caroiinia 'e 

2 a Virgin "ica. 



~ - - • .- 



.. ?07:TULA CA. Furs. 



Sepals 2. Petals 5, equal Stamens 8-20. St 

o^zziz-z :f 'It:.: :"_t -ii'ilr. — I — :..::•::. il-sIj Ler:s. 

1 P. olera'cea. damnum P. Leaves thick, wedge-shaped. 

prostrate. Flowers sessile, sni L, yellow. A cc mm : n 
: 7 £7i- iif: :•= - - - I- , I:.':- ;-'..-_:_..: ii: ir-fr-v. 

large, red or scarlet. Cultivated. </itfiA. 



3-6. Pjz: fid 
. yammer. 



XXIV. MALVACEAE. The MaUows, 



£V -: 



: . ■•:.;;. or :"::7. — :::: :_l:er:i7.c. 
•i:~7". 7~1A:~. rr^'i;.:. >:f:e:i 
5 jgxiZff ralvate and the 5 petals conv 

i0.7-:.'--i :i:-;z±-. ;_\:\ -:.;. 7_: IcFAi-Ti. 
7.: •_;.":'"* ; t"~t:":... 77::ri in:.: :■. ::l_ :-r : 
*:•:"■.:: •* "--_ .i :~.:r~ r ;: -n:;r _ ; m lj _.:::_7 



\ 



-utters ST^:~;ir 




7v*Y'VS 





7" ;. 47_ ".:•:.-.- 7t-::l-~ 7: 
the •mnrement of its parts; S. ena 

r- -rr : r Mi ■■". ?7'.T->;rri5: 7 -:« :7: 



1.— r- 7-;-;-r 



Order 24.— THE MALLOWS. 177 



Analysis of the Genera. 

§ Calyx naked, i. e., having no involuccl b 

§ Calyx furnished with an involuccl as if a second calyx.... 2 

2 Pistils and carpels more than 5 a 

2 Pistils and carpels 5 only, each 1-seeded c 

2 Pistils and carpels 5 or 3, each 8- co-seeded d 

a Involucel of G-9 bractlets. Carpels 1-seeded. Marsh II. Altiije'a. 1 

a Involucel of 3 united bractlets. Carpels 1-seeded. Tree M. Lavate'ba. 

a Involucel of 3 distinct bractlets. Carpels 1-seeded. Mallow. Malva. 2 

a Involucel of 3 distinct bractlets. Carpels 2-seeded. JBasket M. Modi'ola. 

b Flowers dioecious. Stigmas 10, linear. Napma. Nap^/a. 

b Flowers perfect. Carpels 5 or more, 1-seeded. Sida. Sida. 

b Flowers perfect. Carpels 5 or many, 3-9-seeded. Indian M. Abu'tilox. 
c Stigmas 10. Carpels 5, baccate, united. ^ Glue M. Malva yis'cus. 

c Stigmas 10. Carpels 5, dry, distinct. Peacock M. Pavoxia. 

c Stigmas 5. Carpels 5, dry, united into a pod. Marsh M. Kostelets'eya. 

d Involucel of many bractlets. Calyx regular. Hibiscus. Hibiscus. 3 

d Involucel of many bractlets. Calyx split on one side. Ohra. Abelmos'chus. 

d Involucel of 3 incisely-toothed bractlets. Cotton. Gossyp'ium. 

1. ALTH^E'A. Hollyhock, &c. 

Calyx surrounded at base by a 6-9-cleft involucel. Carpels oo, 1-seed- 
ed, not opening, arranged circularly around the axis. 

1 A officina'lis. Marsh M. Lvs. downy, entire or 3-lobed. Fls. rose-col., stalked. 

2 A. rosea. Hollyhock. Leaves rough- hairy, roundish, 5-7-lobed. Flowers sessile. 

3 A. ficifo'lia. Fig-leaved Hoi. Lvs. hairy, deeply 7-parted. Fls. orange- colored. 

2. MAL'YA. Mallows. 

Calyx 5-cleft, with a 3-leaved involucel at its base. Carpels and styles 
numerous. Fruit cheese-form, separating when ripe into many 1-seeded 
pieces, arranged circularly. 

* Flowers white or rose-colored 1, 2, 3 

* Flowers deep red or purple 4, 5, 6 

1 M. rorundifo'lia. Cheese M. Stem prostrate. Lvs. round-cordate. Fls. small. 

2 M. crispa. Crisp M. Stem erect, tall. Lvs. abundantly crisped and curled, f 

3 M. moscha'ta. Mush M Sts. ascend. Lvs. deeply 5-part. Fls. large, showy, f 

4 M. sylves'tris. Wood M. Lvs. roundish, lobed. Petals obcordate. 

5 M. triangula''ta. Lvs. triangular-ovate. Petals wedge-obovate. N.-W. 

6 M. papaver. Poppy M. Lvs. palmately parted. Petals erose. Stalks very 

long. S.-W. 

8* 



ITS 



THE FLORA. 



3. HIBIS'CUS. Hibiscus. 



Calyx 5-cleft, surrounded by a many-leaved involucel. Styles united, 
stigmas 5. distinct. Fruit a 5-celled, 5-many-seeded capsule. Flowers 
large, often nearly a foot broad. 

§ Calyx. &c, hispid. Leaves palrnately divided 1, 2 

§ Calyx, &c, velvet-downy. Leaves undivided, angularly lobed 3, 4 

§ Calyx, etc., glabrous, i. e.. smooth a 

a Leaves deeply lobed or parted 5, 6 

a Leaves undivided or slightly lobed 7, 8 

1 H. aculea'rus. Prkldy H. Bracelets of involucel forked. Fls. sulph-yellow. S. 

2 H. Trio'nuni. Flou 'er-of-an- hour. Bractlets entire. Fls. chlorine-yellow, c. \ 

3 H. Moscheu 'tos. Marsh H. Lvs. ovate, toothed. Sepals abruptly pointed. 

Basthred. c. 

4 H. grandiao'rus. Giant E. Leaves cordate, lower 8-lobed. Sepals gradually 

pointed, jhr. S. 

5 H. milita'ris. Sword H. Lvs. haetately S-lobed. Flowers tubular-bell-shaped, 

flesh-color. W. 

6 H. cocci'mus, Scarlet E Lvs. palmately 5-parted. Cor. expanding, carmine-red. S 

7 H. Carolinia'nus. Lost E. Heib. Lvs. cordate. Fls. purple. Very rare. S. 

8 H. Syri'acus. Tree H. Tree S-15f. high. Lvs. wedge-ovate, w.p. f 



Order XXX. LIXACE^E. The Flaxworts. 





420 
Fig. 41 S. Common Flax. Fig. 419. Plan, showing the posi- 
tions of the parts of the flower, the imbricated sepals, the con- 
torted sepals, the 5 stamens, and the 5 carpels. Fig. 420. Crim- 
Eon Flax. 



Order 31.— GERANIA. 179 



Herbs with entire, simple leaves and no stipules ; with 
floicers regular, symmetrical, perfect, and 5-parted ; 
calyx imbricate, and corolla convolute in the bud; 
stamens and styles each 5 ; capsule with 5 double-cells, 10-seeded. 
Our only genus is 

LI'NUM. Flax. 

The character is sufficiently indicated in the Order. The long, tough 
fibres of the bark constitute the linen of commerce. 

§ Flowers blue or red, large (V broad), Nos. 1-3 

§ Flowers yellow. Leaves linear. Sepals ciliate....4, 5 
§ Flowers yellow, Leaves lanceolate. Sepals entire 6-8 

1 L. usitatis / simum. Common F. Flowers blue, in a sort of corymb. Leaves 

lance-linear, acute. The seed yields linseed oil. Fields. 

2 L. peren / ne. Perennial F. Flowers blue, axillary and terminal. Leaves lin- 

ear, acute, scattered. Gardens. 

3 L. grandifio'rum. Crimson F. Flowers crimson, axillary. Leaves lance-elliptic, 

acute, sessile. Gardens. 

4 L. rig'idum. Rigid F. Sepals longer than the globular pod. Styles united at base. 

5 L. simplex. Simple F. Sepals shorter than ovate pod. Styles distinct. S.-W. 

6 L. virgimVnum. Stems and branches erect. Flowers 6" broad, c. 

7 L. diffu'sum. Stems, branches, leaves diffuse. Flowers 2 // broad. W. 

8 L. trig'ynum. Three-styled F. Flowers large (!') with 3 styles. + 



Order XXXI. GERANIA'CE^]. Gerania. 

Herds or shrubby plants with the lower leaves opposite ; with the 
floicers regular or irregular, terminal or opposite the leaves ; with the 
sepals 5, persistent, and petals 5, clawed, twisted in the bud ; the 
stamens 10, monadelphous, and pistils 5, united; the carpels in 
fruit separating and bending upwards on the elastic style, each with one 
seed. Albumen 0. 

Analysis of the Genera. 

( Stamens 10, all of them perfect Gera'nium. 1 

( regular. ( Stamens 5 perfect, 5 imperfect Ero'dium. 

Corolla i irregular. Stamens 7 perfect, 3 imperfect Pelargonium. 



GERA'NIUM. 

Sepals and petals 5, regular. Stamens 10, all perfect. Fruit beaked, 



180 



THE FLORA. 



at last separating into 5, long-styled, 
1 -seeded carpels. Styles smooth in- 
side, finally curling from the base 
upward, but still adhering at top to 
the axis. — Herbs with forked stems, 
much divided leaves. Flowers 
mostly purple. 

Petals entire, twice as long as the 

awned sepals 1, 2 

Petals notched or 2-lobed, short. 

Leaves palmately 5-7-lobed. Pods 

hairy ©....3, 4 

1 G. macula / tam. Spotted G. Erect. Lvs. 

palmately 3-5-parted. Flowers large 
{V broad), showy. Sepals mucro- 
nate. Spring, c. 

2 G-. Robertia'num. Herb Robert. Dif- 

use, weak. Lvs. primately 3-parted 
to the base. Flowers small (7 r/ 
broad). Sepals mucronate. June. 

3 G-. pusil'lum. Dwarf G. Diffuse. 

Sepals veinless. Leaves parted 
into 5-7 linear lobes, lobes 
3-cleft. Fields and hills. July. 

4 G-. Carolinia'num. Stems diffuse. Se- 

pals with an awn. Lvs. parted 
into 5 wedge-oblong, many-cleft 
lobes. Fields. July. 

Fig. 421. Herb Robert, leaves, flowers, and fruit; 3. fruit enlarged, showing one carpel on 
its elastic style; 4, cross-section of a seed, showing the large embryo filling the whole 
space ; 2, the 10 stamens. 




Observation. — The pupil will perceive by the table above, that the parlor "gera- 
niums" belong to the genus Pelargonium. 



Order XXXII. OXALIDACEJE. Wood Sorrels, 

Low herds with a sour juice, and alternate, compound leaves ; with 
/lowers regular and symmetrical, 5-sepaled and 5-petaled ; 



Order 34.— THE JEWEL-WEEDS. 



181 



stamens 10, monadelphous, hypogynous, the alternate ones longest; 
carpels 5, united and forming in fruit a 5 -celled pod ; seeds albuminous. 

OX'ALIS. "Wood Sorrel. 



Sepals 5, distinct or united 
at base, persistent. Petals 
much longer than the sepals. 
Stamens united at the base. 
Styles 5. Capsule roundish or 
pod-shaped, cells several-seed- 
ed. Herbs mostly if, with 
trifoliate leaves. 

1 O. Acetosel'la. Wood Sorrel. Fls. 

white, with purple veins. Plant 
acaulescent, arising from a 
creeping root-stock, c. N. Ju. 

2 O. viola'cea. Violet TV. Flowers 

violet-purple. Plant acaules- 
cent, arising from a scaly bulb. 
Scape with an umbel. May. 

3 O. stricta. Yellow W. Flowers 

yellow. Plant with leafy stems, 
weak, branched. Flowers um- 
belled. Grows everywhere. 

Fig. 425. Oxalis Acetosella. In the plan of the flower, o, the 5 carpels in the centre; 
fi, the 10 stamens in two rows; p, the 5 petals; c, the 5 sepals. Fig. 426. The ripe pod. 




Order XXXIY. BALSAMINACE^E. The Jewel-weeds. 

Herbs annual, with a fleshy stem, watery juice, and simple leaves ; 
flowers very irregular and unsymmetrical ; calyx spurred; 
stamens 5, on the torus ; pod bursting by 5 elastic valves. 

IMPA'TIENS. Touch-me-not. 

Sepals colored, apparently but 4 (the 2 upper being united), the lowest 
(y) enlarged into a sac tipped with a bent spur. Petals 4, united into 2 
double ones Qt>, p). Stamens 5, short, the anthers united over the pistil. 



1S2 



THE FLORA. 




Fruit a pocl of 5 strong 
elastic valves which break 
and coil at the slightest 
touch when ripe, scatter- 
ing the seeds. Stem ten- 
der, thickened at the 
nodes. Leaves alternate. 

1 I. pallida. Pale Jewel-weed. 

Lvs. oblong-ovate. Fls. 
pale yellow, sparingly- 
dotted, with a very short, 
recurved spur. 

2 I. fulva. Tawny Jewel-weed. 

Leaves rhombic-ovate. 
Flowers deep orange, 
thickly spotted, with a long elose-reflexed spur. 

3 I. Balsami'na. Balsamine. Leaves lanceolate. Flowers very large and showy, 

white, crimson, scarlet, flesh-colored, <fec, f 



Fig. 423. Flower of the Pale Jewel-weed. Fig. 429. Its 
parts displayed : s, s, 8, y, the four sepals, the latter spur- 
red ; p, p, the 2 petals, each double. 



Order XL. ACERACEJE. The Maples. 

Trees or shrubs with opposite, usually simple palmate-veined leaves ; the 
flowers often imperfect, with the 5 sepals imbricated in the bud, and the 
petals 5, hypogynous, sometimes ; the stamens mostly 8, and the 
fruit a double samara, with two opposite wings, 2-seeded. 



Analysis of the Genera. 



Leaves simple, palmate-veined. 
Leaves compound, odd-pinnate. 



Very common. 



Leaflets 3-5, toothed. 



Maple. Acer. 1 
Box-Elder. Negundo. 



Calyx of 5 united sepals, 5-lobed. 
6-8. Leaves simple, palmate-lobed 



1. ACER. Maple. 

Petals 5 or 0. Styles 2. Stamens 
Flowers mostly polygamous. 



§ Pedicels short, in side clusters, flowering before the leaves. Trees 1, 2 

§ Pedicels long, slender, drooping, flowering with the lvs. Large trees 3, 4 

§ Pedicels in racemes, flowering after the leaves 5-7 

1 A. dasycar'pum. White M. Leaves deeply lobed, square at base, silver-white 
beneath. Ovaries downy. Fruit very large, Petals 0. Tree 50f. 



Order 40.— THE MAPLES. 



183 




Fig. 430. Bed Maple {Acer rubrum), a leaf and several samara. Fig. 431. Sugar Maple 
{Acer saccharinum\ leaf, flowers, and fruit. 



2 A, 



5 A. 



6 A. 



7 A, 



rubnim. Red M. Swamp M. Leaves lobed, cordate at base, paler beneath. 
Petals linear-oblong. Ovaries and fruit smooth. 40 to lOOf. Flowers red. 

3 A. sacchari'num. Rock M. Sugar M. Leaves cordate, 5-lobed, with deep, 

rounded openings between. Bark light gray. g-y. 

4 A. nigrum. Black M. Sugar-tree. Leaves cordate, with the sinus closed, 

roundish, with 3 broad, shallow lobes. Bark dark gray. y. 
spicarum. Mountain- Bush M. Eacemes erect, thyrse-like. Shrub 10-15f. 

high, in clumps. Bark gray. Leaves 3-5-lobed. g. 
Pennsylvan'icum. Striped M. Whistle-wood. Eacemes drooping. Tree small, 

with striped bark (green and black). Leaves 3-lobed. g. 
Pseudo-Plat 'anus. Sycamore M. Eacemes long, drooping. A large tree, in 

parks. Leaves 5-lobed, broad, rounded. Flowers green. 



184 



THE FLORA. 



Order XLI. SAPIXDACEJE. Indian Soapworts. 

Plants of various habit, mostly with unsymmetrical flowers ; 

:ls awl petals both imbricated in the bud ; 
stamens 5 to 10, inserted on a thick disk under the ovary ; 
fruit usually colored and showy, lobed, 1 or few-seeded. 

The Order includes the following three Tribes. 



§ 1. 

§ 2. 



§ 3. 



The Btckeye Tribe. 

a Petals unequal. Stamens 7 



Ana Jys is of tit e Ge n era. 

Leaves opposite, carpels 2-ovaled a 

Leaves digitate. Buckeye. JEs'cultjs. 

Thb Soapberry Tribe. Leaves alternate. Carpels 1-ovuled b 

b Trees, with pinnate-leaves and fruit with soapy pulp, covering a 

large seed. Stamens 8-10. South. Soapwort. Sapix'dus. 

b Herbs climbing with, tendrils. Leaves biternate. Fruit a large, 

inflated, 3-carpeled pod. B:C.loo7i-vine. Cardiospkb/mum. 

The Bladder-xet Tribe. Leaves opposite, pinnate. Staphyle'a. 







436 




/ 



Fig. 434 Branchlet of Bladder-nut with 2 
ternate leaves and a hanging cyme. 435. The 
stamens and pistil enlarged 436. A flower of 
Ohio Buckeye. 



1. JES'CULUS. Buckeye. 

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla of -i or 5 unequal petals. Stamens 7, distinct, 
unequal. Style filiform. Ovary 3-celled. with 2 ovules in each cell, but 
only 1 of the 6 ovules grows, becoming a large seed. Flowers in terminal 
panicles. 



Order 45.— THE MILKWORTS. 



185 



§ Fruit covered with prickles. Petals 4 or 5, spreading 1, 2 

§ Fruit smooth. Petals 4, erect, 2 of them clawed 3-5 

1 JE. Hippocasta'neum. Horse Chestnut. Leaves of 7, obovate leaflets. Petals 5. 

Fruit prickly. Panicles large, handsome, f 

2 2E. glabra. Ohio Buckeye. Leaflets 5, oval or oblong. Petals 4. Tree ill- 

scented. Flowers yellowish. Seed mahogany-color. W. 

3 2E. fla'va. Big Buckeye. A large tree, with pale-yellow flowers. Leaflets 5-7. 

Petals very unequal, longer than stamens. W. 

4 J£- Pa'via. Bed-fl<>icered B. Shrub 3-10f. Fls. large, red, in thyrse-liKe racemes. 

Very handsome. S. t 

5 JE. parviflo'ra. White B. Shrub 2-3f. Petals 4, somewhat alike, spreading, 

thrice shorter than the stamens. S. 

2. STAPHYLE'A. Bladder-nut. 

Flowers perfect. Sepals 5, colored like the>, 5 petals. Stamens 5. 
Styles 3. Capsules 2 or 3, with thin, inflated walls.— Shrubs. 
1 S. trifoOia. Ternate B. A handsome shrub, 6-8f. high. Leaves ternate, leaflets 

6 y.l 



ovate. Kacemes pendulous. Petals 
ciliate below. Fruit very large, 3- 
celled, inflated like a bladder. 



Order XLV. POLYGALA- 
CEJS. The Milkworts. 

Plants without stipules, bearing very 

irregular flowers ; 
stamens 4-8, diadelphous ; 
anthers opening at the top, 1 -celled ; 
fruit a flattened, 2-celled, 2-seeded 

capsule, free from the calyx. 

Fig. 437. Polygala polygama: a, the radical 
flowers; 8, P. paucifolia; /, the crest on the 
lower petal ; 9, the stamens in 2 sets, and the 
style seen beneath the hooded lower petal. 

Fig. 440. The ovary and the style : 1, seed of 
P. sanguinea, with its 2-lobed caruncle; 2, seed 
of P. Nuttallii. 

POLYG'ALA. Milkwort. 

Sepals 5, persistent, 2 of them 
(wings) wing-shaped and colored. 




186 THE FLORA. 



Petals 3, the lower one boat-shaped, and often tipped with a crest. Sta- 
mens nnited by the filaments into a split sheath, or into 2 sets, cohering 
more or less with the claws of the petals. Fruit a small 2-celled, 2-seeded 
capsule, flattened on the sides and notched on the top. Seeds with an 
appendage at one end. — Low, bitter herbs (sometimes shrubs), with simple 
entire leaves, sometimes bearing underground flowers. {Fig. 437, a.) 

* Leaves all alternate and scattered. . . .a 

* Leaves whorled, at least the lower ones e 

a Flowers purple, or reddish, or white b 

a Flowers yellow or yellowish green d 

b Flowers solitary or in racemes, purple Nos. 1-3 

b Flowers in spikes which are oblong or slender c 

c Leaves lanceolate, large, pointed at each end 4 

c Leaves linear, 1 to 2" wide 5-7 

c Leaves awl-shaped or bristle-shaped. . . .8-10 

d Spikes solitary, large, thick. Biennial 11, 12 

d Spikes numerous, corymbous, small. Biennial. . . .13, 14 

e Spikes acute, slender 15, 16 

e Spikes obtuse, thick 17, 18 

1 P. paucifo'lia Showy if. Fls. 2 or 3, large (root fls. small). Lvs. ovate. {Fig. 438.) 

2 P. grandiflo'ra. Fls. racemed, crestless. Lvs. lance-ovate. S. 

3 P. polyg'ama. Flowers racemed, crested. Lvs. linear-oblong. {Fig. 437.) 

4 P. Senega. Seneca Snake-root. Fls. white, in slender spikes. Stem If. high. 

5 P. sanguin'ea. Bloody M. Spikes oblong, obtuse, dense. Wings sessile. 

6 P. fastigia'ta. RoofedM. Spikes roundish, loose-flowered. Wings clawed. 

7 P. Nuttal'lii. NuttalVs M. Spikes roundish, acute, dense. Wings elliptic. 

8 P. incarna'ta. Flesh-colored M. Lvs. few, subulate. Pet. much longer than calyx. 

9 P. seta / cea. Naked M. Leaves very minute. Petals longer than calyx. S. 

10 P. Chapman'ii. Chapman's M. Lvs. subulate. Calyx long as petals. S. 

11 P. lu'tea. Yellow M. Tall (8-120, with orange-yellow flowers. M. S. 

12 P. na'na, Dwarf M. Low (3-5 7 ), with greenish-yellow flowers. S. 

13 P. cymo / sa. Gyme-flowered M. Lvs. mostly cauline. Seed not bracted. S. 

14 P. ramo / sa. Branching M. Lvs. mostly radical. Seed bracted. S. 

15 P. verticilla'ta. Whorled M. Lvs. linear. Wings roundish. Fls. greenish. W. 

16 P. Boykin'ii, Boykin's M. Lvs. lance-obovate. Wings round-obovate. S. 

17 P. crucia'ta. Gross M. Spikes obtuse, thick, sessile. Wings pointed. 
-18 P. brevifo'lia. Short-leaved M. Spikes obtuse, loose, stalked. Wings acute. 



Order XLYI. LEGUMINOSJE. Leguminous Plants. 

Plants with alternate, mostly compound stipulate leaves, with 

4-5 sepals ; 5 petals, more or less papilionaceous, sometimes regular ; 



Order 46.— LEGUMINOUS PLANTS. 



187 



about 10 stamens, monadelphous, diadelphous, or distinct; 
a single, simple pistil, producing a legume in fruit, and with 
no albumen in the seeds. 




Fig. 443. Flower of the Pea. Fig. 444. Its petals displayed; v, the banner; a, a, the wings ; 
c, c, the 2 keel petals. Fig. 445. A legume (pea-pod). 



Analysis of the Genera. 



.2 



.6 



§ Flowers papilionaceous (§ 89). Upper petal (banner) covering the rest in bud. 

§ Flowers nearly regular, or upper petal covered by the rest in bud. . . ,t 

§ Flowers regular, in dense heads. Petals valvate in bud. Leaves bipennate. . . ,u 

2 Stamens 10, all distinct s 

2 Stamens 10,, all or 9 united 3 

3 Leaves cirrhous (Fig. 96), the rachis ending with a tendril. . . .r 

3 Leaves not cirrhous 4 

4 Pod a loment (§ 180), i. e., jointed between the seeds 

4 Pod a legume, 1, 2, or oo seeded, not in joints 5 

5 Erect (or if prostrate, with palmately 3-foliate leaves).. 
5 Trailing or twining vines, leaves pinnately compound. . , 

6 Flowers yellow q 

6 Flowers cyanic (not yellow) p 

7 Leaves simple, with yellow flowers o 

7 Leaves palmately 5-15-foliate (rarely simple).. ..n 
7 Leaves palmately 3-foliate. . . .m 

7 Leaves pinnately 3-foliate k 

7 Leaves pinnate with no odd leaflet, 15-25 pairs.... h 
7 Leaves pinnate w T ith an odd leaflet 8 



.7 
.9 



183 THE FLORA. 



8 Leaflets dotted with dark glands g 

8 Leaflets not dotted. Herbs f 

8 Leaflets not dotted. Shrubs or trees. . . .e 

9 Leaves pinnately 5-15-foliate d 

9 Leaves pinnately 3- (rarely 1-) foliate. Flowers yellow. . . .c 
9 Leaves pinnately 3-foliate. Flowers cyanic. . . .10 

10 Calyx 4-toothed or entire b 

10 Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft a 

a Keel with the stamens and style spirally coiled. Bean. Phase'oles. 

a Keel obtuse, on short claws. Fls. very large, blue. S. Blue Banner. Cextrose'ata. 

a Keel acute, on long claws. Fls. very large, roseate. Butterfly Pea. Clito'ria. 

b Calyx 4-cleft, supported by 2 bractlets. Fls. purple. Milk-vine. Galac'tla. 

b Calyx 4-toothed, with 2 bractlets. Fls. purple. Sds. flattened. Dol'ichos. 

b Calyx 4-toothed, without bractlets. Fls. pale p. Hog-Peanut. Amphic arp^/a. 

b Calyx entire. Flowers and seeds scarlet. S. Bed Bean. Erythri'xa. 

c Legumes 5-seeded. S. Yig-'xa. 

c Legumes 1-2-seeded. S. Ehyxco'sia. 

d Herbs. Keel (straight in Galactia, 2) spirally twisted. Pea-vine. Apios. 

d Shrubs. Keel curved. Fls. blue, in hanging racemes, t TVista'rla. 

e Flowers white or red, in racemes. Locust. Robin'ia. 

e Flowers yellow, few in a cluster. Pods inflated. Bladder Senna. Colt/tea. 

f Pod 2-celled lengthwise, turgid. Milk Vetch. Astrag'ales. 

f Pod half-2-celled lengthwise. Bastard Vetch. Phaca. 

f Pod 1-celled. Style hairy outer side. Goals Bue. Tephro'sla. 

f Pod 1-celled. Style not hairy at all. S. Indigo. Ixdigo'eera. 

g Shrubs. Fls. spicate, only 1 petal (the banner). W.S. Lead Plant. Aator'pha. 

g Herbs. Flowers with 10 stamens, bluish, spicate. W. Da'lea. 

g Herbs. Flowers with 5 stamens, white or red, capitate. W. Petaloste'mon. 

h Pod 1-2-seeded, valves double. Tall, with yellow flowers. S. Glotld'ium. 

h Pod many-seeded, very long. Tall, with yellowish flowers. S. Sesba'xia. 

k Pod few-seeded. Flowers scarlet in Erythri'xa. 

k Pod few-seeded. Flowers white or yellow. Melilot. Mjelilo / tds. 

k Pod 1-seeded. Flowers yellow. Leaves resinous-dotted in Ehyxcosia. 

k Pod 1-seeded. Flowers cyanic. Leaves dark-dotted. Psora'lea. 

k Pod 1-seeded. Flowers cyanic. Leaves not dotted. Melilot. aIelilo'tus. 

m Herbs with curved or spiral pods. Medic. Medica'go. 

m Herbs with small 1-4-seeded pods not coiled. Glover. Trieo'liuzu:. 

m Tree with yellow flowers in hanging racemes, t Golden Chain. Labur / ndm. 

n Stamens all united. Calyx 2-lipped. Lupine. Lepi'nus. 

n Stamens all but 1 united. Calyx bill-shaped. Psora 'lea. 

o Shrubby. Keel obloug, straight. Scotch Broom. Genista. 

o Herbs. Keel curved, acuminate. Rattle Pod. Crotala'ria. 

p Leaves pinnate, 5-21-foliate. Umbels stalked. Coronil'la. 

P Leaves pinnate, 5-21-foliate. Racemes stalked. Vt. Hedys'arum. 



Order 40.— LEGUMINOUS PLANTS. 



189 



p Lvs. pinn'ly3-fol., stipellate. Pod 8-7-jointed. Tick TrefoiL Desmo'diuai. 

p Lvs. pinirlyo-fol. Stipels none. Pod 1-jo'mted. Bush Trefoil. Lespede'za. 
q Leaves palmately 4-foliate. Stamens all united. Zor'nia. 

q Leaves pinnate, 7-49-foliate. Stamens 9 united. ^Eschynom'ene. 

q Leaves pinnately 3-foliate. Pod slender at base. Stylosan'thes. 

q Leaves pinnately 4-foliate. Pod gibbous at base. Peanut. Ar'achis. 

r Leaflets serrate. Pods 2-seeded. Chick Pea. Cicer. 

r Leaflets entire. Style grooved outside, hairy inside. Pea. Pisum. 

r Leaflets entire. Style flattened, hairy most inside. Sweet Pea. Lath'yrus. 

r Leaflets entire. Style filiform, hairy most outside. Vetch. Vici'a. 

s Pod legume flat and thin, short-stiped. Lvs. pinnate. Tree. S.W. Cladas'tris. 
s Pod inflated, stipitate (stalked at base). Lvs. 1-3-foliate, Baptis'ia. 

t Fls. perfect, purple, papilionaceous. Tree. Lvs. simple. Judas-tree. Cercis. 

t Fls. perfect, yellow. Lvs. equally pinnate. Senna. Cassia. 

t Fls. imperfect, green. Sta. 5. Trees thorny. Honey Locust. Gledits'chia. 

t Fls. imp., greenish. St. 10. Trees unarmed. Ky. Coffee-tree. Gymnoc'ladus. 
u Pods flat, jointed between the seeds. Shrubby. Sensitive Plant. Mimosa. 
u Pods prickly, 4-sided, 4-valved. Sensitive Brier. Schran'kia. 

u Pods smooth, turgid, filled with pulp. Tree. S. Sponge-tree. Vachei/lia. 
u Pods smooth, flat, dry. Petals distinct. Stam. 5-10. Herbs. Desman'thus. 
u Pods smooth, flat, dry. Petals united. Stam. 8-200. S. Julibrassin. Aca'cia. 



10 



1. PHASE'OLTTS. Bean, &c. 



Calyx 5-toothed or cleft, the 2 
upper teeth half united. Keel in- 
cluding the stamens and style, and 
with them spirally coiled or twisted. 
Legume straight or curved, many- 
seeded. Seeds oblong, kidney- 
shaped. — Herbs twining or trailing. 
Leaves pinnately trifoliate, stipellate. 
June- Oct. 




* Native species, growing in fields and F ig. 446. Section of flower of the Bean, 

woods a showing the spirally coiled stamens and style,. 

* Exotic species, growing only by culti- the simple ovary, &c. 

vation b 

a Flowers racemed. Pods curved 1 

a Flowers 1 or few in a head. Pods straight 2-4 

b Stems climbing 5-7 

b Stems erect, bushy 8 



190 THE FLORA. 



1 P. peren'nis. Perennial Wild-bean. Leaflets ovate, pointed. Eacemes in pairs. 4-7 f. p, 

2 P. diversirVlius. Trailing W. Leaflets angular, 2-3-lobed. Peduncle longer 

than leaf. c. 

3 P. hel'volus. Long-stalked W. Leaflets lance-ovate, not lobed. Peduncle 3-4 

times longer than the leaf. M. S. 

4 P. pauciflc/rus. Few-flowered W. Leaflets linear-oblong, hairy. Peduncle longer 

than the leaf. W. 

5 P. vulga'ris. Common Garden-lean. Leaflets ovate, pointed. Eacemes solitary, 

shorter than leaves. 

6 P. multiflo'ras. Scarlet Pole-bean. Fls. scarlet, showy. Eoot tuberous. Pedicels opp. f 

7 P. luna'tus. Lima B. Flowers white. Lfts. ovate-deltoid, acute. Pods broad, large. 

8 P. na'nus. Bush-lean. Erect, bushy. Leaves broad-ovate, acute, f 

2. A'PIOS. Ground-nut. 

Calyx bell-shaped, somewhat 2-lipped, the 2 side teeth nearly obsolete, 
the lower tooth longest. Keel incurved and at length coiled against the 
very broad, reflexed banner. Ovary sheathed at base. — Twining, smooth 
herbs. U Root bearing eatable tubers. Leaves pinnately 5-7-foliate. 

A. tubero'sa. Stem round, twining about other plants, 2-4f. in length. Leaflets 
mostly 7, narrow-ovate, more or less acuminate, on short stalks. Eacemes 
axillary, solitary, dense-flowered, shorter than the leaves. Flowers dark pur- 
ple. The tubers on the root are oval, thick, and very nutritious. In thickets 
and shady woods. July. Aug. 

3. ROBIXTA. Locust. 

Calyx short, bell-shaped, f 5-cleft, the 2 upper divisions more or less 
united. Banner large, wings obtuse. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). 
Style bearded inside. Legume flattened, long, many-seeded. — Trees and 
shrubs with stipular spines. Leaves unequally pinnate. Flowers showy, 
in axillary racemes. April. JPay. 

1 E. visco'sa. Clammy Locust-tree. Eacemes rather compact, rose-white, erect. 

Branchlets and stalks sticky. Leaflets ovate. In parks. Native South. 

2 R. Pseudaca / cia. Common Locust-tree. Eacemes rather loose, drooping, white, 

fragrant. Leaflets oblong-ovate, smooth, as well as the branchlets. 

3 R. his'pida. Rose Acacia. Shrub 4r-9f. high, hispid, with clusters of large, purple 

flowers. Leaflets 5 or 6 pairs, broadly oval. 

4. MELILO'TUS. Melilot. Sweet Clover. 
Calyx tubular, o-toothed. Keel petals completely united, shorter than 
the others. Of the 1 stamens 9 are united, one separate. Pod 1 or few- 



Order 46.— LEGUMINOUS PLANTS. 



191 



Leaves pinnately trifoliate. 



seeded, longer than the permanent calyx. 
Flowers in racemes. 

1 M. officinalis. Yellow M. Leaflets obovate-oblong, obtuse, dentate. Calyx half 

as long as the yellow corolla. Pod 2-seeded. Stem 8f. 

2 M. alba. White 2f. Leaflets ovate-oblong, square at end. Calyx not half as long 

as the white corolla. Pod 2-seeded. Height 4-6f. Very fragrant. 



5. TRIFO'LIUM. Clover. Trefoil. 

Calyx 5-cleft, with bristly teeth, persist- 
ent. Petals more or less united at the base, 
persistent and withering. Banner longer 
than the wings, which are also longer than 
the keel. Stamens 10, diadelphous (9 & 1). 
Legume short, membranous, often included 
in the calyx, 1-6-seeded, mostly indehis- 
cent. — Herbs with palmately trifoliate 
leaves. Leaflets straight-veined. Flowers 
in heads or spikes. Apr. -Sept. 




450 ^^ 



Mg, 447. Red Clover,— a head of 
flowers. Fig. 448. A single flower. 
Fig. 449. A. pod, with a part of the 
calyx. Fig. 450. A seed, cut open. 
See also Fig. 37. 



* Flowers yellow, in small, dense, oval heads. 

Podl-seeded 1, 2 

* Flowers cyanic (not yellow) ... .a 

a Flowers on little stalks (pedicels) and 

finally deflexed b 

a Flowers nearly or quite sessile, never de- 
flexed c 

b Heads small, on stalks some ten times longer 3, 4 

b Heads large, on stalks two or three times longer 5, 6 

c Calyx teeth feathery, longer than the whitish corolla. . . .7 

c Calyx teeth shorter than the purple or roseate corolla 8-10. 

1 T. procum/bens. Yellow G. Stipules much shorter than the petioles. Style 3 or 

4 times shorter than the pod. Heads ovate, \ in. thick. Stems prostrate. May. 

2 T. agra'rium. Larger Yellow G. Stipules longer than the petiole. Style about 

as long as the pod. Heads oblong, £ in. thick. Stems ascending. June, July. 

3 T. Carolinia'num. Southern G. Stipules leaf-like. Calyx teeth thrice longer 

than its tube. Legume 4-seeded. Scarcely forms a turf. "W*. S. 

4 T. repens. White G. Shamrock. Stipules narrow, scale-like. Calyx teeth 

shorter than its tube. Pod 4-seeded. Forms a dense turf. Fls. white, c. 

5 T. reflexum. Buffalo G. Lflts. obovate. Calyx nearly as long as the red corolla. 

6 T. stoloni'feinm. Prairie G. Leaflets obcordate. Calyx not half as long as the 

white corolla. W. 



192 THE FLORA. 



7 T.arven'se. Rabbit-foot G Heads cylindrical, very hairy. Lfts. narrow obovate. 

8 T. praten'se. Red G. Leaflets spotted, oval. Heads roundish, sessile. Flowers 

rose-red, or white, c. t (Figs. 447-456.) 

9 T.me'dium. Zigzag G. Lfts. oblong. Heads roundish, stalked. Fls. deep purple, r* 

10 T. incarna'tum. Rose Trefoil. Lfts. round-ovate. Heads oblong. Fls. rose-red. f 

6. LUPI'NUS. Lupine. 

Calyx deeply 2-lipped, upper lip 2-cleft, lower entire or 3-toothed. 
Wings united towards the top, keel acuminate. Stamens monadelphous, 
the filaments forming an entire sheath. Anthers alternately oblong and 
globose. Pod leathery and knotted. — Herbs, with leaves palmately 5-15- 
foliate, rarely simple. 

1 L. peren / nis. Common L. Eoot creeping, perennial. Stem erect, l-2f. high, 

hairy. Leaflets soft-downy, 7-11, oblanceolate, li-2' long, broadest above 
the middle. Flowers alternate, in an erect, terminal raceme, blue, varying to 
white. It is often called Sun-dial, from the fact of its leaves turning to face 
the sun from morning till night. — Several other species are cultivated in 
gardens. May, June. (Fig. QQ.) 

2 L. villo'sus. Mullein L. Stem erect, l-2f., terminating in a showy raceme. Leaves 

simple, clothed in a dense coat of silky wool as well as the stem. S. 

7. LESPEDE'ZA. Bush Clover. 

Calyx 5-parted, with 2 bractlets at base, the sepals nearly equal. Keel 
very obtuse, on slender claws. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Legume 
lens-shaped, small, flattened, unarmed, one-seeded, not opening. — if Leaves 
pinnately trifoliate. Flowering in Aug., Sept. 

IF Flowers in dense spikes, whitish, with a purple spot on the banner 1, 2 

1 Fls. racemed, &c, violet or purple. Some of the fls. with no corolla. . . .a 

a Stem prostrate, trailing, diffuse. Leaflets oval 3 

a Stem erect and mostly branched, l-3f. high 4, 5 

1 L. capita'ta. Head B. Leaflets elliptical, silky. Spikes shorter than leaves. 

Stem nearly simple, 2-4f. 

2 L. hirta. Hairy B. Leaflets roundish-oval. Spikes longer than leaves. 

Stem branching, very hairy. 

3 L. repens. Creeping B. Downy more or less, except the upper side of the leaves, 

which is always smooth. Stems slender, many. 

4 L. viola'cea. Violet B. Smoothish. Leaflets oval, varying to oblong and linear, 

obtuse, mucronate. Corolla 3-4 /7 long. Varies greatly. 

5 L. Steu'vi. Plant velvety or downy. Lfts. roundish-obovate. Variable. 



Order 46.— LEGUMINOUS PLANTS. 



193 



8. PI'SUM. Pea. 

Calyx divisions leaf-like, 2 upper shortest. 
Banner large, refiexed. Stamens 10, diadelphous 
(9 & 1). Style flattened, keel-shaped, hearded on 
the upper side. Legume oblong, tumid. Seeds 
globose. — Climbing herbs. Leaves pinnate, end- 
ing with a branching tendril. 

P. sativum. Common Garden Pea. Leaflets usually 4, 
ovate, entire. Stipules rather larger than the leaf- 
lets (2-3' long), ovate, half-cordate at base. Flow- 
ers 2 or more on axillary peduncles, large, white. 
Pods 2 or B / long, 5-9-seeded. A very valuable 
leguminous plant, all over smooth and glaucous. 
There are many varieties. June. (Also, Fig. 443.) 

9. BAPTIS'IA. Wild Indigo. 

Calyx. 4-5 -cleft half way. Petals of about 
equal length, somewhat united. Banner roundish, 
notched at the end. Stamens 10, distinct, decid- 
uous. Pod inflated, many-seeded, raised on a 
stalk in the persistent calyx. — U Large herbs 
with leaves palmately 3-foliate or simple. Flowers in racemes, 
mostly oblong, broadest above. Apr.-Sept. 




Fig. 451. Common Pea: 
s, the large stipules; p, the 
pod; f, the flower; t, the 
tendrils on the end of the leaf. 



Leaflets 



§ Leaves simple. Flowers yellow. (3 species far South, omitted.) 

§ Leaves 3-foliate a Flowers blue, in a few long racemes 1 

a Flowers white, in a few long racemes b 

a Flowers yellow, solitary, or in short racemes. . . .c 

b Stipules leaf-like, longer than the petioles 2, 3 

b Stipules much shorter, or not longer than the petioles 4, 5 

c Flower-stalks not longer than the calyx 6, 7 

c Flower-stalks much longer than the calyx. S. Omitted. 
1 B. austra'lis. Austral W. Smooth. Lfts. obovate or oblong. Fls. large. W. S. + 

2 B. leucophae'a. Whitish W. Stipules large, ovate. Kacemes nodding. W. 

3 B. villoma. Woolly W. Stipules small, lance-linear. Racemes erect. S. 

4 J3. leucantha. Stipules lance-linear, about as long as petioles. W. S. f 

5 B. alba. Stipules and bracts minute, early foiling off. S. 

6 B. lanceola'ta. Leaflets narrow-elliptic. Flowers axillary. S. 

7 B. tincto'ria. Leaflets small, round-obovate. Racemes terminal. Common. 

9 



191 



. THE FLORA. 



10. CAS'SIA. Senna. 
Sepals 5. scarcely united at base, nearly equal. Petals 5, unequal, but 
not papilionaceous. Stamens 10, distinct, 3 upper anthers often sterile, 8 
lower ones beaked. Legume long, many-seeded. — Leaves simply and 
abruptly pinnate, mostly with a gland on the petiole. Flowers yellow. 
July, Aug. 

r , Bacemes axillary. 3 of the anthers imperfect, 7 of them perfect 1, 3 

Tf E acemes above the axil»>. Anthers all perfect. Stem l-2f. high 4, 5 

1 C. obtusifo 'lia. £' d S. Leaflets 4-6, obtuse. Stem l-3f. high. S. 

2 C. occidenta'lis. Western S. Leaflets 6-12, acute. Stem 4-6f. high. S. 

3 C. Maiilan'dica. American S. Leaflets 12-18, mucronate. Stems 5f. high. 

4 C. Chamascris'ta. Sensitive Pea. Anthers 10, unlike. Fls. large. Lfts. 16-24. 

5 C. nic 'titans. Sensitive S. Anthers 5, alike. Fls. small. Leaflets 12-30. 



Order XLVIL ROSACEJE. Roseworts. 

Trees, shrubs, or herbs with stipules mostly, and alternate haves) with 
flowers regular, commonly showy, perfect, and polyandrous ; with 

5 sepals united at base, often supported by as many oractlets outside ; 

6 petals (rarely 0). which are perigynous as well as the stamens ; 

1-x pistilz\ which are distinct, or sometimes united and adhering to the 
calyx tube; fruit various; seeds with no albumen. 





Order 47.— ROSEWORTS. 



195 



455 





Fig. 452. Flowers of the Great Red Cherry : b, section, 
showing the perigynous stamens, the single ovary, &e. 
Fig. 453. Section of the cherry, showing the seed lying 
in the stone and pnlp. Fig. 454. Section of the flower of 
Lady's-mantle (Class Book, p. 325), with the simple 
ovary, lateral style, &c. Fig. 455. A flower of Strawberry. Fig. 456. A section of the same, 
showing the perigynous stamens, the many simple pistils on the large torus. Fig. 457. Section 
of a Rose, showing the many simple pistils sunk in the hollow^ torus, &c. 



.d 



Analysis of the Genera. 

Flowers with 1 pistil and no petals. Herbs a 

Flowers with 1 pistil and 5 petals. Shrubs or trees 2 

Flowers with 2 — go pistils 3 

2 Style lateral, i. e., arising from the side of the ovary. . . . o 
2 Style terminal, i. e., arising from the top of the ovary c 

Pistils (carpels) 2-5, all consolidated with the calyx. Fruit a pome. 

Pistils (carpels) 2-50, free, in an open or closed calyx 4 

4 Carpels 1-seeded, achenia inclosed in the calyx tube e 

4 Carpels 1-seeded, achenia dry or pulpy in an open calyx. . . .5 

4 Carpels several-seeded, pods in an open calyx k 

5 Styles persistent on the dry achenia f 

5 Styles falling off with the rest of the flower 6 

6 Calyx entirely bractless. Flowers never yellow. . . .g 
6 Calyx with bractlets beneath it as if double. . . .h 

Stamens 1-4. Style lateral. Fls. scattered. Ladij s-mantle. Alchemii/la,, 

Stamens 4. Style terminal. Fls. in dense spikes. Burnet. Sanguisor'ba. 

Stamens go. Style terminal. Flowers in spikes. Burnet. Pote'rium. 

b Stamens about 20. Drupe 1-seeded. S. Cocoa Plum. Ciirysobala'.nus. 

Stone globular, smooth. Fruit not glaucous. 

Stone flattened, smooth. Fruit glaucous or downy. 

Stone roughened with pits and furrows. Fruit pulpy. 

Stone roughened with pits and furrows. Fruit dry. 
d Petals spat.-oblong. Pome with 5 dole.- cells. Shad-hush. Ambla^'chier. 2 
d Petals .roundish. Pome with bony, 1-seeded cells. Thorn. Cratje'gus. 
d Petals roundish. Pome with thin, 2-seeded cells. Apple Ptbus. 3 

d Petals roundish. Pome with 5, many-seeded cells. Quince. Cydo'nia,.4 



Cherry. Cer'asus. 1 
Plum. Pru'nus. * 
Peach. Per'sica. 

Almond. Amyg'dali-s. 



196 THE FLORA. 



e Carpels many, in the fleshy calyx. Flowers often double. Rose. Eosa. 5 

e Carpels 2 only, in the dry, fluted, prickly calyx. Agrimony. Agrbio'nia. 

f Petals and sepals 8 or 9. A small, rare plant on mountains Dryas. 

f Petals and sepals 5. Achenia numerous. Averts. Geioi. 6 

g Sepals equal. Frnit a heap of pulpy achenia. Fls. cyanic. Bramble. Kubl's. 7 
g Sepals unequal. Stems creeping. Flowers white. False Violet. Dalibar'da. 8 

h Torus small, dry. Flowers yellow. Bractlets minute or 0. Waldstei'nia. 9 

h Torus small, dry. Fls. mostly yellow. Bractlets large. 

Ginqutfoil. Potentii/la. 10 

h Torus becoming very large and juicy in fruit. Strawberry. Fraga'rta. 11 

h Torus becoming large and spongy. Fls. purple. Lvs. pinnate. Coii'ARirir. 
k Petals obovate, not yellow. Stamens very long. Steeple-bush. Spir.e'a. 12 

k Petals lance-linear, pot yellow. Stamens very short. Indian Physic. Gille'xia. 
k Petals multiplied, orange-yellow. Pods 1-seeded. Shrubs. 

Gelder Rose. Ker'ria. 

1. CER'ASUS. Cherry. 

Calyx 5 -cleft, regular, deciduous. Petals 5, much spreading. Stamens 
15-30. Ovary with 2 ovules.* Drupe globular, very smooth, destitute 
of a glaucous bloom. Stone also globular and smooth. — Trees or shrubs. 
Leaves folded in the bud. Flowers early, white. May. (Fig. 452.) 

§ Leaves evergreen, leathery, entire 1 

§ Leaves deciduous, thin a 

a Flowers in umbel-like clusters from side buds. Drupes red b 

a Flowers in racemes leafy at base. Cherries black or blackish 2, 3 

b Shrubs or trees growing wild, native 4, 5 

b Trees cultivated, not native. . . .6, 7 
1 C. Carolinia'na. Cherry Laurel. Flowers in dense, short racemes. Fruit black, 
poisonous. Splendid in cultivation. 

2 C. sero'tina. Wild Black G. Trees with lance-oblong, blunt-toothed leaves. 

3 C. Virginia'na. Choke C. Shrubs with oval-obovate, slender-toothed leaves. 

4 C. pum'ila. Sand C. Shrubs trailing, with lance-obovate, acute lvs. Fr. egg-shaped. 

5 C. Pennsylvania. Wild Red C. Trees. Lvs. oblong-ovate, acuminate. Fr. roundish. 

6 C. A'vium. Oxheart C Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, hairy beneath. 

7 C. vulga'ris. Great Red C. Leaves lance-ovate, acute, narrowed to base. 

2. AHELA^'CBIER. June-berry. 

Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, oblong-ovate and oblanceolate. Stamens short. 
Styles 5, somewhat united at base. Pome 5-celled, cells cartilaginous, 
each nearly divided into two 1-seeded divisions. — Small trees or shrubs 
with simple, serrate leaves, and white early floweis in racemes. 



Order 47.— ROSE WORTS. 197 



A. Canadensis. Shad-berry. June-berry. A small tree or shrub found in woods, 
with a dark-grayish bark. Flowers large white, in racemes at the ends of the 
branches, appearing in April and May, while the forests are yet naked. Fruit 
round, purplish, well-flavored, ripe in June. The plant is very variable in size, 
and in the leaves, <fcc. * 



3. PY'RUS. Pear. Apple. 

Calyx urn-shaped, limb 5-cleft. Petals 5, roundish. Stamens 00. Styles 
2-5. Pome fleshy or berry-Hke, containing 2-5 cartilaginous (thin and 
elastic) carpels, each with 2 seeds. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple or 
pinnate. Flowers showy, white or rose-colored, in cyme-like umbels. 
May, June. 

% Leaves pinnate. Fruit as large as peas, scarlet when ripe 6, 7 

§ Leaves simple a N 

a Wild shrubs, 5-8f. high. Flowers small, in compound clusters 5 

a Trees wild or cultivated. Flowers large, in simple clusters b 

b Flowers white. Pome bell-shaped, acute at base 1 

b Flowers rose-white. Pome with a pit at base 2-4 

1 P. commu'nis. Pear. Leaves ovate-lanceolate. Styles 5, distinct, t (Fig. 280.) 

2 P. malus. Apple. Leaves ovate, not lobed, the veinlets incurved. (Fig. 133.) 

3 P. corona / ria. American Crab. Leaves ovate, often lobed, cut-serrate, straight- 

veined. (Fig. 454.) 

4 P. angustifo'lia. Xarrow-leaved C. Leaves lanceolate, scarcely veiny. 

5 P. arbutifo'lia. Choke-berry. Leaves obovate or oval, with glands on mid-vein. 

6 P. Americana. Mountain- Ash. Leaflets 13-15, lanceolate, pointed. 

7 P. Aucupa'ria. English M. Leaflets lance- ovate, acute. Fruit larger. 

4. CYDO'NIA. Quince. 

Calyx urn-shaped, 5-cleft. Petals 5. Styles 5. Stamens many. Pome 
with 5 parchment -like cells, each with several seeds. — Shrubs. Leaves 
simple. Flowers solitary or few in a cluster. 

1 C. vulgaris. Common. Quince. Leaves downy beneath, broadly ovate, acute, en- 

tire, with small, half-ovate stipules. Flowers roseate, solitary terminal. Fruit 
large, obovate, highly esteemed in preserves, &c. (Fig. 1 ) 

2 C. Japon'ica. Japan Quince. Leaves glabrous, ovate-lanceolate, acute at each 

end, serrulate. Stipules reniform. Flowers red, side clusters, opening early. 

5. RO'SA. Rose. 

Calyx tube urn-shaped, fleshy, contracted at the throat, limb 5-cleft, 
the sepals generally with a little leaf at tip. Petals 5 (greatly multiplied 



198 THE FLORA. 



by culture) ; achenia 00, bony, hispid, included in and attached to the in- 
side of the fleshy calyx-tube. — Shrubby and prickly plants. Leaves un- 
equally pinnate. Stipules attached to the petiole, or often free. 

In the table, the first ten species are found growing wild in this country, and 
sometimes also cultivated. The other species never grow wild here. 

§ Styles growing together into an inserted column. Climbers h 

§ Styles not cohering into a column a 

a Stipules nearly free from the petiole and falling off g 

a Stipules adhering to the petiole b 

b Plant armed with curved or hooked prickles, erect d 

b Plant armed with straight prickles c 

c Wild, native "Roses, 1-3 f., erect. . . .5-7 

c Cultivated exotic's climbing (No. 20) or erect 21-23 

d Leaflets glandular and fragrant beneath f 

d Leaflets not at all glandular. Shrubs erect e 

e Wild, native Eose, flowers single 8 

e Cultivated exotics, mostly double-flowered 13, 14 

f Flowers single. Wild 9,10 

f Flowers double. Exotic, cultivated 15-17 

g Leaflets 5-9. Flower-stalk enveloped in bracts 4 

g Leaflets 3-5. Flower-stalk bractless, very smooth 2, 19 

h Leaflets 3-5, mostly 3. Native and cultivated 1 

h Leaflets 5-9 k Stipules and sepals mostly entire 11, 12 

k Stipules fringed, sepals entire 3 

k Stipules entire, sepals pinnatifid 18 

1 R. setig / era. Michigan E. Flowers in corymbs, rose 1 colored, changeable. W. f 
2 R. laevigata. Cherokee E. Lfts. very smooth, ellip. Fls. solit., white. S. f 
3 R. multiflo'ra. Japan E. Lfts. soft, wrinkled. Fls. corymbed, double. S. f 
4 R. bractea'ta. Macartney E. Fls. solitary, with large bracts beneath it. S.-W. + 

5 R. lu / cida. Shining E. Lfts. 5-9, elliptic, shining. Prickles few. Calyx hispid. 

6 R. nit'ida. Wild E. Leaflets 5-9, narrow-lance, shining. Prickles numerous. 

7 R. blanda. Bland E. Lfts 5-7, oblong, dull. Prickles very few. Calyx smooth. 

8 R. Carolina. Swamp E. Stems 4-7f. high. Flowers in corymbs. Dull green. 

9 R. rubigino'sa. Sweet Brier. Sepals persistent. Some of the prickles awl-shaped. 

10 R. micran'tha. Eglantine. Sepals deciduous. All the prickles hooked alike. Fls. 

small. 

11 R. sempervi'rens. Evergreen E. Prickles alike. Lfts. evergreen, leathery, f 

12 R. arven'sis. Ayrshire E. Prickles unlike. Lfts. soft, deciduous, f 

13 R. cinnamo'mea. Cinnamon E. Stipules broad, pointed, involute, wavy, f 

14 R. cani'na. Dog E. • Stipules broad, serrulate. Sepals fall off after flowering, f 

15 R. centifc/lia. Cabbage E. Moss E. Sepals spread in flower, often very 
glandular, f 



Okder 47.— ROSEWORTS. 199 



16 R. damasce'na. Damask It. Monthly R. Sepals reflexed in flower. Flowers 

very double, f 

17 R. alba. White R. Sepals pinnatifid, spreading. Fls. corym bed, large. + 
18 R. moscha'ta. Mash R. Leaflets lanceolate, pointed. Fls. panioled, large, white, f 

19 R. In'dica. Chinese Monthly. Bengal R. Tea Rose, &c. Lfts. ovate, pointed. + 
20 R. Alpi'na. Boursault R. Lfts. 5-11, obovate, sharp-serfate. Stipules narrow. + 

21 R. eglante'ria. Yellow Rose. Lfts. broad-oval. Petals obcordate, fugacious, f 

22 R. G-al'lica. French R. Leaflets elliptical. Petals large, spreading, f 

23 R. Pimpinellifo'lia. Burnet R. Lfts. small, roundish. Flowers small, f 

6. GE'UM. Avens. 

Calyx 5-cleft, usually with 5 alternate bractlets outside. Petals 5. 
Stamens many, collected on a dry receptacle, and bearing the long, per- 
sistent style. — U Leaves pinnate or lyrate. 

§ Style bent and jointed near the middle a 

§ Style straight and not jointed, wholly persistent. Pare plants. . . . 6, 7 

a Head of fruits quite sessile, with the styles finally hooked b, 1 • 

a Head of fruits stalked in the calyx more or less . . . T4, 5 

b Petals yellow, longer than the calyx 2, 3 

1 G-. Virginia 'num. Petals white, as long as the calyx. Receptacle hairy. 

2 G-. macrophyl'lum. Mountain A. Lvs. ending with a very large roundish leaflet. 

3 G-. stric'tum. Yellow A. The end leaflet but little larger than the rest. Height 3-5f. 

4 G-. vernum. Head-stalk A. Petals yellow, small. Stalk as long as head. W. 

5 G-. riva / le. Water A. Whole flower dark purple, large, nodding. 

6 G-. trifk/rum. Bractlets longer than the calyx or purplish petals. Fls. 3. W. 

7 G-. Pec&'ii. Pectfs A. Bractlets minute. Pet. yellow. Stem almost leafless. Mts. 

7. RTT'BUS. Bramble. Blackberries and Raspberries. 

Calyx 5-parted, without bractlets. Petals 5, deciduous. Stamens oo . 
Ovaries many, becoming many pulpy, drupe-like achenia (grains) united 
into a compound fruit. — Half-shrubby plants with U roots and @ stems, 
armed with prickles. Flowers mostly white. In the Blackberries the 
pulpy receptacle constitutes a part of the fruit, but in tlie Raspberries it 
does not. 

* Leaves simple, 3-5-lobed. Flowers large 1-3 

* Leaves compound, of 3-7 leaflets a 

a Stems stout, upright, often recurved at top b 

a Stems weak, trailing or prostrate 7 

b The side leaflets stalked. Prickles strong, recurved 8 

b The side leaflets sessile. Prickles weak, nearly straight. . . .4 



200 THE FLORA. 



Raspberries. 

1 R. odora'tus. Rose Flowering. Petals round, purple. Stalks hairy-clammy. 

2 R. Nutka'nus. White-flowering. Petals broad-oval, white. Fls. several. N.-W. 

3 R. Chamaemo'rus. Cloud-berry. Petals obovate, white. Flower only one. Mts. 

4 Petals as long or longer than the calyx 5, 6 

4 R. Idaeus. Garden Raspberry. Petals shorter than the calyx. 

5 R. strigo'sus. Wild Red Raspberry. Corolla cup-shaped, single. 

6 R. rosasfo'lius. Bridal Rose. Corolla spreading, double. Cultivated. 

7 Stems prickly, shrubby, biennial. Fruit of many grains 11 

7 R. trifiVrus. Stems entirely unarmed, green, © Fruit of few grains. 

8 R. occidentals. Thimble-berry. PL glaucous. Petals shorter than sepals. Fr. dark. 

8 Plants not glaucous. Petals much longer than the sepals 9, 10 

Blackberries. 

9 R. villo'sus. High Blackberry. Flowers in racemes. Leaflets ovate. 

10 R. cuneifo'lius. Sand Bl. Fls. 1-3 together. Lfts. wedge-obovate. .M. S. 
11 Prickles many. Flower-stalks without leaves or bracts 12, 13 

11 R. Canadensis. Dewberry. Prickles few. Flower-stalks with leafy bracts. 

12 R. his'pidus. Hispid, Running Bl. Flowers small, wkh spreading sepals. 

13 R. trivia'lis. Low Bush Bl. Flowers large, with reflexed sepals. S. 

8. DALIBAR'DA. False Violet. 

Calyx deeply 5 or 6-parted, 3 of the segments larger. Petals 5. Sta- 
men's many. Styles 5-8, long, deciduous. Fruit 5-8 dryish, drupe-like 
achenia. — U Low herbs with creeping stems, simple leaves and 1-2 white 
flowers on each stalk. North. 

D. re'pens. Creeping F. Found in damp woods. Creeping stems a few inches to a 
foot in length. Leaves roundish- cordate, crenate. Stipules very narrow-linear. 
Petioles 1-3' long. Scapes 1-flowered, about as long as the petioles. June. 

9. WALDSTEI'NIA. Dry Strawberry. 

Calyx 5-cleft, with 5 alternate, sometimes minute and deciduous bract- 
lets. Petals 5 or more, sessile. Stamens many. Styles 2-6. Achenia 
few, dry, on a dry receptacle. — U Acaulescent herbs with lobed or divid- 
ed radical leaves and yellow flowers on scapes. 

W. f * f • ■'<■■ 'des. A pretty plant, in hilly woods, bearing some resemblance to the 
strawberry. Root-stock thick, scaly, blackish. Leaves trifoliate, on petioles 
3-6' long ; leaflets broad-wedge-shaped, cut-toothed, of a shining green above. 
Scapes about as high as the leaves, bearing 2-6 flowers, which are £' across. 
June. 

W.. loba'ta. Lobed D. Along rivers, &c. Leaves simple, roundish-cordate, gener- 
ally 3-5-lobed, &c. April, June. S. 



Okder 47.— ROSEWORTS. 201 



10. POTENTIL'LA. Cinquefoil. 

Calyx deeply 4-5-cleft, with an equal number of alternate bractlets 
outside. Petals 4-5, obcordate. Stamens oo . Acbenia go , collected in 
a head on a small, dry receptacle. — Herbs or shrubs with compound leaves 
and (mostly) yellow flowers. (Figs. 76, 77.) 

* Leaves palmately compound a 

* Leaves pinnately compound 6-8 

a Leaflets 3 only in each leaf 1 

a Leaflets 5. Stems prostrate or inclining. . . .4, 5 

1 Flowers yellow. Stems herbaceous 2, 3 

1 P. tridenta'ta. Trident G. Fls. white. Lfts. wedge-obov., 3-toothedat end, N. 

2 P. Norve'gica. Xorivay C. Erect, many-flowered. Petals short. N. M. 

3 P. minima. Tiny G Low. Stems 1-flowered. Pet"! longer than sepals. Mts. 

4 P. Canadensis. Canada C. Leaflets green both sides, serrate, oblong. 

5 P. argen'tea. Silver G. Leaflets silvery-white beneath, pinnatifid. 

6 P. frutico'sa. Shrubby G. Erect, shrubs with yellow flowers. Height l-2f. N. 

7 P. Anseri'na. Goose-grass. Stemless herbs. Leaves and peduncles radical. 

8 Herbs with leafy stems. (3 rare species omitted.) 

11. FRAGA'KIA. Strawberry. 

Calyx deeply 5-cleft, with an equal number of alternate bractlets out- 
side. Petals 5, obcordate. Stamens oo . Achenia many, fixed to the 
surface of the large, conical, pulpy, scarlet or white receptacle. — Low if 
plants with trifoliate leaves. (Figs. 265, 455, 456.) 

1 F. Virginia'na. Common S. Bractlets under the calyx entire. Flowers white, on 
scapes. Root-stock sending out runners which take root and form new plants. 

2 F. In'dica. Indian Strawberry. Bractlets under the calyx 3-lobed. Petals yellow. 
Stems trailing on the ground. Fruit roundish, bright red, tasteless. S. f (272.) 

12. SPIP^E'A. Meadow-sweet. Hard-hack. 

Calyx 5-cleft, persistent. Petals 5, roundish. Stamens 10-50, exserted. 
Carpels distinct, 3-12, forming little 1 -celled, several-seeded pods. Styles 
terminal. — U Beautiful, unarmed herbs or shrubs with alternate leaves 
and branches, and small white or rose-colored flowers. May, Aug. 

* Shrubs 4-9 f. high.... a 

* Herbs with the leaves once or thrice pinnate 7 

a Stipules present 1, 2 

a Stipules none. Leaves simple and undivided. . . ,b 

9* 



202 



THE FLORA. 



b Flowers in panicles. Leaves lance-ovate 3, 4 

b Flowers in corymbs or little umbels. Leaves oval or ovate, . . .5, 6 

1 S. opulifc/lia. Kine-harTc. Leaves simple, 3-lobed. Corymbs umbellate. N. 

2 S. sorbifo'lia. Sorb-leaved M. Leaves odd-pinnate. Flowers in panicles. 

* 3 S. tomento'sa. Hard-hack. Lvs. with a rusty white dense wool beneath. 
4 S. salicifo'lia. Willow-leaved. Lvs. nearly smooth. Shrub 3 or 4f. high. 

5 S. corymbo / sa. Corymb very. large, terminal, flat-topped. Height l-2f. S. 

6 S. hypericefc/lia. St. Peters Wreath. Little umbels many, lateral. Cultivated. 

7 Leaves once-pinnate. Inflorescence terminal, on a long stalk 8, 9, 10 

7 S. Arnn'cus. Goafs Beard. Lvs. thrice-pinnate. Fls. in slender spikes. M. 

8 S. loba'ta. Queen of the Prairie. Flowers purple. Side leaflets 3-lobed. W. 

9 S. filipen'dula. Dropwort. Fls. white. Lfts. pinnatifid- serrate. Gardens. 

10 S. Ulma'ria. Meadow-sweet. Flowers white. Lfts. doubly-serrate. Gardens. 



Order LII. O^AGRA'CE^]. Evening Primrose^. 

Herls with alternate or opposite leaves; and with the parts of the 
flowers generally in 4's, sometimes in 3's, 2's, or l's ; with the 
sepals united below into a tube, valvate in the bud ; the 
petals and stamens inserted into the throat of the calyx; \ 
ovary coherent with the tube of the calyx ; becoming in the 
fruit a 2-4-cellecl capsule or berry with many seeds. 

l 




45S 



Fig. 458. Flower of CEnothera fruticosa. 9. Plan of the flower. Fig. 460. Section of the 
4-celled capsule of (E. biennis. 1. Hippuris vulgaris. 2. Its flower, with 1 stamen, J ovary, 
2 style. 3. Vertical section of its 1-seeded fruit. 4. Circsea Lutetiana. 5. The flower en- 
larged. 6. Plan of the flower. 7. Vertical section of the 2-celled and 2-se«ded fruit 



Analysis of the Genera, 

Flowers 4 or 5-parted (that is, with 4 or 5 petals, sepals, &c.) 2 

Flowers 3-parted, i. e., with 3 sepals, 3 stamens, &c. (no petals) g 



Order 52.— EVENING PRIMROSES. 203 



* Flowers 2-parted, with 2 sepals,. 2 petals, cfec f 

* Flowers 1-parted, with 1 stamen, 1 pistil, 1 seed (no petal) h 

2 Flowers perfect (that is, having both stamens and pistils) 3 

2 Flowers monoecious (some with stamens, some with pistils). . . .e 
3 Stamens 8, twice as many as the sepals. . . .4 
3 Stamens 4, same number as the sepals. . . .d 

4 Calyx tube much prolonged above the ovary 5 

4 Calyx tube not prolonged above the ovary a 

• 5 Garden- exotics, with showy purple flowers. . . .c 

5 Wild, native herbs, rarely cultivated b' 

a Seed comous with a tuft of silky hairs. Fls. purplish. Willow Hero*. Epilo'bium. 1 
a Seed not comous, cfec. Fls. large, yellow. Southern. Yellow Jessie. Jussle'a. 
b Petals equal, not clawed, yellow. Pods co-seeded. 

Evening Primrose. (Enothe'ra. 2 

b Petals hardly equal, clawed, red. Pods 1-4-seeded. Gaura. Gaura. 

c Herbs from California. Calyx tube short. Petals clawed. OlarJcia. Clap/kia. 

c Shrubs from Chili. Cal. tube long, enlarged. Fls. hanging. Ear-drop. Fuchsia. 

d Petals yellow, sometimes minute or 0. Lvs. entire. Seed Box. Ludwig'la 

e Petals greenish or none. Leaves many-cleft. Water-plants. 

Water Milfoil. Myeiophyi/lum. 
f Delicate herbs with small, pale flowers. Enchanter 1 s Nightshade. Circ^/a. 3 
g Small herbs in, wet places, with pinnatifid lvs. Mermaid Weed. PpvOserpina'ca. 
h In water, rare. Leaves linear, whorled. Mare's Tail. Hippu'ris. 

1. EPILO'BIUM. Willow-herb. 

Calyx tube not prolonged above the ovary. Limb deeply 4-parted, de- 
ciduous. Petals 4. Stamens 8. Stigma often with 4 spreading lobes. 
Ovary and capsule linear, 4-cornered, 4-celled, 4-valved. Seeds crowned 
with a tuft of long hairs. — U Flowers purplish or white. 
E. angustifc/lium. Narrow-leaved Willoiv-liero. Rose-hay. A tall, showy herb (4- 
6f. high), common at the North. Leaves narrow-lanceolate, nearly entire, with 
a vein running along the margin. Flowers large, all parts pale purple or white, 
in a long, terminal spike. Style and stamens declined. Stigma with 4 long 
lobes. July, Aug. Our four other species, with small flowers, and a club- 
shaped, undivided pistil, we omit. 
p 
2, (EXOTHE'EA. Evening Primrose. 

Calyx tube prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous: segments 4, re- 
flexed.* Petals 4, equal, obcordate or obovate, inserted into the top of the 
calyx tube. Stamens 8. Capsule 4-celled, 4-valved. Stigma 4-lobed. 
Seeds not tufted.— Herbs with alternate leaves, and yellow flowers (in all 
the following species). May, Aug. 



204 



THE FLORA. 



§ Flowers opening by night. Pods rounded at the corners, sessile 1, 2 

§ Flowers opening by day. Pods, club-shaped, sharply 4-cornered a 

a Steins erect, 1-3 feet high. Flowers large (1-2 7 across). . . .3 

a Stems half-erect, 6-16' long. Flowers small (5-8" across) 6, 7 

. 1- CE. bien'nis. Lvs. slightly toothed. Pods oblong. Fls. 1/ or more wide. 
2 CE. sinua'ta. Leaves sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid. Flowers \' wide. S. 

3 Pods scarcely winged on the 4 sharp angles. Leaves narrow 4, 5 

3 CE. frutico'sa. Pods with the 4 angles distinctly winged. Leaves lanceolate. 

4 CE. ripa'ria. Leaves linear-lanceolate. Flowers finally racenaed. S. M. 

5 CE. linea'ris. Leaves linear. Flowers on the ends of the branches. S. M. 

6 CE. pum'ila. Flowers straw-yellow. Pods almost sessile. Common. N*..M. 

7 (E. chrysan'tha. Fls. orange-yellow. Pods distinctly stalked. Pare. N.-W. 

3. CIRC^E'A. Enchanter's Nightshade. 

Calyx tube a little prolonged above the ovary, lobes 2. Petals 2, ob- 
cordate. Stamens 2, opposite the sepals. Fruit reflexed, inversely egg- 
shaped, with hooked hairs, 2-celled, 2-seeded. — U Small, tender herbs, 
with opposite leaves and terminal racemes of small, reddish-white flowers. 

C. Lutetia'na. (See the figure.) Stem l-2f. high, sparingly branched, pubescent. 
Leaves dark green, ovate, subcordate, acuminate, coarsely toothed. Pedicels 
without bracts, bent down after flowering. Fruit clothed with bristly hooks. 
June, July. 

0. alpi'na. Stem 5-10' high, very smooth. Leaves pale green, broad cordate, thin, 
slightly dentate. Common in rocky woods at the Kor^h. July. 



Order LY.— GROSSULA(L£. Currants. 



Small shrubs, often prickly, with alternate, 

lobed, plaited leaves; 
flowers in axillary racemes, regular, 4. or 5- 

parted, small; 
petals inserted into the throat of the calyx, 

small, distinct, and the 
fruit a 1-cei L many-seeded, 2-carpeled berry. 




46S 

Fig. 463. A flower of the Red Currant cut open; o, the ovary and ovules; st, the style; 
c, the calyx tute; p, the petals; s, the stamens. Fig. 469. A berry cut open, showing the two 
placentae and seeds. Fig. 470. A seed cut o- n, showing the little embryo. 



Order 60.—THE HOUSELEEKS. 



205 




EI'BES. Currants and Gooseberries. 

The character of the genus is about the same as of the 
Order. 

§ Currants. Stems "without prickles or thorns a 

§ Gooseberries. Stems armed with prickles or spines c 

a Leaves rolled in the hud (convolute). Fls. bright yel. . . .1 
a Lvs. plaited (plicate) in the bud. Fls. not yellow. . . .b 
b Fruit hairy.... 2, 3 

b Fruit smooth 4-6. 

c Fruit hispid 7, 8 

c Fruit smooth d 

d Stalks of the flower or fruit long. . . .11, 12 

d Stalks very short 9, 10 

1 R. au'reum. Missouri Currant. Shrub 6-8f., with smooth, 
3-lobed leaves (Fig. 471). W. t 

2 R. sanguin'eum. Oregon C. Flowers bright red, showy. 

Leaves 3-5-lobed. f 

3 R. prostra'tum. Skunk C. Fls. striped with red. Lvs. 5-7-lobed. Mts. N. M. 

4 R. ru'brum. Common Red C. Leaves not dotted, downy beneath. Berries glob- 

ular, red or white, in pendulous racemes as well as the fls. (Figs. 243, 261.) 

5 R. flor'idum. Flowering C. Leaves yellow-dotted. Berries obovate, black. 

6 R. nigrum. Black C. Leaves yellow-dotted. Berries roundish, black. Petiole 

shorter than the blade. Racemes loo^e, partly nodding, Gardens. 

7 R. Cynos'bati. Prickly Gooseberry. Racemes 2 or 3-uowered. Styles united. 

(Fig. 281.) 

8 R. lacus'tre. Swamp G. Racemes 5-8-flowered. Style 2-cleft. Berry small. 

9 R. hirtil'lum. Smoothish G. Stems not prickly. Calyx tube bell-shaped. North. 

10 R. oxycanthoi'des. Hawthorn G. Stems very prickly. Calyx tube cylindric. 

North. 

11 R. rotundifo'lium. Hound-leaved G. Calyx cylindric. Stalk 1-3-flowered. 

12 R. Uva Cais'pa. Garden G. Calyx bell-shaped. Stalk hairy, 1-flowered. t 



Fig. 471. Missouri 
Currant, — flower di- 
vided. 



Order LX. CRASSULACEJE. The Houseleeks. 

Thick, juicy plants, with simple, mostly entire leaves ; with 

flowers perfectly symmetrical and regular ; the 

petals, sepals, and pistils being of the same number (3-20) ; and the 

stamens either the same or twice as many ; the 

follicles (as many as the ovaries) distinct or somewhat united. 



206 



THE FLORA. 



Analysis of the Genera. 

§ Pistils (follicles) entirely distinct and separate 2 

§ Pistils 4 or 5, united into a 4 or 5-celled capsule. . . .4 

2 Stamens twice as many as the pistils, petals, or sepals. . . .3 

2 Stamens as many (3 or 4) as the pistils, <fcc. Herb l-3 / high. r. Teliae 'a. 
3 Flowers 5 (rarely 4)-parted. Stamens 10 or 8. Stone- crop. Sb'duk. 

3 Flowers 12 (or 6-20)- parted. Stamens 12-40. . Houseleek. Semper vi'vra. 

4 Herb 2-4' high, fleshy, with 4-parted flowers. S. Deutor'pha. 

4 n Herb 10-16' high, not fleshy, with 5-parted flowers, c. Pentho'etm:. 






Fig. 472. A flowering branch of Seduni acre. Fig. 473. A flower of S. acre, 
natural size. Fig. 474. A flower (12-parted, symmetrical, regular) of Semper- 
vivum (Houseleek). 

1. SE'DUM. Stone-crop. Orpine. 

Sepals and petals 5, sometimes 4, distinct. Stamens 10 or 
8. Pods 5, sometimes 4, distinct, many-seeded, with an 
entire scale at the base of each. — Mostly U herbs, with 
5-parted flowers in cymes, or in one-sided clusters. 

1 Flowers white, or purplish, or rose-colored 2 

1 S. a'cre. Irish Moss. Fls. yellow. Plant in low tufts. Gardens. 

2 Leaves scattered, 1-3' long 3-5. (Figs. 472. 473.) 

2 S. terna'tum. Stone-crop. Leaves in whorls of 3's. Flowers 
white, in a 3-spiked cyme. 

3 S. telephioi'des. False O. Leaves lanceolate or obovate, nearly entire. M. S. 

4 S. Tele'phium. Common O. Leaves oval, serrate, obtuse. Flowers purplish. 

5 S. pulchel'lum. Handsome O. Lvs. linear. Fls. in an umbel of spikes, purp. S. 




Order LXI. SAXIFRAGACE.E. Saxifrages. 

Herbs or shrubs with tiiQ pistils fewer than the sepals of the flower : 
the petals as many as the calyx sepals (4 or 5), and together with the 



Order 61.— SAXIFRAGES. 



207 



5-10 stamens inserted on the calyx; the 

style* 2, distinct, with their 

2 ovaries more or less united below, and 

either free -or adhering to calyx; 
pods capsular, many-seeded; 
embryo slender, in albumen. 



-Av 





// 
475 476 

Fig. 475, Section of flower of Early Saxifrage 
(Class Book, page 371). Fig. 476. Ovary and pistils, 
cut across to show the two cells. Fig. 477. Mitella 
diphylla; 8, a flower, magnified; 9, the fruit pods 
open, showing the black seeds. Fig. 4S0. Cross-sec- 
tion of the ovary; 1, seed cut open, showing the long 
embryo. 

Analysis of the Genera. 

% Herbs. Petals imbricated in the bud a 

§ Shrubs. Petals valvate or convolute (twisted) in bud 

a Flowers with 10 stamens b 

• a Flowers with 5 stamens d 

b Petals 4-6, usually 5, entire c 

b Petals 5, all pinnatifid. Stamens 10. 




Mitrewort. Mitei/la. 1 



b Petals 0. Low, prostrate, in wet places. Water Carpet. Chrysosple'niu:^:. 

c Pods 2-celled. Leaves simple, mostly radical. Saxifrage. Saxif'raga. 



c Pods 2-celled. 
c Pods 1-celled. 



Leaves bi-ternately compound, cauline. S. Astii/be. 

Leaves palmately lobed. False Mitrewort. Tiarei/la. 



W. 

M. W. 



d Styles 2, pod 2-cellcd. Scape reclined, 8-12 / long. 
d Styles 2, pod 1-celled. Scape erect, a foot or more. 
d Styles 3, pod 1-celled. Herb in tufts V high. S. 

e Leaves opposite, simple f 

e Leaves alternate. Shrub 4-8f. erect. Kacemes white 
f Shrub climbing trees, &c. Flowers white, fragrant. S. 
f Shrubs erect. Cymes not radiate — all the flowers perfect. 
f Shrubs erect. Cymes radiate. Stamens 8-10. 

1. MITEL'LA. Mitrewort. 



StJLLIVAN'tIA. 

Heu / chera. 
Leptjropet'alon. 



M. S 



Ite'a. 

Decuha'ria. 

Philadei/piius. 

Hydrangea. 



Calyx 5-cleft, bell-shaped. Petals 5, pinnatifid with linear divisions, 



208 



THE FLORA. 



inserted on the throat of the calyx. Stamens 5 or 10, included. Styles 
:ry short Capsule short, 2-beaked, 1-celled, 2-valve<L — U Small, 
slender h~ 'h roundish, lobed, and cordate leaves, mostly from the 

root. Flowers small, in a slender raceme. U. 

1 :•: i:^; ;a S :;.;: i l-j-i'. ' i:U*h. -^i:;-_ l ::::?::•: '.ri":5 n^r'-v Srssi'.r. sni msnv 

white flowers above with cnrionsly cleft petals. J/izy, «/««£. (See Fig. 477.) 

2 M. nn 'da. Scape leafless, thread-like, 5-7' high, few-flowered. May, Junk. 

\ :r:n :i: "esse. 



2. TIAEEL LA. False Mitrewort Gem-fruit 



Petals 5, entire, the claws in- 
serted on the calyx." Stamens 
10, exsertecL Styles 2. 
sule 1 -celled, 2-valved, 1 valve 
much larger. — U Us, white. 

7 :rdifo / Ka. Scape about 10 7 

Li.-":. i:-r::::;r.- :r-:::;' :% ^;.f. 
the flowers white in all their 
parts, forming a cylindrical ra- 
ceme. In rocky woods, with 
the Mitrewort, very common at 
the North. May, June. 



3. philadelpe: - -, 

Syringa. 



False 



he-rent to the ovary, persistent. 
Corolla 4-5-petaled. Styles 4, 
more or less united. Stamens 
20-40, shorter than the petals. 

Ae 4-celled, 4-valved, 
many-seeded. — Handsome 

ring shrubs, with opposite 
:Js convolute in 
the bad* 




Fig. 4S2. "Badiant" panicle of Osk-leared Hydran- 
gea; the larger flowers neutral. 



Order 63.— THE UMBELWORTS. 209 



P. grandifte'rus. Large-flowered Syringa. A very showy shrub, Gf. high. Leaves 
ovate, acuminate, 8- veined. Stigmas 4, styles united into 1. Flowers large, in 
umbels of 2-7, white nearly inodorous. Cultivated, but wild at the South. June. 

P. corona 'rius. Moch Orange. Stems 5-8f. high. Leaves oval and ovate, short- 
pointed, feather- veined. Styles and stigmas 4, distinct. Flowers numerous, 
white, handsome, very fragrant. Cultivated. June. 

4. HYDRANGEA. Hydrangea. 

Flowers in cymes, the marginal ones generally barren, with the sepals 
much enlarged (that is, the cymes are radiant). The fertile flowers are 
small, calyx about 4-toothed, petals 4, stamens 8 or 10 ; capsule 2-beaked, 

many-seeded. ... . 

■ 

1 H. arbores'cens. Big Wild H. Leaves ovate, obtuse or cordate at base, nearly 

smooth. Cymes flat. Shrub 4 to 6 feet high. M. W. Cultivated. 

2 H. quercifo'lia. Oak-leaved H. Leaves deeply sinnate-lobed. Cymes in the form 

of a panicle. South. Cultivated. (See Fig. 482.) 

3 H. radia'ta. Silver-leaved H. Leaves ovate, clothed with a silvery-white down 

beneath. Cymes flat. Shrub 6-8f. high. S. + 

4 H. horten/sis. Changeable H. Leaves elliptical, narrowed at each end, smooth. 

Cymes mostly all barren, changing from green to white, pink, blue, &c. 



Order LXIII. UMBELLIFERJE. The TJmbelworts. 

Herbs with hollow, furrowed stems, simple or compound leaves ; 
no stipules, but with a broad sheathing base to the petioles ; 
the small flowers in umbels, and the calyx wholly adherent to the ovary ; 
the petals and stamens 5, standing on the top of the ovary ; 
the styles 2, and the fruit dry, its 2 carjjels seed-like and separating, 
marked outside by ribs and furrows running lengthwise. 

Analysis of the* Genera. 

* Plants growing wild, some of them cultivated for the eatable root 2 

* Plants never wild, but cultivated for their fruit, &c q 

2 Flowers white, rarely rose-colored or cream-colored 3 

2 Flowers yellow, or (in one instance) dark purple 4 

3 Umbels simple, leaves simple. Little creeping wet plants. . . .a 

3 Umbels regularly compound, the flowers not sessile c 

3 Umbels irregular, flowers in crowded heads, sessile b 

4 Fruit decidedly flattened on the back p 

4 Fruit flattened on the sides or not at all. . . .o 



210 THE FLORA. 



a Fruit flattened. Leaves roundish. Pennywort. Hydro#o'tyle. 

a Fruit globular. Lvs. linear. Fls. pedicelled. Height 1-2 7 . r. Cbaut'zia. 
b Fruit clothed with hooked prickles. Heads small, 2-4. c. Sanicle. Sanic'ela. 1 
b Fruit clothed with scales. Heads often near V thick. W. S. c. Eryn'giem. 

c Umbels not radiate (§ 255, a, outer flowers not larger than the rest) d 

c Umb.rad., very large. Huge herbs, 4-8f. high, c. Cow Parsnip. Herac'eeoi. 
d Leaves simple linear petioles without blades. S. Tiedmak'nia.. 

d, Leaves only once divided, pinnately or temately e 

d Leaves twice or thrice compounded g 

e Fruit flattened or contracted, more or less, on the sides f 

e Fruit much flattened on the back. M. S. Archemore. Archemo'ea. 

f Leaflets 8, ovate, doubly serrate. Stem l-2f. high. Honewort. Cryptotje'nia. 2 
f Leaflets 3, long, linear, grass-like. Eare. S. Mrveleaf. jSTeerophyl'lem. 

f Leaflets 5-11, lanceolate or lance-linear. 2-6f. Water Parsnip. Si / um. 

f Leaflets 5-9, oblong. Stem procumbent. S. Marsh Umbel. Helosciad'ium. 

g Bracts of the involucre (not involucel) entire h 

g Bracts of the involucre cleft and divided k 

g Bracts of the involucre none or almost none m 

h Fruits bristly, club-shaped, few. Stem l-2f. high. Cicely. Ossioehi'za. 3 

h Fruits smooth, flattened on^he sides, ribs wavy. Poison Hemlock. Coine'em. 4 
h Fruits smooth, flattened on the back, ribs winged, straight, r. Coniosele'nem. 
h Fruit smooth, terete, not flattened, ribs straight. Lovage. Liges'ticem. 

k Fruits bristly, short, numerous. Often cultivated. Carrot. Dae'ces. 

k Fruits smooth. Stems and leaflets thread-like. Eare. Discopeee'ra. 

k Fruits smooth. Stem 3-6' erect, bulbous. "W". Pejyper-and-Salt. Erigexi'a. 5 
m Fruit flattened on the back. Stems large, c. Angelica. Archaxgel'eoa. 

m Fruit flattened on the sides n « 

in Fruit terete, not flattened. Poison. N. Eare. Fool's Parsley. ^Ethu'sa. 

n Calyx 5-toothed. Stems diffuse, slender. W. Chervil. Ch.erophye'eem. 

n Cal. 5-toothed. Umbels stalked. Sts. erect, very slender. S. Leptocae'lis. 

n Calyx teeth none, fruit strongly ribbed. Poison. Water Hemlock. Cicu'ta. 6 

n Calyx teeth none, fruit scarcely ribbed. "W*. Eare. Crest Umbel. Ee'lophes. 
o Involucels leafy. Leaves perfoliate, simple, entire. Modesty. Beplee'rum. 

o Involucels minute. Seed with 5 winged ribs. Golden Alexanders. Thas'piem. 7 
o Involucels minute. Seed with 5 ribs not winged. Alexanders. Ziz'ia. 8 

p Involucels minute. Fruit corky. Leaves bi-pinnatifid. Polyt^/:xia. 

P Involucels none. Fruit thin. Leaves pirfnate. Parsnip. Pastena/ca. 

q Flowers white. Involucre or of 1 entire bract. . . .r 

q Flowers white. Involucre of a few cleft bracts. Parsley. Peteoseei'xum. 

q Flowers yellow. Leaf segments very narrow and many. Fennel. Fogxic'ueem. 

r'Umbellets radiate. Fruit round. Lys. finely cut. Coriander. Coriax'drem. 

r Umbcllets not radiate (the flowers all similar) s 

s Fruit, flattened on the sides, roundish. Lf. segm. wedge-form. Celery. A'piem. 
s Fruit flattened on the sides, oval. Leaf segments linear. Caraway. Ca'eeh. 
s Fruit egg-shaped, not flattened. Leaf segments linear. Anise. Pikpekbi/la. 



Ordeu 67.— THE UMBELWORTS. 



211 




Fig. 4S3. Golden Alexanders, with its compound, naked umbel, &c. 4. A flower enlarged. 
5. The fruit with its thread-shaped ribs and two persistent styles. 6. Cross-section, showing the 
two carpels with the oil-tubes and flat inner face. 7. Umbel of Sweet Cicely, in fruit. 8. A 
Cower enlarged. 9. The fruit with the two carpels separating from the base and supported by a 
two-cleft stalk. Fig. 490. Summit of the fruit of Bitter Cicely. 1. Fruit of Poison Hemlock, 
with the undulate-crenulate ribs. 2. Cross-section, showing the grooved inner faceand involute 
albumen. 3. Eadiate flower of Coriandrum. 4. Vertical section of the globose fruit, showing 
the minute embryo. 

1. SAXIC'ULA. Sanicle. 



Flowers polygamous. Calyx teeth leafy, tube bristly. Petals obovate, 
erect, with the point inflected. Fruit roundish, armed with hooked 
prickles. Carpels without ribs. — u Plants l-2f. high. Umbel with a few 
capitate umbellets. Involucre of few cleft bracts, involucel of several, 
entire. June-Aug. 

1 S. Marylan'dica. Long-styled S. Sterile flowers many, pedicellate ; fertile flowers 

sessile. Styles slender, conspicuous, recurved. Leaves 5-7 -parted. Common. 

2 S. Canadensis. Short-styled S. Sterile flowers few, much shorter than the fertile. 

Styles shorter than the prickles. Leaves 5-parted, upper 3-parted. Umbels 
(or heads) small. Woods. Common. 



212 THE FLORA. 



2. CRYPTOT'JENIA. Hone-wort. 

Calyx teeth obsolete. Petals with an inflexed point. Fruit linear-ob- 
long or ovate-oblong. Seeds with 5 obtuse ribs, contracted at the sides. 
— U A smooth herb with 3-parted leaves. Umbels compound, with very 
unequal rays, white flowers, no involucre, and few-leaved involucels. 

C. Canadensis. St. l-2f. high, erect. Leaflets large, the side ones often 2-parted 
or lobed. Common in moist woods. July. 

3. OSMORBXZA. Cicely. 

Calyx teeth obsolete. Fruit linear-oblong, club-shaped, tapering to the 
base, crowned with the conical styles ; carpels each with 5 equal, acute, 
bristly ribs, and a deep groove on the face. — u Leaves bi-ternately divid- 
ed, with the umbels opposite. Involucre few-leaved ; involucel 4-7- 
leaved. Flowers white. Fruit an inch in length. Height about 2f. 
May, June. (Figs. 244. 487-9.) 

O. longis'tylis. Sweet C. Styles thread-like, nearly as long as ovary. Plant downy. 

The root has an agreeable spicy flavor. 
O. brevis'tylis. Bitter C. Styles conical, 5 times shorter than ovary. Plant hairy. 

Less interesting than No. 1. (See Fig. 490.) 



4. COKPUH. Poison Hemlock. 

Calyx teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate, flattened on the sides, each carpel 
with 5 wavy-crenulate ribs on the back, and a deep narrow groove on the 
inner face. — © Herbs with large, decompound leaves, with very many 
leaflets. Involucre and involucels of 3-5 leaves, the latter one-sided. 
Flowers white. (Figs. 65, 491, 492.) 

0. macula'tum. Stem spotted with purple, glaucous, about 4f. high. Leaves bright 
green, leaflets* small, lanceolate, pinnatifid. Umbels terminal, the involucels 
with the inner half wanting. June, July. 



5. ERIGEXI'A. Pepper-and-salt. 

Calyx limb wanting. Petals flat, entire. Carpels (half-fruits), 3-ribbed, 
contracted on the face, forming together a fruit much broader than long. 
— U Pwoot tuberous. See Fig. 333. 



Order 63.— THE UMBELWORTS. 213 



E. bulbo'sa. A small, early-flowering herb, Western N. Y. to Mo. Stem arises 
from a roundish tuber deep in the ground. The root leaf is thrice ternate. The 
involucrate leaf twice ternate. The dark-brown stamens with the little white 
petals suggest its common name. 

6. CICU'TA. Water Hemlock. 

Calyx 5-toothed. Petals with the point inflected. Fruit* roundish, a 
little contracted on the sides so as to appear somewhat double. Seeds 
with 5, flattish, equal ribs, 2 of them on the margin. — % Poisonous herbs 
with compound leaves and perfect umbels of white flowers. Involucre 
few-leaved or 1. Involucels many-leaved. 

1 C. macula'ta. Spotted Water- Hemlock. Stem streaked with purple, 3-6f. high, 

smooth, striate, hollow. Lower leaves triternate and tripinnate, segments lan- 
ceolate, serrate. Umbels 2-4' broad. Fruit 10-ribbed^ Involucels of 5 or 6 
short, slender, acute bracts. Common in wet meadows. July, Aug. 

2 0. bulbi'fera. Narrow-leaved, Water- Hemlock. Stem green, striate, slender, with 

little bulblets in the axils of the branches. Leaves bi-ternately divided. Leaf- 
lets linear or lance-linear, 2-4/ long, with distant teeth. In wet meadows and 
swamps. Aug. 

7. THAS'PIUM. Alexanders. 

Calyx minutely 5-toothed. Fruit elliptical, roundish across, not flat- 
tened either way, seeds each with 5 winged ribs. — % Leaves divided. 
Involucre none, involucels few-leaved. The species resemble the Zizias 
except in their fruit. May, June. (Figs. 483-6.) 

1 Eoot leaves simple, cordate, stem leaves once-ternately divided 2 

1 T. barbino'de. Leaves bi- or tri-ternate, lfts. cut-serrate. St. hairy at joints. 

2 T. au'reum. Golden A. Fruit oval. Flowers yellow- Stem 2-3f. high. 

2 T. atropurpu'reum. Purple A. Fruit roundish. Flowers dark purple. Stem 2-3f. 
high. S. M. 

8. ZIZTA. Alexanders. 

Calyx minutely 5-toothed. Fruit oval or ovate, flattened at the sides 
so as to appear somewhat double. Seeds each with 5 ribs which are not 
winged, but thread-like. — U Smooth, with divided leaves and yellow 
flowers. Umbels compound, with no involucre or involucels. 

Z. integer'rima. Entire-leaved A. Root and stem leaves bi- and tri-ternate, leaflets 
entire. Plant' l-2f. high, in rocky woods. May- July. 



214 



THE FLORA. 



Order LXY. CORNACEJE. Cornels. 

Trees and shrubs, seldom herbs, with sim- 
ple, mostly opposite leaves ; with 

-flowers 4-parted, arranged in cymes ; the 4 

petals valvate in the bud ; and with the 4 

stamens standing on the top of the 2- 
celled 

ovary, which is adherent to the calyx- 
tube ; styles united ; 

fruit a 1 or 2-seeded drupe. 

Fig. 495. Low Cornel ; ft, the 4-leaved involucre 
surrounding the head of flowers. 

Analysis of the Genera. 

% Flowers perfect, 4-parted. Petals 4. Drupe 2-celled. 
§ Mowers imperfect, 5-parted. Petals often 0. Drupe 




Cornell. Coknus. 1 
1-celled. Trees 



with small, green flowers in side clusters. Fruit plum-like. Tupelo. Nyssa. 



CORPUS. Cornel. Dogwood. 

Trees, shrubs, or perennial herbs. Flowers in cymes. 
and stamens each 4, with a double pistil. 



Sepals, petals, 



C. Canadensis. Low Cornel. A small herb, with a creeping, woody root-stock 
sending up annually its stems 4-6 / high. Some stems bear only 4 whorled 
leaves, others bear 6 leaves at top and an umbellate cyme of small white flowers 
supported by a large, white, 4-leaved involucre. The whole resembles a single 
white flower. May, June. (Fig. 495.) 

Cnor'ida. Flowering Dogwood. A small tree, 20-30f. high, with opposite, ovate, 
pointed, entire leaves. The cyme of small greenish flowers is supported by a 
very large, white, 4-leaved involucre in May. 

Six other species, without involucres, grow in the country. 



Order 06.— HONEYSUCKLES. 215 



COHORT II. 

THE GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS. 

Essential Character. — Flowering plants (Phjenogamia) 
with their stems growing b) r additions to the outside in lay- 
ers (Exogens), their seeds inclosed in a seed-vessel or pericarp 
(AxGtosPEEMs), their flowers with a double perianth and 
their petals united (Monopetalje). 

' Order LXVI. CAPMFOLIACEJE. Honeysuckles. 

Shrubs and herbs, often twining, with opposite leaves ; with 

flowers clustered and often fragrant, 5-parted and often irregular; 

corolla monopetalous, tubular or rotate ; 

stamens on the tube of the corolla, often one less than its lobes ; 

ovary adherent to the calyx ; style 1 ; fruit a berry, drupe, or capsule ; 

embryo small, in fleshy albumen. 

Analysis of the Genera. 

1 Corolla tubular. Stigma capitate, on a slender style 2 

1 Corolla rotate, deeply 5-lobed. Stigmas 3, rarely 5, sessile. Shrubs c 

2 Herbs a 

2 Shrubs b 

a Stamens 4, capsule 3-celled. A trailing evergreen. Twin-flower. Lixn^e'a. 1 

a Sta. 5, drupe bony, 3-5-celled. Erect, unbranched. Fever-root. Trios'teum. 

b Cor. bell-shaped, reg'r. Berry glob., 4- celled, 2-seeded. Symphorioar'pus. 2 

b Cor. tubular, lobes unequal. Berry 2-3-celled, few seeded, c. Lonice'ra. 3 

b Corolla funnel-shaped. Capsule 2-celled, many- seeded, c. Dieryii/la. 4 

c Leaves pinnate. Berry globose, pulpy, 3-seeded. Elder. Sambu'cus. 5 

c Leaves simple. Drupe flattish, 1-seeded. Handsome shrubs. Viburnum. 

1. LUSTK^A. Twin-flower. 
Calyx tube ovate, limb 5-parted, deciduous, with 2 bractlets at base. 
Corolla bell-shaped, limb a little irregular, 5-lobed. Stamens 4, 2 longer 
than the other 2. Capsule 3-celled, but only 1-seeded, 2 of the cells being 
empty. — A trailing evergreen herb, dedicated to Linnaeus, the first and 
greatest of botanists. 



216 



THE FLORA. 



L. borea'lis. The only species, a fine little plant, found in moist woods in cool cli- 
mates. It has long, thread-like, creeping stems, rooting at the joints, the up- 
right branches about 3 7 high. Leaves small, roundish. Flowers in pairs, rose- 
colored, nodding, at the top of the slender stalk. June. 

2. SYMPHOEIOAETUS. Snow-berry. 

Calyx tube globose, limb 4-5-toothed. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-5-lobed, 
regular. Stamens 4-5, short. Fruit a globose berry, 4-celled but only 
2-seeded, 2 cells being empty. — Small erect shrubs -with oval, entire leaves, 
rose-white flowers in short clusters. 

* Stamens and style included (i. e., not longer than the corolla) 1, 2 

* Stamens and bearded style exserted (extending out of the corolla) 3 

1 S. racemo'sus. Cult. Fls. in loose, leafy racemes. Berries snow-white, large. 

2 S. occidentals. Wolf-berry. Fls. in dense, nockling spikes. Berries white. N.-W. 

3 S. vulga'ris. Coral-berry. Fls. in axillary heads. Berries red. M. S. W. 



3. LOXICE'EA. Honeysuckle. 

Calyx tube globular, limb 5-toothed, 
very short. Corolla tubular or funnel-form, 
limb 5-cleft, irregular or almost regular. 
Stamens 5. Ovary 2 or 3-celled. Berry 
few-seeded. — Climbing or erect shrubs, 
with opposite and often connate leaves 
(that is. their bases growing together 
around the stem), entire on the margins. 

§ Stem climbing, flowers sessile, whorled (in 

pairs in one species) a 

§ Stem mostly erect, leaves never connate, 

flowers in pairs 2 

a Upper pair or pairs of leaves united (con- 
nate) at base b 

a Leaves all distinct, corolla ringent, (In 

gardens only.) 7, 3 

b Corolla tube gibbous (swelled out on one side) 

at base, limb ringent 5, 6 

b Corolla tube equal and slender (not gibbous) 

at the base 1 

1 Corolla ringent, lower lip linear, upper 4-lobed 2-4 

1 L. sempervi'rens. Trumpet H. Cor. trumpet-shaped, nearly regular, scarlet. 




Fig. 496. Trumpet Honeysuckle. 
Flowers and the connate leaves. 



Ordek 71.— HONEYSUCKLES. 217 



2 L. flava. Wild-yellow II. Flowers in a terminal, 2 (or more)-whor'ed spike, pale 

yellow. Leaves glaucous. W. S. 

3 L. grata. Wild-sweet II. Fls. in terminal and axillary whorls, reddish white. 

4 L. Caprifo'lium. Italian II. Fls. in a single, terminal whorl, red, yel., and white. 

5 L. parviflo'ra. SmaU-fl. H. Leaves oblong, smooth and glaucous beneath. 

Flowers V long, yellowish and purplish, or crimson. 

6 L. hirsu'ta. Hairy H. Leaves broad-oval, hairy and downy, green (not 

glaucous). Flowers sulphur-yellow. N. 

7 L. Fericlym'enuni. Woodbine H. Fls. whorled, capitate, red and yellow, sweet- 

scented. Leaves deciduous. Berries red. f 

8 L. Japon'icum. Japan II. Flowers in pairs, axillary, sweet-scented, deeply 

two-lipped, reddisli. Leaves evergreen, f 
9 Corolla gibbous at base, lobes more or less irregular. Wild. . . .10-12 
9 L. Tartar'icum. Tartarian H, Corolla scarcely gibbous, lobes spreading, 

equal, rose-color, handsome. Leaves cordate, obtuse. . t 

10 L. cilia'ta. Fly H. Corolla lobes short, erect, nearly equal. Berries red. 

11 L. oblongifo'lia. Swamp Fly E. Corolla deeply ringent. Pedicels long. Berries 

double, purple. Shrub 3-4f. high, swamps. N. 

12 L. cceru'lea. Blueberried H. Corolla lobes short, subequal, yellow. Pedicels 

. very short. Berries double, blue. N. 

4. DIEPvVIL'LA. Bush Honeysuckle. 

Calyx tube oblong, limb 5-cleft. Corolla twice as long, limb 5-cleft and 
nearly regular. Stamens 5. Capsular fruit 2-celled, many-seeded. — 
Small erect shrubs with opposite leaves and axillary flowers. 

D. trif'ida. Stem about 2f. high, branching. Leaves ovate, serrate* ending in a 
long, narrow point. Peduncles 1-3-flowered, the ovaries slender, about half as 
long as the greenish-yellow corolla. Hedges and woods. June. 

5. SAMBU'CUS. Elder. 

Calyx small, 5 -parted. Corolla regular, rotate, 5-cleft into obtuse lobes. 
Stamens 5. Stigmas sessile. Berry globose, pulpy, 3-seeded. — Shrubs 
(5-6f. high) or perennial herbs with pinnate or bi-pinnate leaves. Flowers 
(white) in cymes. 

S. Canadensis. Sweet E. Leaflets 7-11. Cymes flat. Berries dark-purple. Jane. 
S. pu'bens. Red E. Leaflets 5-7. Cymes oblong, panicled. Berries red. May. 

10 



218 



THE FLORA. 



Order LXVII. RUBIACE.E. The Madderworts. 

Plants with opposite, sometimes whorled. entire haves ; the 
stipules between the petioles : the calyx adherent to the ovary; 
corolla regular, inserted on the calyx tube: 

ens inserted on the corolla and as many as its lobes : 
ies 2, united : with the 2 styles more or less united. 



Analysis of the Genera. 

§ Leaves whprled. Herbs with square stems a 

§ Leaves opposite, with small stipules between the petioles 

2 Herbs, with the flowers habitually 4-parted 3 

2 Shrubs or trees d 

3 Fls. twin always in pairs) b 

3 Flowers single (not twin) c 

a Flowers 5-parted. Fruit twin, 

fleshy, berry-like. Madder. Er'BiA. 
a Flowers 4-parted. Fruit twin, dry, 

separable nuts. Bedstraw. Ga'uum. 
b Two fls. on one ovary. Creeping 

—■:..- ' : ;':•-;•;;/>. XLitchel'la. 1 
jls 2, 1 -seeded, both never open- 
ing. Ms. axillary, solitary. Dio'dia. 
c Carp. 2, 1-seeded, one never opening. 
Fls. axillary, clustered. Sfermacc 
rpela 2. few-seeded. Corolla 
much exserted. Bluet*. Housto'nia 

.any-seeded. Cor. scarce 
exserted. Greenhead. Oldknxan'dia. 
d Flowers 4r-parted, in globular 

hds. Button-hush. Cephal^n : 
d Fls. 5-parted, cymes radiant 

:h scarlet sepals. S. Pincexe ta. 

1. MITCHEL'LA. Partridge-berry. 

Flowers 2 on each double ovary. Oa- 

f.rted. Corolla funnel-shaped, 




lens 4^ short, insert- 

;l the corolla. Stigmas 4. Berries 

sod of the 2 united ovaries. Jn. 



Fig. hella repens, whole 

plant, with flowers and fruit a, cross- 
section of the double fruit, showing the 

two ovaries, 



Order 70.— ASTERWORTS. 219 



M, re'pens. Common in woods. Leaves round-ovate. Flowers white or pinkish. 
Berries red, remaining through the winter. 

2. HOUSTO'NIA. Bluets. 

Calyx tube round egg-shaped, 4-cleft, persistent. Corolla tubular, much 
exceeding the calyx, limb 4-lobed, spreading, filaments 4, on the corolla. 
Style 1. Capsule 2-lobed, half-free. — Herbs. Stipules connected to the 
petiole. Flowers never yellow. 

§ Corolla salver-form, glabrous. Peduncles 1 -flowered a 

§ Corolla funnel-form. Peduncles many-flowered, cymous b 

a Flowers terminal. Small, delicate herbs 1, 2 

a Flowers axillary. Small, delicate herbs 3, 4 

b Leaves lance-ovate. Cymes terminal 5 

b Leaves lance-linear. Cymes terminal 6, 7. 

1 H. coeru'lea. Dwarf Pirik. Stems very numerous, upright, 3-6'. Root leaves 

ovate-spatulate/ Flowers pale blue. May, June. 

2 H.serpyllifo^a. Thyme-leaved B. Stems thread-form, decumbent, 6-12 / . Leaves 

round-ovate, petiolate, fringed. Flowers on long stalks, pale., S. 

3 H. minima. Tiny B. Leaves linear-spatulate. Stems 1-3'high. Prairies. 

4 H. rotundifo'lia. Round-leaved B. Lvs. roundish. Stems 2-5'. S. Mts. 

5 H. purpuVea. Prairie Innocence. Stems upright, much branched, If., with numer- 
ous clusters of roseate or white, very delicate flowers. W. S. 

6 H. longifo'lia. Long-leaved I. Stems 4-10', erect. Leaves oral- elliptic, 

narrowed to end. 

7 H. angustifo'lia. Narrow-leaved I. Stems l-2f. erect. Lvs. linear. Flowers 

numerous. W. S. 



Order LXX.— COMPOSITE. Asterworts. 

An immense family .of herbs or shrubby plants, with compound flowers, 
that is, the flowers {or florets) collected into close heads upon a common 
receptacle, and surrounded by an involucre of many bracts (called scales), 
with 5 stamens which have their anthers united into a tube around the 
style, with the calyx tube closely adhering to the 1-celled ovary (an ache- 
nium in fruit), and the calyx limb crowning the ovary in the form of a 
pappus consisting of scales, awns, bristles, or hairs, or else entirely want- 
ing; the corolla consisting of 5 united petals, either strap-shaped (ligulate) 
or tubular, and the style 2-cleft at the top. 

In this Order the pupil will remember that the heads are called radiate, 
when the outer florets only have rays or are ligulate (see Fig. 498) ; radi- 






THE FLORA. 



"hen all the florets are lignlate (Fig. 504) ; discoid, when all the florets 
are tabular, there being no rays (Fig. 509). The receptacle is the broad 
top of the stalk on which the florets sitjTig. 499). It is chaffy when there 
are scales or bracts growing among the florets, and naked when none. 

The tubular florets constitute the disk, and the lignlate, if any, the ray-; 
the disk is generally yelloic, while the ray is about as often cyanic (that is, 
blue, red, -vAite, or any color except yellow) as yellow. 




Fig -flower, — head radiate. 9. Vertical secition of the head, showing the scales of 

the involucre, and a single disk-flower remaining upon the convex receptacle. Fig. 500. A per- 
fect diik-fluwer magnified, showing the achenium, the 2 awns of the pappus^he 5-toothed tu- 
bular corolla, the 5 stamens united around the branched style, and the chaff-scale at base. 1. Head 
(radiate) of Solidago cassia, 2. A pistillate, lignlate flower of the ray. 3. A perfect disk-flower. 
- diant) head of Dandelion. 5. A perfect, lignlate flower. 6. Achenium, with its Ions. 
beak and feathery pappus. 7. A (radiant) head of Nabalus altissimu*. S. A flower. 9. Lappa 
(Bard ck), head discoid. 10. A flower. 11. One of the hooked scales. 12. A (discoid) head of- 
Eupatorium purpureum. 13. A flower. 14. Ambrosia (Pigweed). 15. Staminate head enlarged. 
16. Pistillat involucre enlarged. IT. The fertile flower. 



Order 70.— TUBULIFLOR.E. 221 



An a 1 i/s is 'of tli e Gen e ra. 



Sab-order First. TI'BULIFLORjE, 
having all the perfect flowers tubular (§ 95), the ligulate flowers, if any, imperfect. 

§ Heads of flowers radiate, with yellow rays 2 

§ Heads of flowers radiate, the rays not yellow 3 

§ Heads of flowers discoid (no rays). These genera, about 50 in number, such as 
the Tansy, Wormwood, I$oneset, Ironweed (Figs. 24S-25(fc), Everlasting, Burdock 
(Fig. 509), Thistle, Hogweed (Fig". 514). and even Bachelor* s-button, are all, for 
want of room, omitted. (See Class Book of Botany, p. 410, &c.) 

2 Leaves alternate or scattered on the leafy stems 4 

2 Leaves opposite or whorled on the stems, or all radical 6 

3 Leaves alternate or scattered on the leafy stem 7 

3 Leaves opposife or whorled on the leafy stem Xn . 

3 Leaves all radical and the flowers on a scape: . . .y 

4 Receptacle chatty (with bracts growing among the florets) 5 

4 Receptacle with deep, horny cells, like a honeycomb. . ..e 

4 Receptacle not chaffy, flat or merely convex a 

£ Receptacle not chaffy, conical or globular f 

5 Rays sterile, disk fertile. Receptacle conical or columnar. . . .g 

5 Rays sterile, disk fertile. Receptacle flattish. Fruit flattened on the sides h 

5 Rays fertile, disk sterile. Receptacle flat. Fruit flattened same way as scales k 

6 Receptacle chaffy. Rays sterile, disk fertile o 

6 Receptacle chatty. Rays fertile, disl^ sterile p 

6 Receptacle chatty. Rays fertile, disk perfect q 

6 Receptacle naked or destitute of chaffy scales m 

7 Receptacle not chaffy, mrked of scales 8 

7 Receptacle chatty with scales among the florets. Lvs. finely divided. . . .v 
7 Receptacle chaffy with "scales, &c. Lvs. undivided, merely toothed.... w 

8 Pappus of numerous bristly hairs 9 

8 Pappus of 2 or 3 awns and minute hairs. Glabrous plants t 

8 Pappus wholly wanting, or only a membranous margin u 

9 Involucre of unequal scales, imbricated in several rows. . . .^0 

9 Involucre scales nearly equal, narrow, and almost in one row....t 

10 Pappus simple, the bristly hairs abundant and about equal r 

10 Pappus double, the outer row of hairs extremely short s 

a Involucre. scales imbricated in several rows. . . .b » 

a Involucre not imbricated, the outer scales very short or none Sexf/cio. 
a In vol. not imbr., outer scales equal to the inner. Marigold. Calex'dula. 
a Involucre not imbricated, outer scales longer than inner. S. Gaillap/dia. 

b Pappus simple, the bristles all equal and of one kind o 

b Pappus double, the outer very short and chatty. Lvs. entire. W. S. CHm'sop'sis. 

b Pappus double in the disk, none in the rays. Lvs. toothed. S. IIeterotue'ca. 



222 * THE FLORA. 



c Heads small, rays few (2-15) . . . .d 

c Heads quite large, rays narrow, about 30. Tall. c Elecampane. In'tila. 
d Pappus scaly, very short. Boot lvs. cordate. Rays 4 or 5. S. Brachych^e'ta. 
d Pappus abundant bristly hairs. Root lvs. not cordate. Goldenrod. Solida'go. 1 
d Pap. of a single row of equal bristly hairs. Ped. long, slender. S. Isopap'pus. 
e Involucre about 4-rowed. Rays 20-30. Head solitary. S. Baldwiin t/ ia. 
e Involucre about 2-rowed. Rays 8-10. Heads corymbed. S. Actinosper'mem. 
f Ray florets pistillate. Leaves decurrent. Sneezeicort. Hele'nium. 

f Ray florets neutral. False Sneezewort. Leptop'oda. 

g Fruit (achenia) 4-angled. Heads large, showy. Cone-flower. Rudbeck'ia. 
g Fruit flattened, winged. Heads showy. Rays droop. W. S. Lep'achys. 
h Achenia wingless. . Pappus of 2 deciduous scales. Sunflower. Heliais'thus. 2 
h Achenia winged. Pappus of 2 persistent awns. Lvs. often decurrent. W. 

Bag-Sunflo-wer. Actinom'eris. 
k Achenia wingless, in more than 1 row. Coarse herbs with large heads. 

M. W. Lcqf-cup. Sh/phium. 
k Ach. winged, in only 1 row. Small, with middling lids. S. Berlandie'ra. 

m Stems leafy, erect, about 2f. (or l-3f.) high n 

m Stemless plants, leaves radical, appearing after heads. Coif s- foot. Tussila/go. 
n Scales 5, united in 1 row. Leaves pinnate. French Mangold. Tage'tes. 
n Seal, in 2 rows, the out. united. Lvs. pinn. W. S. False Dog-fennel. Dyso'dia. 
n Scales in 1 or 2 rows, all distinct. W. S. Arnica. Arnica. 

o Involucre imbricated in 3 or more rows of scales. Sunflower. Helian'thtjs. 2 

o In vol. 2-rowed. Pappus of downwardly hispid awns. Burr Marigold. Bi'dens. 3 
o In vol. 2-rowed. Pappus upwardly hispid if at all. Tick Sunflower. Coreopsis. 4 
P Achenia wingless. Rays 5-12. Herbs viscid, 2-10f. high. S. Polym'nia. 
p Achenia windless. IJays 5. Herbs 2-10 7 high, at first stemless. Flowers 

early in Spring. W. S. * Chrysog'onum. 

p Achenia broadly winged. Rays 12-25. Coarse, tall herbs. M. S. W. 

Resin Weed, Polar Plant. Sil / phium. 

q Herbs 3-6f. high. Rays 1-5. Recept. flat. S.-W. Crown Beard. Verbesi'na. 

q Herbs 2-3f. high. Rays 6-9. Receptacle convex. S.-W. Tetragonothe'ca. 

q Herbs 2-6f. high. Rays 10-15. Recept. conical. False Sunflower. Heliop'sis. 

q Shrubs 3-10f. *high, with solitary heads. S. Borrich'ia. 

r Ach. very silky, biggest at top. Rays about 5. False Aster. Sericocar'pus. 

r Achenia smooth or smoothish, flattened. Rays 6-100. Starwort. Aster. 5 

•s Wild plants l-4f. high, with middle-sized heads (about V broad). Diplopap'pus. 

s Garden plants l-2f. high, with very large heads. China Aster. Callis'tephus. 

t Herbs 2-3f. high, very smooth. Leaves lanceolate, entire. W. Bolto'nia. 

t Herbs £-9f. high, hairy or rough. Rays 20-200. White-weed. Erig'eron. 6 

u Involucre broad and flattisli. Pappus 0. Rays white. Ox-eye. Leucan'thkmum. 

u Involucre hemispherical. Pappus a membranous margin. Cult. Pykk'thrum. 

u Involucre •hemispherical. Pappus 0. Lvs. lobed. Cultivated. Chrysanthemum. 

u Inv. bell-shaped. Pappus 0. Lvs. entire. Rays violet-purp. W. + Daisy. Bei/lis. 



Ordeu 70.— LIGULIFLOR^E. 223 



v Disk florets yellow, perfect. Kays pistillate. Camomile. Anthem'is. 

v Disk florets yellow, perfect. Rays neutral. May-weed. Maru'ta. 

v Disk florets white, perfect. Rays pistillate. Yarrow. Achii/lea. 7 

w Rays short, white, 3 or 4. W. S. Crown-beard. Vekbesi'na. 

w Kays very short, white, 5, ear-shaped. W. M. Partiie'nium. 

w Rays very large, purple, pendulous. Pui'ple Cone-flower. Echinacea. 

x Leaves pinnately divided. Inner involucre of 8 united scales, t Daii'lia. 

x Leaves simple. Receptacle conical with large chaff, f Zinnia. 

x Leaves simple. Receptacle flat. Rays rose-color. Tick-seed. Coreopsis. 4 

x Leaves simple. Receptacle flat. Rays white, short W. Eclip'ta. 

y Heads in corymbs. Disk florets regularly 5-toothed. r. Nardos'mia. 

y Heads solitary. Disk florets regularly 5-toobhed. S. Daisy. Bel'lis. 

y Hds. solitary. Disk fits. 2-lipped, outer lip 3-toothed, inner 2. S. Chapta'lia. 

• 

Sub-order Second, LIGULIFLOR^E, 
having all the.florets ligulate (§ 96) and perfect, i. e\ the heads radiant. 

2 Flowers bright yellow 3 

2 Flowers cream-color or purplish 5 

2 Flowers blue. Stems leafy, erect e 

3 Pappus none. Involucre of about 8 equal scales a 

3 Pappus double, the outer of scales, inner .of bristles b 

3 Pappus wholly of feathery bristles f 

3 Pappus wholly of hair-like bristles, generally abundant 4 

4 Fruit bearing the pappus on its slender beak c • . 

4 Fruit not lengthened into a beak, pappus sessile d 

5 Pappus consisting of equal, feather-like bristles f 

5 Pappus of simple, hair-like bristles, abundant g 

a Leaves all alternate. Heads panicled. r. Nipplewort. Lampsa'na. 

a Leaves.partly opposite. Heads solitary or umbeled. Pappus 0. S. Apo'gon. 

b Leaves all radical, pinnatifid-toothed. Pappus scales 5. with 

5 bristles, c. . Diva?/ Dandelion. Krig'ia. 

b Lvs. all or mostly rad., seldom pinn. Pap. seal, and brist. many. Cynthia. 
c Stemless leaves runcinate. Pappus white. Dandelion. Taraxacum. 8 

c Stems leafy or not. Pappus reddish or tawny. S. Pyrrhopap'pus. 

c Stems leafy, leaves runcinate. Pappus silky-white, c. Lettuce. Lactu'ca. 

d Pappus brownish. Stems mostly leafy, with many heads, c. 

Ilawkweed. Hiera'cium. 9 

d Pap. silky white. Stemless ; scapes each with one head. \V. Trox'imon. 

d Pappus silky white. Stems bear prickly leaves.' c. Sow Thistle. Son'chus. 
e Pappus of many small scales. Branched steins 2f. high. Heads axillary, 

large. Common. Eastward. . Succory. Cicho'riuu. 

e Pappus of many hair-like bristles. 3-8f. Blue Lettuce. Mulge'dium. 

f Leaves on the stfem linear, entire. Purpl. f Vegetable Oyster. Tragopo'gon. 

f Leaves all radical, toothed. Flowers yellow. Fruit taper-beaked. 

Daw kbit. Leon'todon. 



224 



THE FLORA. 



g Aph. with a long beak, pap. silk- white. Heads erect, c. Wild Lettuce. Lactu'ca. 
g Achenia not beaked, pappus dull-white. Hds. nod. c. Drop-flower. Nab'alus. 10 
g Achenia not beaked, pap. dull-white. Hds. erect, purple. S. r. Lyoodes'mia. 





521 523 519 520 

Achenia of Asterworts, showing the varying pappus. Fig. 518. Achenium of Eclipta, no 

pappus. Fig. 519. Horse weed (Amtrosia trifid a). Fig. 520. Sunflower; pappus 2 teeth. 

Fig. 521. Ageraturn,— 5 scales. Fig. 522. Blue Lettuce,— many hair-like bristles. Fig. 523. Wild 

Lettuce, pappus raised on a beak. 

* 

1.. SOLID A'GO. Goldenrod. 

Heads few-flowered, the rays 1-15, pistillate, disk florets perfect. In- 
volucre oblong, imbricate, with close-pressed scales. Eeceptacle alveo- 
late, narrow. Pappus simple, of equal, hair-like, rough bristles. — Herbs, 
very abundant in the Unit*ed States. Stem erect, branching near the top. 
Leaves alternate. Heads small, florets all yellow (in S. bicolor, whitish), 
opening from August to October. (See Figs. 501-503.) 

H Shrub woody, l-3f. high. Heads with 1-3 rays. S 1 

IT Herbs. Heads without rays (discoid). S 2, 3. 

TI Herbs. Heads with rays (1-15, generally small) a 

a Scales of the involucre with recurved, leafy, green tips 4, 5 

a Scales of the involucre erect, tips scarcely at all green b 

b Herbs (white or yellow) in axillary, close clusters or short racemes 6-9 

b Heads in terminal racemes forming a close or a spreading panicle. . . .c 

b Heads in terminal compound corymbs n 

c Eacemes erect, not one-sided. Leaves feather-veined d 

c Eacemes spreading or recurved, the flowers all on one side. . . .f 

d Alpine species (growing only on mountains). Heads quite large. . . .10-12 

d Not alpine — growing in plains or low grounds. Heads not large . . . .e • 

e Plants very smooth, at least the stem and leaves. Eays 4-7 13-15 

e Plants downy or hoary with very close soft hairs. Eays 9-12 16, 17 

f Leaves 3 or 1-veined. Very smooth salt-marsh herbs.. ..18, 19 

f Leaves evidently 3-veined. Herbs inland, &c g 

f Leaves not veiny, thick, subcutive 27-29 

f Leaves evidently feather-veined, mostly serrate. . . ,k 



Okder 70.— ASTERWORTS. 221 



g Leaves entire or very nearly so 20, 21 

g Leaves serrate. Stem smooth and glabrous 22-24 

g Leaves serrate. Stem roughish-pubescent 25, 26 

k Stem downy or hairy. Leaves rough or not 30-32 

k Stem smooth and glabrous. Leaves smooth or rough m 

m Rays 6-12. Racemes close, forming a compact panicle 38-40 

m Rays 6-12. Racemes distant, loosely or scarcely panicled 36, 37 

m Rays 2-5. Racemes, or the panicle, long and slender 33-35 

n Leaves* lanceolate, large. Stem smooth 44-46 

n Leaves lanceolate, large. Stem rough-downy 41-43 

n Leaves linear, entire. Stems much branched, smoothish.. . .47, 48 

I S. pauciflosculo'sa. Shrubby Goldenrod. Bush 2f. high, very smooth, with 

lanceolate leaves and the 5-flowered heads in erect, panicled racemes. S. 

2 S. discoi'dea. Rayless G. Disk florets 10-15. Racemes erect, panicle slender. S. 

3 S. brachyphyi'la. Chapman's G. Florets 5-7. Racemes spreading, one-sided. S. 

4 S. squarro'sa. Ragged S. Rays 10-15. Scales stiff, with spreading, green 

tips. Heads- large. N. 

5 S. squarrulo'sa. Rough S. Rays 6-10. Scales awl-shaped y with slender, 

loose tips. S. 

6 S. bgcolor. ( Creamy S. Rays about 8, creamy-white. «Plant hairy. »Lvs. elliptic. 

7 S. Buck'lyi. Buddy's S. Rays 4-6, yellow. Plant woolly. Leaves oblong. S. 

8 S. latifc/lia. Broad-leaved S. Rays yellow. Plant smoothish. Leaves broad 

lanceolate, coarse-toothed. Seed downy, c. 

9 S. cassia. Polished S. Rays yellow. Pliant smooth and glaucous. Lvs.lin. -lance- 

olate. Stem flexuous, tall, slender. A beautiful Goldenrod. Woods, c. 
10 S; thyrsoi'dea. Thyrse G. Leaves ovate, long-stalked. Tall, l-3f. high. 
Heads large. Coarse, showy. In mountain woods. 

II S. Virgau'rea. True G. Leaves oval, short-stalked. Low, 2-3 / high. Heads 

• about 30-flowered, few, often only one. 
12 S. hum'ilis. Mountain G. Lvs. oblanceolate. High 6-12'. Heads about 12-flwd. 

13 S. virga'ta. Virgate G. Heads all in one raceme at top. 

14 S. stric'ta. Upright G. Heads in a panicle, which is narrow and erect. 

15 S. specio'sa. Showy G. Heads in a thyrse-like panicle, large and very showy. 

Pedicels shorter than the involucre, pubescent. Leaves very broatl. 

16 S. verna. Early S. Whitish-downy. Lower leaves ovate. May, June. S. 

17 S. puber'ula. Busty S. Dusty-puberulent. Lower leaves oblanceolate. 

Panicle long, compound, dense. Scales acute. Aug. N. 

18 S. sempervi'rens. . Evergreen S. Lvs. lanceolate, thick, obscurely 3-veined. E. 

19 S. angustifo'lia. Xarrow-lv. S. Lvs. lance-lin. 1-veined, thick. Hds. small. S. 

20 S. nemora'lis. JVoodS. Plant dusty, roughish. Lvs. acute. Rays showy, c. 

21 S. rupes'tris. Rock S. Plant smooth. Lvs. acuminate. Rays very short. W. 

22 S. Missourien'sis. Missourie G. St. l-2f. All glabrous. Panicle dense. W. 

23 S. sero'tina. Late G. Stem 3-6f. Leaf vems hairy beneath. Panicle loose. 

24 S. gigan'tea. Giant G. Stem 3-8f. Branchlets hairy. Leaves lanceolate. 

10* 



226 THE FLORA. 



• 25 S. Canadensis. Canada G. Leaves pointed, rough. Panicle broad, c. 
26 S. Short'ii. Shoi'Ps G. Leaves acute, very smooth. Panicle long, narrow. W. 

27 S. pilo'sa. Hairy S. Hairy, 4-7f. high. Leaves remotely serrulate. N.-J. S. 

28 S. odo'ra. Sweet S. Stem downy in lines, slender, 2-3f. high. Leaves very e.n- 
. tire, smooth, punctate with pellucid dots. Fragrant, c. 

29 S. tortifo'lia. Twist- Iv. S. Stem rough.- Lvs. often twisted, not punctate. S. *- 

30 $. altis'sima. Tall S. Stem hairy, 4-6f. Lvs. veiny, rough. Scales acute, c. 

31 S. Drummon'dii. Drummond?s S. Stem l-2f. 'Lvs. velvety. Scales obtuse. W. 

32 S. rad'ula. Easp-lv. S. Stem rough-downy. Lvs. oblong-spatulate. W. 

33 S. ulmifo'lia. Mm S. Branchlets hairy. Scales acute, ftays 3 or 4, disk How- 

ers 3 or 4. N. W. 

34 S. Boot'ii. Bootfs S. Branchlets hairy. Scales obtuse. Kays 2-5, disk flowers 

8-12. S. 

35 S. linoi'des. Flax S. Smooth all over. Scales obtuse. Bays 1-4. 12-20'. N. 

36 S. Muhlenber'gii. Muhlenberg'' s S. Lvs. large, thin-, notched, smooth both 

sides. Heads 15-flowered. N. 

37 S. pat / ula. Spreading S. Lvs. large, thick, very rough on tjie upper side. 

Stem 2-4f, branches leafy. Heads 20-flowered. N. 

38 S. ellip'tica. Marsh S. Very leafy. Lvs. elliptic. Panicle dense, pyramidal. 

39 S. argu'ta. ' Saw-lv.S. Leaves few, elliptic, sharply serrate. Panicle spreading. 

40 S. neglec'ta. Neglected S. Leaves few, serrate, lin. -lanceolate. Panicle narrow. 

41 S. Ohien'sis. Ohio S. Smooth all over. Lvs. obtuse, flat. Corymbed. W. 

42 S. Riddel'lii. EiddeWsS. Branches, &c, dust-downy. Lvs. acute, concave. 

Heads corymbed. W. 

43 S. corymbo'sa. Corymbed S. Branches corymbed, hirsute. Outer secund. 

44 S. Houghtc/nii. Houghton' 's S. Hds. few, very large. Otherwise like No. 4!. N.-W. 

45 S. rig'ida. Stiff S. L vs. rigid. Heads very large. Scales obtuse. Height 3-5f. 

46 S. Spithamee'a. Dwarf S. Leaves thin, sharp-serrate. Scales acute. Height 

6-1 2 7 . Mountains. S. 

47 S. lanceola'ta. Lance-lv. S. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 3-5-veined. Bays 

minute, about 17. Corymbs crowded, fragrant, c. 

48 S. tenuifo'lia. Linear-lv. S. Leaves narrow-linear, one-veined. Bays short, 

about 10. More slender, with thinner clusters, c. 

2. HELIAN'THUS. Sunflower. 

Heads many-flowered, rays neutral,- disk-florets perfect. Scales of the 
involucre in several rows, more or less imbricated. i Torus flat or convex, 
the chaff persistent, embracing the 4-sided, flattened achenia. Pappus of 
2 chaffy awns, deciduous. — Herbs, mostly 2£, rough. Leaves opposite, the 
upper often alternate, mostly 3-veined. Heads mostly large, the disk 
from half an inch to If. broad. Rays yellow, disk yellow or purple. July- 
Oct. (Figs. 498, &c.) 



Ohdek 70.— ASTERWORTS. 227 



§ Disk with its corollas and pales dark purple a 

§ Disk with its corollas and pales yellow c 

a Herbs annual. Leaves chiefly alternate 1, 2 

a Herbs perennial. Leaves opposite b 

b Scales of the involucre acuminate 3-5 

b Scales of the involucre obtuse 6, 7 

c Leaves chiefly alternate and feather-veined 8-11 

c Leaves chiefly opposite and 3-veined or triple-veined. . . .d 

d Scales of involucre erect, closely imbricated e 

d Scales loosely spreading. Heads large, 9-15-rayed f 

d Scales loosely spreading. Heads small, 5-8-rayed. . . .22-25 

e Plants green, rough 12, 13 

e Plants whitish, downy 14, 15 

f Scales lance-linear, longer than disk. N Leaves thin. . . .16, 17 
f Scales lance-ovate, as long as tlft disk. Leaves thick 18-21 

1 H.^in'nuus. Common S. Stout and tall (3-1 Of.). Heads large 6-10 across, 

nodding. Achenia (seeds) glabrous. A variety has all the flowers ligulate. 

2 H. deb'ilis. Slender S. ' Slender, decumbent. Heads small. Seeds downy. S. 

3 H. Rad'ula. Rasp-lv. S. Leaves roundish, rough, obtuse. Pays 7-10 or none. S. 

4 H. heterophyl'lus. Leaves oval, lanceolate, &c. Pays 12-18. Pales acute. S. 

5 H. angnstifo'lius. Leaves lance-linear, pointed. Pales 3-toothed. N.-J. S. 

6 H. rigidus. Rigid S. Lvs. lanceolate, pointed. Scales ovate, acute. Rs. 12-20. W. 

7 H. atrorubens. Livid S. Leaves ovate, obtusish. Scales oblong, obtuse. S. 

8 H. gigan'teus. Tall S. Hairy, rough. Lvs. lanceolate, pointed, serrate, c. 

9 H. tomento'sus. Velvet S. Very downy. Lower lvs. ovate, nearly entire. W. S. 

10 H. grosse-serra'tus. Coarse-toothed 8. Stem smooth. Leaves lance-pointed, 

sharp-serrate. Pays 15-20. W. 

11 H. tubero'sus. Artichoke. Cultiv. Lvs. 3-veined, lower cordate-ovate. 

12 H. laetiflo'rus. Laughing S. Branched. Leaves lance-oval, short petioled. 

13 H. occidentals. Western S. Stem slender, simple, nearly leafless above. 

14 % H. mol'lis. SoftS. Leaves ovate, cordate, sessile. Plant woolly. W. 

15 H. cine 'reus. Ashy S. Lvs. ovate-oblong, tapering to base. Ashy-downy. O. 

16 H. decapet'alous. Ten-rayed S. Pays 9-12. Leaves all opposite. Stem 3-4f. N. M. 

17 H. tracheliifo'lius. Track-leaved S. Pays 12-15. Branch lvs. alternate. 4-Sf. W. 

18 H. doronicoi'des. False Tiger-oane. Leaves petiolate, ovate, and lance- 
ovate, upper alternate. Seales longer than disk. Pays 12-15. W. S. 
. 19 H. strumo'sus. Warty S. Leaves short-petioled, lance-ovate, all alike. 
Scales equalling the disk. c. A double-flowered variety is cultivated. 

20 H. hirsu'tus. Hairy S. Leaves petiolate, hairy beneath. Scales hairy. W. 

21 H. divarica'tus. Forked S. Leaves sessile, very rough, opposite or ternate. c. 

22 H. microcepb/arus. Small S. Stem smooth, much branched. Lvs. narrow. W. 

23 H. Schweinit'zii. Sclaveiiutz 1 s S. Stem downy, rough. Leaves white, downy. Car. 

24 H. laoviga'tus. Polished S. Stem and leaves very smooth. Not branched. S. Mts. 

25 H. longifo'lius. Long-lvd. S. Leaves lance-linear, acute, smooth. Pays 8-10. Ga. 



228 THE FLORA. 



3. BI'DENS. Burr-Marigold. 



Involucre scales nearly equal, double, the outer generally large and 
leafy. Bays few (3-8, or sometimes none), neutral, disk perfect. Recep- 
tacle chaffy, flat. Achenia flattened or 4-sided, crowned with 2-4 awns 
which are hispid backwards. — Leaves opposite. July- Oct. 

* Kays inconspicuous or none. . . .a 

* Kays quite showy, yellow 4, 5 

a Achenia' flattened, broadest at top . . . .1-3 
a Achenia slender, 4-sided 6, 7 

1 B. frondo'sa. Leafy B. Leaves pinnately 3-5-fol., divisions distinct. Kays 0. 

2 B. conna'ta. Leaves simple, lower ones sometimes 8-parted. Kays 0. 

3 B. cer'nua. Nodding B. Leaves simple, scarcely connate. Kays few or 0. 

4 B. chrysanthemoi'des. Mud B. Lvs. narrow-lance., equally serrate, connate. 

5 B.' Beck'ii. Beckys B. Lvs. mostly under water and very finely divided. M. 

6 B. leucan'tha. White B. Heads small, with white rays. Lvs. pinnate. S. 

7 B. bipinna'ta. Spanish Needles. Kays very short, yellow. Lvs. bi- pinnate. 

•4. COREOP'SIS. Tick-seed. 

Involucre many-flowered, double, each of 8-13 scales, the outer leafy, 
the inner membranous. Receptacle flat, the chaff falling with the fruit. 
Achenia flattened, often winged, emarginate, each commonly with 2 teeth 
or awns which are not hispid downwardly as in Bidens. — Leaves gener- 
ally opposite. Heads showy (rarely without rays). 

* Heads discoid (without rays) 1, 2 

* Heads radiate, rays showy. . . .a 

a Disk yellow, rays also yellow, mostly entire b 

a Disk yellow,* rays rose-colored, 3-5-toothed at the end 20, 21 

a Disk purple, rays yellow with a purple base, toothed 18, 19 

a Disk purple, rays wholly yellow, toothed at the end 14-17 

b Leaves petiolate, compound, with lanceolate, toothed divisions. ;. .3-5 

b Leaves petiolate, compound, with linear, entire divisions 6, 7 

b Leaves petiolate, simple, or some of them eared at base 8-10* 

b Leaves sessile, 3-parted, divisions entire or not often, seeming whorled 11-13 

1 C. discoi'dea. Bay less T. Leaves on long petioles, ternately divided. w\ 

2 C. bidentoi'des. Leaves on short petioles, toothed, lance-linear. Penn. r. 

J C. au'rea. Golden T. Leaflets 3-5. Outer scales about 6. Achenia 2-4-toothed. S. 

4 C. trichosper'ma. Leaflets 5-7. Outer scales about 8. Ach. sfender, 2-toothed. 

5 C. aristo'sa. Leaflets 5-7. Outer scales 10-13. Achenia 2 or 4-awned. W. 

6 C. trip'teris. Stem 4-Sf. high. Hds. on short stalks. Kays \ r long, entire. W. S. 

7 C. grandiflo'ra. St. l-2f. high. Heads on long stalks. Ravs V long, 4-5-cleft. S. 



Order 70.— ASTERWORTS. 



229 



8 0. latifo'lia. Stem 4-Cf. high. Rays entire. Leaves ovate, serrate. S. 

9 0. auricula'ta. Stem l-3f. high. Rays 2-5-toothed. Lvs. often eared at base. S. 

10 C. lanceola'ta. Stem 2-3f. high. Rays 4-5-toothed. Lvs. lanceolate, entire. S. 

11C. senifo'lia. Leaf divisions all entire, 'appearing in 6-leaved whorls. S. 

12 0. verticinVta. Leaf divisions all again divided into narrow-linear lobes. W. 

13 C palma'ta. Lvs. deeply 3-cleft, wedge-shaped, lobes linear, not whorled. W. 

14 0. delphinifo'lia. Leaves sessile, 3-parted, the divisions often lobed. S. 

15 C. gladia'ta. Sword-lv. G. Leaves petioled, lance- 

olate, sometimes divided. Stem round. S. 

16 O. angustifc/lia. Narrow-lv. G. Leaves petioled, 

narrow-spatulate, entire. Stem square. S. 
C. CEm'leri. CEmWs G. Leaves petioled, lance- 
ovate, entire. Stem round below. S. 

18 C Drummon/dii. DrummoncPs G. Lvs. pin- 
nately 3-5-foliate, divisions oblong-oval, 
entire, t 

19 0. tincto'ria. Dyer^s G. Leaves pinnately 
much divided, divisions linear, entire, t 

C. ro'sea. Rose G. Stem leafy, leaves narrow- 
linear, entire. Rays rose-white. E. 

C. nuda'ta. Leafless G. Stem few-leaved, leaves 
awl-shaped, entire. Rays rose-red. S. 



17 



20 



21 




5. ASTER. Starwort. 

Heads many-flowered. Scales of the invo- 
lucre generally imbricated in two or more 
rows, and with green tips. Disk florets tabu- 
lar, perfect, rays fertile, in one row, oblong, 
revolute whendd. Receptacle flat, marked Fig ' 524 Aster P atens « 

with pits. Pappus simple, hair-like, rough. Achenium usually flattened. 
— A large genus of U herbs, very abundant in the United States, flower- 
ing in late summer and autumn. Leaves alternate ; disk florets yellow, 
changing to purple ; rays blue, purple, or white, never yellow. — The spe- 
♦ cies are very variable, and many of them are hard to distinguish. 

* Radical and lower leaves cordate and pctiolate a 

* Radical leaves never cordate c 

a Heads in loose* corymbs. Rays white or whitish 1, 2 

a Heads in racemes or panicles, blue or bluish b 

b Leaves evidently serrate ; rays light blue, about 12, spreading £' . . .3, 4 
b Leaves entire or nearly so ; rays bright blue, spreading near V 5-7 

c Involucre scales tipped with green, or the outer ones wholly green d 

c Involucre scales with scarious margins or wholly scarious f 



230 • THE FLORA. 



d Stein leaves clasping, with a cordate or auricled base e 

d Stem leaves sessile, rarely clasping, never cordate or auricled 19 

e Involucre scales close, in several rows, outer ones gradually shorter 8, 9 

e Involucre scales loose, nearly equal, outer ones often wholly green 10-12 

f Leaves lanceolate and linear-lanceolate, more or less rough 13-15 

f Leaves linear, fleshy, very smooth, entire. Salt-marsh herbs 16-18 

1 A. corymbo 'sus. Corymbed S. Slender, with thin, serrate leaves. 

2 A. macrophyl'lus. Big-lvd. S. Stout, with large, thick, ser., rough lvs. 13-rayed. 
8 A. cordifo'lius. Heart-leaved S. Involucre scales close, obtuse. Lvs. sharp-serrate. 
4 A. sa^ttifo 'lius. Arrow-leaved S. Scales awl-shaped, long^Ioose. Lvs. blunt-serrate. 

5 A. azu'reus. Azure S. Stem leaves sessile, rough, lanceolate, and linear. 

6 A. undula'rus. Stem lvs. on winged stalks, with rounded clasping bases, wavy. 

7 A. Shor'tii. Short's S. Stem leaves on naked stalks, all cordate, pointed, entire. 

8 A. patens. Patent S. Plant rough-downy. Leaves entire. Scales pointed, 

9 A. laevis. Polished S. Plant smooth and glaucous. Scales broad, acute. 

10 A. prenanthoi / des. Lvs. sharply cut-serrate, with a long, slender, entire base. 
11- A. punic'eus. Eed-st. S. Lvs. sparingly serrate, lance. Stem hairy, often red. 
12 A. Novas-Angliae. Xeic-England S. Leaves entire, rough, numerous. .Pays 
nearly 100, |' long. Stems 4-6f. high. A line species, often cultivated. 

13 A. acumina 'tus. Dell S. Leaves coarsely-toothed, broad-lanceolate, long-pointed, 

often clustered. Pays white. In dark woods. X. 

14 A. nemorc/iis. Wood S. Leaves narrow-lanceolate, nearly entire, acute, with 

edges revolute. Heads 1-3. In damp woods. X. M. 

15 A. ptarmicoi'des. Sneezeicort S. Leaves entire, stiff, acute. Heads corymbed. 

16 A. flexuc/sus. Zigzag S. Heads large, with showy rays. Stem fiexuous. 

17 A. Hnifc^ius. Flax S. Heads numerous, with very short rays in 2 rows. 
IS A. subula'tus. Heads with showy blue rays. Scales in 2 or 3 rows. S. 

19 Many species, very variable, here omitted. (See p. 420, Class Book.) 

6. ERIG'EROX. Fleabane. Whiteweed. 

Heads many-flowered, mostly hemispherical, rays very numerous 
(20-200), narrow, linear, pistillate : disk flowers perfect. Receptacle flat, 
naked (no chaff or pits). Scales of the involucre nearly equal and in one 
row. Pappus generally simple. — Herbs with alternate leaves. Rays 
white, blue, or reddish. Flowering from ^lay to September. 

* Pays showy, longer than the involucre. Heads large (k-V broad) a 

* Eay.s obscure, shorter than the involucre, whitish. Heads very small.. . .1, 2 

a Pays purple, very numerous. Heads loosely corymbed. . . .3-5 
a Pays white or whitish. Heads loosely panicled 6-8 

1 E. Canaden'se. Canada F. Erect, hairy. Leaves lanceolate. Heads panicled. 

2 E. divarica'tum. Prostrate F. Low, diffuse. Lvs. linear. Heads corymbed. W. 



Order 70.— ASTERWORTS. 231 



S E. bellidifo'lium. Daisy F. Leaves nearly entire. Rays 50-SO, bluish -p. 

4 E. Fhiladel'phicum. Leaves nearly entire. Rays 150-200, reddish-purple. 

5 E. quercifo'lium. Oak-lv. F. Lvs. sinuate-pinnatifid-toothed. Eays 100-200. S. 

6 E. an'nuum. Annual F. Stem leafy, 3-5f. high. Leaves coarse-toothed. 

7 E. strigo'sum. Bough F. Stem leafy, 2-3f. high. Leaves nearly entire. 
S E. nudicau'le. Naked F Stem leafless, l-2f. high. Rays about 30. S. 

7. ACHILLE'A. Yarrow. Millfoil. 

He ads, many-flowered, rays few, fertile; receptacle flat, chaffy; achenia 
flattened, margined, without a pappus. — U European herbs with small, 
4-12-rayed heads in corymbs. June-Sept. 

1 A. millefo'lium. Leaves twice pinnatifid with fine segments. Rays 4 or 5. c. 

2 A. Ptar'mica. SneezewoH. Leaves undivided, lance-linear, serrate. Rays 8-12. r. 

8. TARAX'ACOI. Dan'delion. 

Involucre many-flowered, double, the outer of small scales much shorter 
than the close, erect row of the inner. Receptacle naked. Achenia pro- 
duced into a long beak crowned with copious white, hair-like bristles of 
the pappus. — A caulescent herbs with runcinate leaves. (Figs. 504-506.) 

T. Dens-leo'nis. Dan'delion. Outer scales of the involucre reflexed. Leaves run- 
cinate, smooth, dentate. — In all open situations, blossoming at all seasons ex- 
cept winter. Scape round, hollow, lengthening after flowering, and bearing a 
globular head of seeds and seed-down, whose light and airy form is % very famil- 
iar sight to all. 

9. HIERA'CIUM. Hawkweed. 

Involucre more or less imbricated, egg-shaped, many-flowered. Ache- 
nia not prolonged into a beak, striate. Pappus of rough, brittle, numerous 
tawny bristles in a single row. — U Leaves alternate, entire,, or toothed. 
Fl^r e t s y ell o w . Ju ly-Sep t. 

* Involucre and stalks smooth or nearly so a 

* Involucre, stalks, &c., rough with glandular hairs b 

a Heads with 50 to 60 florets 1 ■ 

a Heads with 10 to 20 florets 2, 3 

b Heads with 40 to 50 florets 4 

b Heads with 20 to 30 florets 5, 6 

1 H. Canaden / se. Canada H. Stem leafy, corymbed §t top. Leaves sharp- 
toothed. N. 



232 THE FLORA. 



2 H. paiiicuia 'tnni. PanicUd E. Stem leafy, widely panicled. Leaves fine-toothed. 
8 H. veno'sum. Robin' 8 Plantain. Stem almost leafless, corymbed. Lvs. entire. 
4 H. scabrum. Bough E. Heads corymbed. Plant stiff, rough-hairy. 

5 H. longip'ilum. Long-haired E. Plant elotbed with straight bristles V long. W. 

6 H. G-ronoVii. Gronomus] E. Plant slender, quite hairy below. 

10. XAB'ALUS. Lions-foot. 

Involucre cylindrical, double, the inner of many linear scales in one 
row. th.e outer of a few short scales at base. Receptacle naked. Achenia 
smooth, striate, not beaked, crowned with a copious, straw-colored or 
brownish hair-like pappus. — Erect herbs, with a thick, tuberous, bit- 
ter root. Heads 5-18-flowered, withe or straw-colored, often purplish. 
Aug —Oct. 

* Heads glabrous, pendulous. Leaves multiform in the same plant. . . .a 

* Heads hairy, erect or nodding. Leaves reniform, undivided 7-9 

a Tali (2-4f. high). Heads (3-12-flowered; in a corymb-like panicle. . . .1, 2 

a Tall ''l-^f. high). Heads in a long, raceme-like panicle. ...3, 4 

a Low 5-10' high). Heads racemed. Found only on high mountains. . . .5, 6 

1 N. al'ba. White L. Pappus cinnamon-color. Leaves hastate, often lobed. 

2 N. Fra'seri. Frasir's L. Pappus straw-color. Lc toid, often cleft. 

3 N. altis'simus. Tall L. Heads 5-flowered Leaves divided, or cleft, or entire. 

4 N. virga'tas. Rod L. Heads S-12-flowered. Lowest leaves pinnatifid. 

5 N. nanus. Dwarf L. Outer involucre of short-ovate, close scales. 

6 N. Boot'tii. Bootfs L Outer involucre of linear, loose scales. 

7 N. racemo'sus. Racemed L. Heads nodding, 9-12-flowered. TV. M. 

8 .N. crepidin'eus. Grepis L. Heads nodding, 25-35-floVered. VT. S. 

9 N. as 'per. Rough L. Heads erect. ll-li-fiowered. Panicle racemed. , W. 



Order LXXI. LOBELIACEJE. LcTbeliads. 

Herls with alternate leaves, scattered foicers. and often milky juice; 

calyx superior: corolla irregular, 5-lobed. tube split down to the base ; 
stamens 5. united into a tube both by the filaments and anthers ; 
ovary adherent to the calyx tube ; styles united into one ; 
stigma fringed ; fruit a 2-3-celled, many-seeded capsule. 

LdBE'LIA. Cardinal-flower. Indian Tobacco. 

The two upper lobe^s of the irregular corolla are smaller than the three 



Order 72.— BELL WORTS. 233 



lower. Stamens united into a curved tube. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule 
opening at top. Seeds very small. — Flowers axillary, generally forming 
leafy or bracted racemes. July-Sept, 

§ Stems leafy a 

§ Stums leafless, leaves nearly all crowded at the root, under water 11, 12 

a Flowers bright red or scarlet, large and showy 1,2 

a Flowers blue, varying to bluish-white b 

d Stem stout, "l-o or 4f. high. Flowers large, about V long 3-5 

b Stem slender, § ; -2f. high. Flowers small (£-£' long) c 

c Stem branched, racemes several, ioose, or flowers scattered 6, 7 

c Stem generally simple, bearing a single raceme 8-10 

1 L. cardinals. Cardinal-flwr. Stem smooth. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute. 

2 L. ful'gens. ^Mexican. Stem downy. Leaves linear-lanceolate, long-pointed, f 

3 L. puber'ula. Leaves obtuse, denticulate. Eaceme one-sided. Plant downy. 

4 L. syphilitica. Blue C. Lvs. acute, slightly toothed. Racemes equal, hairy. 

5 L. amoeba. Pretty 0. Reaves acuminate, toothed. Eacemes one-sided, 

smoothish. S. 

6 L. infla'ta. Indian Tobacco. Hairy. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, toothed. Pod inflated. 

7 L. Kal'mii. Kalni's 0. Smooth. Leaves linear-spatulate, entire. Fls. blue-white: 

8 L. Nuttal'lii. NuttalV s L. + Pedicels twice as long as the flowers. Leaves 

linear, extremely slender. S. M. 

9 L. spica'ta. Spiked L. Pedicels as long as the flowers. Eacemes dense. 

Leaves oblong. 
10 L. leptostach / ya. Slender- spiked L. Pedi. none. Lvs. lance-oval, smooth. W. 

11 L. Dortman'na. Water L. Eoot leaves linear, terete, hollow, fleshy. Scape long. 

12 L. paludo'sa. Marsh L. Eoot leaves linear-oblong, flat. Stem tall. S. 



Order LXXII. CAMPAfrULACEJS. Bellworts. 

Heros with a milky juice, alternate leaves ; 
flowers mostly blue and showy, with a superior 

calyx; a regular and mostly campanulate 5-lobed corolla ; with the 5 
stamens usually separate, and ovary adherent to the calyx tube ; and with 
the 2-5-celled pool crowned with the remains of the calyx. 

Analysis of the Genera, 

Calyx tube very short (below the flower). Campanula. 1 

Calyx tube long and three-angled. Specula'kia. 



234 



THE FLORA. 



.MPAXTLA. Bell-flower. Harebell. 



Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla bell-shaped, 
funnel-shaped, or wheel-shaped, its 
5 lobes valvate in the bnd, closed at 
the base inside by the valve-like 
liases of the 5 stamens. Pod open- 
ing on the sides. — U Kerbs' with 
axillary or terminal flowers. June- 
October. 





7 .'. The Harebell, the whole plant 
[ ~ary of Canterbury Bells, with,/! a broad 
filament, &, an anther, and p, the hairy style. 
:n of the curious 5-celled seed- 
ed 2 placentae in each cell. 9. Seed cnt 
open, showing- the large embryo. Fig. 530. 
Rower of American Bellwort Fig. 53L 
I of Patent Bellwort. 

'. :rolLa wheel-shaped, Hat, in leafy spikes. . . .1, 2 

1-oUa bell-shaped, &c, broadly or narrowly a 

a Flowers on slender pedicels, solitary or panicled b 

i 7 . : r nearly so. Stem ereeC Gardens 7-9 

b Flowers large (6-1 2" broad). Eoot leaves unlike the stem leaves 3, 4 

I 7 areiB small (2-5" broad). Leaves all similar.in form. . . .5, 6 

1 C. Aimeiica'na. American B. Stem tall (2-4f.). Leaves pointed at ends, smooth. 

2 C. planifrVra. Stem low "(7-12'), simple. Lvs. thick, shining, obtuse, or acute, f 

3 C. rotandifo'Tia. Harebell. Stem weak. Eoot lvs. roundish, stem lvs. linear. 

4 C. pe; Peach B. Stem erect. Leaves lance-linear. Flowers very 

broad, f 

L .raio B. Stem reclining, rough backwards. Flowers white. 

■ B. Erect. Panicle wide. Leaves toothed. Fls. blue. S. 

7 C. gioniera'ta. a crowded above, funnel-shaped. Plant smooth, t 

:, me'dBun. ijanterbury B. Flowers distant, very large, obtuse at base, f 

: ianngino'sa. Woolly B. Flowers =oatterecf, rather large, acute at base, f 



Order 73.— HEATHWORTS. 



235 



Order LXXIII. ERICACEAE. Heathworts. 

Herbs, or more generally shrubs, with simple, often evergreen leaves ; 
flowers regular or nearly so, 4 or 5-parted; petals rarely almost distinct; 
stamens as many or twice as many as the lobes of the corolla, and the 
anthers oddly appendaged and generally opening by two terminal pores; the 
style 1, and the ovary 4-10-celled, with albuminous seeds. 




Fig 532. Azalea procumbens. 3. A flower enlarged. 4. A stamen, much enlarged, showing 
the lengthwise opening of each of the cells. 5 Cross-section of a 5-celled capsule of Rhododen- 
dron, showing the inflexed margins of the valves. 6. Pyrola secunda. 7. A flower enlarged. 
ST A stamen enlarged, showing the terminal tubes and pores. 9.* Cross-section of a 5-celled, 
many-seeded capsule. Fig. 540. Checkerbeny {Gaultheria). 1. A flower enlarged. 2. A berry. 
3. Vertical section of the ovary, showing the free, fleshy calyx. 4. Anther of the Vaccimum 
Vitis-Idese. 5. Stamen of Bearberry {ArctosUiphylos). 6. Awned stamen of a Blueberry ( Vac- 
einium). 



236 THE FLORA. 



Analysis of tfie Genera. 

§ £hrubs or trees, or shrublets 2 

§ Herbs evergreen, with green herbage and leaves m 

§ Herbs leafless, without verdure. Bracts scale-like n 

2 Calyx adherent, crowning the berry in fruit a 

2 Calyx free from the ovary, or inferior 3 

3 Petals united into a gamopetalous corolla 4 

3 Petals entirely or very nearly separate and distinct 5 

4 Flowers 4-parted. Stamens 8 b 

4 Flowers 5-parted. Stamens 5 or 10 

5 Pods 2 or 3-celled, cells only 1-seeded. Southern k 

5 Pods 3-celled, cells many-seeded g 

5 Pods 5 or 7-celled, cells many-seeded h 

6 Corolla urn-shaped (oval or globular), lobes small. . . .c 

6 Corolla not urn-shaped, open or spreading e 

a Erect shrubs with 5-parted flowers and 10-seeded berries. 

Huckleberries. Gaylussa'cia. • 
a Erect shrubs with 5-parted flowers and oo-seeded berries. 

Blueberries. Vaccin'iuh. 
a Trailing shrublets. Corolla 4-cl eft, reflexed. Fr. red. Cranberry. Oxycoc'cus. 1 
a Trailing shrublets. Corolla 4-cleft, spreading. Fruit white. 

Boxberry. Chiog'enes. 2 
b Leaves linear-acerose, whorled or crowded. Cultivated. Heath. Er'ica. 

t> Leaves ovaHanceolate. Shrub, if. high. Penn. S. t Mo . mudn ma i h . Menzie'sia. 
c Pod dry, opening bet. the cells. Lvs. lin. N. ) 

c Pod dry, opening into the cells d 

c Drupe fleshy, 5-seeded. Shrubs trailing. Bearberry. Arctostaph'ylos. 
c Berry fleshy, many-seeded. Little shrublets. Checkerberry. Gaulthe'ria. 3 
d Shrublet moss-like, on high Mts. Leaves linear. Moss Andromede. Cassi'ope. 
d Shrubs with ample leaves. Pod-valves entire. Andromede. Andromeda. 

d Tree with ample leaves and slender racemes. Sorrel-tree. Oxyden'drum. ' 

e Corolla saucer-form, holding the anthers in 10 pits. Laurel. Kai/mia. 4 

e Corolla salver-form, very fragrant. Trailing. May-flower. Epig^a. 5 

e Corolla funnel or bell-form, with spreading lobes f 

f Stamens 5, included. Plant and leaves very small. Mts. N. H. Leioseleu'ria. ' 
f Stamens 5 (rarely more), long-exserted. Corolla funnel-form. Azalea. 6 

f Stamens 10 (rarely fewer), exserted. Corolla bell-form. Bay. Khododen'dron. 7 
g Leaves alternate, deciduous, serrate. Flowers racemed. Cle'thra. 

g Leaves mostly opposite, evergreen, entire. Flowers umbeled. 

Sand Myrtle. Leiophyi/lum. 
h Flowers 5-parted. Corolla regular. Labrador Tea. Le'dum. 

h Flowers 5-parted. Corolla irregular. Rhodo'ra. 

h Flowers 7-parted, regular. Stamens 14. S. Befa'ria. 



Ordeh 73.— heathworts. 237' 



k Flowers 4-parted, with 8 stamens and a 3-seeded pod. S. Elliot'tia. 

k Flowers 5-parted, with 5 stamens. Leaves lanceolate, entire. S. Cyryi/la. 

k Flowers 5-parted, with 10 stamens. Lvs. lanceol., entire. S. Myloca'ryuat. 
m Flowers racemed, many. Perennial, low, smooth, erect-. Pyr'ola. 8 

m Flower solitary, one only. Perennial, small. N. r. Mone'ses. 

m Flowers corymbed, few. Leaves evergreen, thick. Pipsissiwa. Chimaph / jla. ,9 

n Corolla polypetalous. Plant white, reddish, &c. Indian Pipe. Monot'ropa.JO 

n Corolla gamopetalous, bell-shaped, in a short spike. S. Schweinit'zia. 

n Corolla gamop., egg-shaped, in a loose rac. Alba%y Beechdrops. Pteros / pora. 
• 

1. OXYCOC'CUS. Cranberry. 

Calyx superior, 3-cleft. Corolla 4-parted, with lance-linear, reflexed 
segments. Stamens 8, anthers tubular, 2-parted, ^ opening by oblique 
pores. Berry 'globular, 4-celled, many-seeded. — Trailing and very slen- 
der, with woody stems, alternate, thick, narrow, entire leaves, and acid, 
eatable fruit. Flowers purplish. June. 

1 O. palus'trte. Bog G Stems thread-form, trailing. Leaves ovate, 2-4" long. 

Pedicels terminal, 1-flowered. 

2 O. macrocar'pus. Market G. Stems thread-form, trailing. Leaves oblong, 4-6" 

long. Pedicels axillary, 1 -flowered. 

3 O. erythocar'pus. Bush G. Stems l-3f. high, erect. Leaves oval, pointed, ser- 

rulate. Petals not reflexed at first. S. Mountains. 

2. CHIOG'EJSTES. Boxberry. 

1 O. hispid'ula. Running B. A little woody creeper, 4 to 6' long, in old woods, 
northward. Leaves many, small, oval. Flowers white, 4-parted. Berry white. 
Plant tastes like Checkerberry. (Fig. 547.) 




Fig. 547. Boxberry, the entire plant. 

3. GAULTHE'KIA. Checkerberry. 

Calyx 5-cleft, with 2 bractlets at base. Corolla urn-shaped, the limb 
of 5 short, re volute lobes. Stamens 10. Capsule 5-celled, invested by 
the calyx, which becomes a pulpy berry. — Little shrubby or half-shrubby 
plants, with alternate, evergreen leaves. (Figs. 540-543.) 



•238 THE FLORA. 



G-. procum'bens. Common Checkerberry, or Wintergreen. Branches ascending 3' 
from the prostrate, slender root-stock, which is usually concealed. Leaves- 
obovate, and few nodding flowers, all clustered at top of the stem, and spicy in 
flavor. Berries scarlet. Flowers in Summer, white. .. 

4. KAL'MIA. Calico-bush. Mountain taurel. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla with 10 prominences beneath, and 10 corre- 
sponding pits within, holding the 10 anthers. Filaments recurved. Bor- 
der with 5 shallow lobes. Capsule 5-celled, many-seeded. — Beautiful 
shrubs, with entire, evergreen, leathery leaves. Flowers white and red, 
in racemed corymbs. May-June, 

1 Flowers in terminal corymbs. Leaves smooth, thick 2, 3 

1 Flowers in lateral corymbs. Leaves rusty or downy beneath 4, 5 

1 K. hirsu'ta.. Hairy L. Flowers axillary, solitary, stalked, red. Plant hairy. 
Leaves mostly scattered,, acute, sessile. l-2f. S. 

2 Kv latifo'iia. Great L. Leaves scattered, green both sides. Corymbs large, rose- 

white, numerous and very showy. 3-20f. 

3 K. glau / ca.- Polished L. Leaves opposite, glaucous-white beneath, revolute on 

the margin. Corymbs small, lilac. 2-3f. 

4 K. cunea'ta. W.edge-leaved L. Leaves scattered, wedge-oblong. Corymbs 

small, roseate, each of 4-6 flowers. Plant 3-5f. S. 

5 K. angustifo'lia. Sheep-poison. Leaves opposite and in 3's, blunt at each end. 

Corymbs small, deep purple. 3-4f. 

5. EPIG^S'A. May-flower. 

Cal^x large, 5-parted, with 3 bracts at base. Corolla salver-form, tube 
hairy within, limb of 5 spreading lobes. Stamens 10. Anthers open by 
slits. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved. — Little trailing shrubs. 

E. repens. Trailing Arbutus. Leaves cordate-ovate, entire. Corolla tube cylin- 
drical. Stems slender, flat on the ground, 10-15 7 long. Leaves evergreen, 
rounded at the end, 2' or more long. Flowers tinged with red, very fragrant. 
April, May. 

6. AZA'LEA. Azalea. 

Calyx small, 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form, somewhat irregular, with 
5 spreading lobes. Stamens 5, and, with the 1 style, long exserted, 
curved toward the lower side, Anthers open by pores. Capsule 5-celled, 
5-valved. — Erect shrubs. Leaves alternate, deciduous, entire. Flowers 
large, showy, fragrant, clustered. April-July. 



Order 73.— HEATHWORTS. . 239 



§ Lobes of the calyx all (rarely 1 excepted) very short or minute 1, 2 

§ Lobes of the calyx all oblong, and of conspicuous length 3-5 

1 A. visco'sa. Clammy Swamp Pink. Flowers very viscid, appearing with the 

full-grown leaves, the tube much longer than the segments. Shrub 4-7f. 
White or roseate. 

2 A. nudiflo'ra." Pinxter Bloom. Clusters naked, appearing with or before the 

young leaves. Corolla tube downy, scarcely longer than the Segments. 
Branches often whorled. Colors pink, purple, white, buff, &c. t 

3 A. calendula'cea. Flaming Pinxter. Young branchlets downy, corymbs nearly 

or quite leafless. Tube of the corolla hairy, shorter than the ample'lobes. 
Common. Penn. S. & W. Flowers very many, flame-color, bright red, saffron- 
yellow, &c. f 

4 A. arbores'cens. Tree Azalea. Branches smooth. Leaves glaucous beneath. 

Corymbs leafy with full-grown leaves. Corolla tube longer than the lobes, not 
viscid. Height 10-20f. Mountains. S. 

5 A. Pon'tica. Asiatic A. Flowers viscid, with full-grown leaves. Tube wide- 

mouthed, as long as segments. All colors, t 

7. RHODODEST'DROK Rose Bay. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla broad, campanulate, regular or slightly irreg- 
ular, 5-lobed. Stamens 10, mostly declined, anthers opening by pores. 
Capsule 5-celled, £>-yalved.— Shrubs with alternate, entire, evergreen 
leaves. Flowers umbeled, splendid. 

§ Calyx lobes large, leaf-like. Exotic 7 

§ Calyx lobes small, scale-like a 

a Leaves small, obtuse at each end. Mountains 1,2 

a Leaves lar,ge, acute, rusty or # silvery beneath 5, 6 

a Leaves large, acute, glabrous beneath 3, 4 m 

1 R. Lappon'icum. Lapland R. Shrub 5-10' high. Lvs. scaly, elliptic. N. 

2 R. Catawbien'se. Catawba R. Shrub 3-5f. high. Leaves smooth, oval. S. 

3 R. max'imum. Great R. Leaves oblanceolate, acute, paler beneath. Flowers 

in large umbels, white, with yellow dots. Kocky woods. 

4 R. Pon'ticum. Asiatic R. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, not paler beneath. 

Flowers large, purple, variegated. 

5 R. puncta'tum. Dotted-lf. R. Lvs. with rusty, resinous dots beneath. Mts. S. 

6 R. arbo'reum. Tree R. Leaves with silvery spots beneath. Asia, f 

7 R. In / dicum. Indian R. Leaves rough, wedge-lance. Fls. few together, f 

8. PYR'OLA. False Wintergreen. 

Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, equal. Stamens 10, anthers large, turned 
outwards, opening by 2 pores at the obtuse top. Style thick, long; stig- 



24 



THE FLORA. 



. ■ - 5 rten projecting like rays. Pod 5-celled, 5-valved, opening into 
Hie cells, ni any-seeded. — M Low, evergreen herbs, almost woody, with the 
\ jnerally radical, and the scape bearing a raceme of nodding flow- 
northern. June, July, 

tmens ascending, style declined and curved. . . .a 

3 :amens and style straight and erect 5, 6 

a Leaves thick and shining. Flowers white or rose-colored 1, 2 

a Leaves green, not shining. Flowers. greenish- white 3, 4 

1 P. rotundifo'lia. Round-leaved P. Lvs. orbicular. Mostly white petals. (Fig. 14.) 
. ? asarifo'lia. Heart-leaved P. Leaves round-cordate. Eose-colored petals. 

3 P. ellip'tLca. Pear-leaved P. Leaves large, thin, elliptical, on short petioles. 

4 P. cHoraii'tha. G-reen-fi. P. Lvs. sniair, thick, roundish, shorter than petioles. 

5 P. secnn'da. One-sided P. Eaceme with the green- white flowers all on one side. 

6 P. minor. Lesser P. Eaceme spike-form, with small, globular, white fls. Mts. 

9. CHTMAPHTLA. Pipsissiwa. 

Calyx 5-partecL Petals 5, spreading, round." 
Stamens* 10. Anther cells lengthened above 
into tubes. Style very short, thick. Capsule 
5-eelied. — Small evergreens, with oblong, ser- 

ri'c. :l-;-.r:'r-i ^~t ; . :.z.~; "-;■;:. ::;i.;,l ±;— r':~. 
June, Jnhf m 

I*C. mnbella'ta. Prince's Pine. Leaves wedge-lance- 
olate, in 4 ? s-6's. Umbel 4-7-fiowered, on an 
er- ' ~y. 

2 C. macnla'ta. Spotted P. Leaves lanceolate, acumi- 

nate, marked with whitish streaks alonsf the 
mid vein. Flowers 2 or 3. (See Fig. 548.) 

10. MOXOT'ROPA. Pine Sap. 
Calyx of 1-5 bract-like sepals. . Petals 4 or 5, 

connivent in a bell-shaped corolla. Stamens 
fc-10. Capsule 4-5-celled, 4-5-valved. — Low 
her ing on the juices of other plants, all 

white or tawny, with scales instead of leav - 

1 M. wHflrfra. Indian Pipe. Sepal3 1-6. Flower 

high, common in 
Whole plant white. Summer. 

2 M. Hypop'itis. Pine Sap. Downy, tawny. Sepals 4, 5. Flowers racemed, fra- 

grant. Stem 6-S r high. Root a tangled ball of fibres. Aug. 




Order 78.— PRIMWORTS: 



241 



Order LXXYIII. PRIMULACE^E. Primworts. 




Fig. 549. Primula Mistassinica, the whole plant Fig. 550. The corolla cut open, showing 
the stamens on the tube. 1. The plan of the flower, showing the stamens opposite the petals. 
2. The calyx and ovary. 3. The fruit cut open, showing the seeds on the central placenta. 
Fig. 554 Dodecatheon Meadia, whole plant. 5. A single flower, natural size. Fig. 556. Fruit 
(pyxis) of Anagallis, with its lid open, showing the seeds. 



Herbs low, with the leaves either radical or mostly opposite ; with the 
flowers 5 (rarely 4 or 6)-parted ; the corolla monopetalons, regular ; the 
stamens inserted on the corolla-tube and opposite to its lobes ; the 
ovary 1-celled, with a free, central placenta ; style 1 ; stigma 1 ; the 
capsule 1-celled, many-seeded; seeds with fleshy albumen. 

11 



842 THE FLORA. 



Analysis of the Genera. 

* Stemless. Leaves all radical, seape bearing an umbel a 

* Stems leafy. Flowers yellow, corolla wheel-form (tube none) b 

* Stems leafy. Flowers white, red, etc., never yellow 2 

2 Leaves whorled, at least those near the flowers. Corolla white c 

2 Leaves opposite, entire. Flowers axillary, solitary d 

•2 Leaves alternate, entire. Flowers white e 

a Cor. tube egg-shaped, lobes short, spread. Dwarf primrose. Axdkosa'ce. 

a Corolla tube cylindrical, lobes spreading. Primrose. Pp.im'ula, 1 

a Corolla tube cylindrical, lobes reflexed. American Cowslip. Dodecath'eon. 2 
b Corolla 5-parted, without intermediate teeth. Loosestrife. Lysimaoh'ia. 3 

b Corolla 6-parted, with 6 intermedin Eacemes axillary. Naumrer'oia. 

c Fls. 7-part. Lvs. entire, in a single whorl. Cfo -: ■■-green. Triexta'lis. 4 

c Els. 5-parted. Lc aves nnely pinnatifid, in water. Feather- foil. Hotto'xia. 
d Plant p] lr: corollas. Pimpernel. Axag-al'lis. 5 

d Plant erect, with no corolla, but white calyxes. Black Saltwort. Glaex. 

e Fls. 5-parted, panicled. Plant S-15 7 1 Water Pimpernel, Sam'oees. 

e Fls. 4-p arte d, axillary. Plant 1-2' high. Dwarf Pimpernel. Cbnthn'ovlus. 



1. PPJaITLA. Primrose. Auricula. 

Calyx angular, 5-eleir. Corolla salver-shaped, or often rather funnel- 
shaped, with 5 entire, or notched, or bifid lobes. Stamens 5, included. 
Pod opening at the top, many-seeded. — v. Herbs with the leaves all rad- 
ical, and the flowers showy, in an iirubel on a scape. 

* Corolla salver-form, limb abruptly spreading. Plants wild, rare 1, 2 

* Co::". form, limb abruptly spreading. Plants cultivated 3, 4 

* Corolla funnel-form, limb gradually spreading. Cultivated a 

a Leave- toothed, or crenate, or wavy at edge 5, 6 

a Lc :-th, plane, entire, or sometimes crenate 7. S 

1 P. Mistassin'ica. M P. Smooth, green, 3-8 / high. Flowers 1-8, 

I. On lake shores. N. First seen on L. Mistassins. 

2 P. farino'sa. Biras-eye P. Mealy. 3-10' high. Flowers 3-20, lilac-yellow. 

:es of the great lakes. N. 

3 F. grandiflo'ra. Qommfm P. Petals obcordate, notched, yellow, purple, &c t 

4 P. purpu'rea. Pur pie P. Petals obtuse, entire, dark- violet, never yellow, f 

o P. ofEcina'lis. .airy. Outer fls. nodding, border concave. + 

6 P. ela'tior. Oxlip P. Leaves smooth above. All fls. nodding, border flat, t 
7 P. Auric 'ula, and calyx mealy-glaucous. Bracts very short, t 

3 P. calyci'na. Cup P. Lvs. white-edged, calyx inflated. Bracts long. Purpl. f 



Order 78.— PRIMWORTS. 243 



2. DODECATH'EOK American Cowslip. 

Calyx 5-parted, reflexed. Corolla tube very short, limb rotate, 5-parted, 
with the limb reflexed. Stamens 5, inserted into the throat of the corolla, 
filaments short, anthers long, acute connivent at apex, but shorter than 
the style. — u Leaves all radical, oblong, scape erect, bearing an umbel of 
nodding rose or white flowers. May, June. (Fig. 554.) 

D. Mea'dia. Pride of bhio. A striking and elegant plant, in prairies throughout the 
Western States. Scape l-2f. high. Petals white or pink. Stamens yellow, t 

3. LYSLMACH'IA. Loose-strife. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tube very short, limb* 5-parted, spreading. 
Stamens 5, on the base of the corolla, filaments often united. Pods 5-10- 
valved. Seeds several or many. — U Leaves opposite or whorled, entire. 
Flowers mostly yellow. June, July. 

§ Erect Peduncles several-flowered, or flowers panicled a 

§ Erect. Pedicels 1-flowered, flowers racemed 8, 9 

§ Erect. Pedicels 1-flowered, flowers' axillary.... 1 

§ Prostrate, creeping. Pedicels (or umbels) axillary 10, 11 

a Leaves thick, rather obtuse, with the edges rolled'back 4, 5 

a Leaves thin, acuminate, with the edges not rolled 6, 7 r 

1 Leaves mostly opposite, on petioles fringed with hairs 2, 3 

1 L. quadrifo'lia. Whorled L. Leaves whorled in 3's, 4's, and 5's, sessile. 

2 L. cilia'ta. Fringe-lf. L. Leaves ovate, often cordate. Stems mostly branched. 

8 L. hib'rida. Hybrid L. Lvs. lance-oblong, opposite or whorled. Stems branched. 

4 L. asperifo'lia. Eough-lf. L. Leaves oblong-lanceolate. Panicle bracted. S. 

5 L. longifo'lia. Long-lf. L. Lvs. lance-linear. Fls. large, scarcely pan. W. 

6 L. lanceola'ta.' Lance-lf. L. Lvs. whorled in 4's, lance. Upper fls. racemed. S. 

7 L. Fra'seri. Fraser^s L. Leaves opposite, ovate, often cordate. Panicle large. S. 

8 L. striata. Strict L. Leaves nearly opposite, narrow-lance., with bulblets. 

9 L. Herbemon'ti. Herbemontfs L. Lvs. whorled, in 4's or 5's, lance., acuminate- S. 

10 L. rad^cans. Booting L. Branches rooting at the end. Leaves lanceolate. 

11 L. Nummula'ria. Moneywort. Stem simple. Leaves roundish, very obtuse 

4. TKIEOTA'LIS. Chick-wintergreen. 
Calyx and corolla 7-parted. Stamens 7. Pod many-seeded. — % Stem 
low, simple. Pedicels 1-flowered. 

T. Americana. American C. A pretty little plant, common in woods northward. 
Stem 3-5 / high, bearing several lanceolate leaves in a sort of whorl at top, and 
from their midst, 1 or more white, starlike flowers. May, June. 



244 



THE FLORA. 



5. ASTAGAL'LIS. Pimpernel. 



Calyx and corolla 5-parted, wheel-shaped. Stamens 5. Pod globular, 
opening by a lid all aronnd (i. e., a pyxis). — Herbs with square stems and 
opposite leaves. (Fig. 556.) 

fc A. arven'sis. Scarlet P. Poor-man ^-weather-glass. A small, trailing plant, in fields, 
roadsides, &c. Leaves sessile, broad-ovate. Pedicels 1-fiowered, axillary. 
Flower red, rarely blue. Opening at 8 a. m., closing at 2 p. m., and in damp 
weather not opening at all. (See the figure, 557.) 




Order LXXXIII. BIGXONIACE.E. Trumpets. 

m 

Plants with opposite leaves, destitute of stipules, often climbing; 
flowers gamopetalous, irregular, 5-parted, showy ; 
stamens 5, but only 2 or 4 of them perfect, and didynamous ; 
ovary 2-ceiled, with 1 style, forming a dry pod with winged, seeds. 

Analysis of the Genera. 

Stamens 4. Pod valves and partition contrary. Leaves pinnate. Teco'mia. 1 

Stamens 4. Pod valves and partition parallel. Leaves binate. Bigxo'nia. 

Stamens 2. Pod straight, cylindric. Trees. Leaves simple. Catai/pa. 2 



1. TECO'MA. Trumpet- flower. 

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla trumpet-shaped, with a 5-lobed, 
nearly regular limb. Stamens didynamous, 4, with the 5th a small rudi- 
ment. Pod with the partition contrary to the valves. — Trees or shrubs, 
often climbing. Leaves digitate or pinnate. Flowers red. 



Order 83.— TRUMPETS. 



245 




559 
Fig. 558. Flower of Catalpa. 

Fig. 559. The Corolla cut open, showing the 2 perfect stamens and the 3 rudiments of stamens. 

Fig. 560. A 2-winged seed of Catalpa. Fig. 561. Flower of the Trumpet Creeper. 



1 T. rad'icans. Trumpet Creeper. Climbing by radicating tendrils. Leaflets 9-11, 

ovate, acuminate, toothed. Corolla tube thrice longer than the calyx. Stamens 
included. A well-known, splendid climbing vine. Summer, 

2 T. Capen'sis. Cape T. Climbing. Leaflets 7-9, round-ovate, serrate. Stamens 

and style exerted. Corolla tube curved, t S. Africa. 

3 y. grandiflo'ra. Chinese T. Climbing. Leaflets 9-11, pointed, ovate, toothed. 

Two glands on the nodding pedicels. Corolla tube scarce longer than calyx, t 



2. CATALTA. Catalpa. 



Corolla unequally bell-shaped, 4 or 
5-lobed. Stamens 2 perfect, with 3 
rudiments. Capsule long, cylindric, 
with a thick partition. 

C. bignonioi / des. Trees w r ith large, broad- 
ovate, cordate, velvety leaves, and ter- 
minal panicles of showy, white, varie- 
gated flowers. Common. 

Fig. 562. A panicle (size much diminished) 
of Catalpa. 




246 



THE FLORA. 



Order LXXXV. LOGAXIACE.E. 

Herbs or shrubs with opposite leaves, with the 

stipules small or mere ridges connecting the base of the petioles ; 

flowers -i or o-parted, gamopetalous, regular ; 

ovary free ; fruit 2-celled, many-seeded, or few-seeded. 

Analysis of the Genera. 

§ Corolla tubular, lobes 5, valvate in the bud a 

§ Corolla bell-shaped, lobes 4 or 5, imbricate in the bud b 

a Styles "wholly united into 1. Corolla tube long. W. S. Spige'lia. 1 

a Styles distinct, -with the stigmas united. Fls. small, white. S. Mitre'ola. 

b Flowers 4-parted. Diffuse, low herbs. M. S. Polyprenum. Poltpre'iiuh. 

b Flowers 5-parted. Slender climbing shrubs. S. Geese^'incit. 2 



1. SPIGE'LIA. Pink-root. 

Calyx segments linear-subnlate. Corolla narrowly fnnnel-form. Stamens 
5. Capsule 2-celled, few seeded. — Herbs with the flowers sessile in a 
terminal one-sided coiled spike. 

S. Maryland 'ica. Maryland P. Stem square, erect. Leaves sessile, ovate-lanceo- 
late. Corolla 4 or* 5 times longer than the calyx, scarlet. June. 




Fig. 563. Spigelia; the spike uncoils as the flowers open. Fig. 564. A flower, natural size. 



Order 86.— FIGWORTS. 



247 



2. GELSEmTNUM. YeUow Jessamine. 

Calyx lobes oblong. Corolla funnel-bell-form, with 5 short, roundish 
lobes. Filaments 5, on the corolla, Stvle thread-form with 2 double 
stigmas. 
G. sempervi'rens. A slirub very common, South ; with long, wiry, twining stems, 

ascending bushes and hedges. Leaves evergreen, shining, lanceolate. Corolla 

tube 1 inch long, golden-yellow. 



Order LXXXVI. SCROPHTTLARIACE.E. Figworts. 




570 W \ 1 W 

Fig. 565. The Yellow Foxglove (Dasystoma pubeseens). 



[ft 565 

6. Mature fruit. 7. Cross-section 
of the 2-celled capsule. S. A stamen enlarged. 9. Monkey-flower (Jfimvhcs ringens). Fig. 570. 
Calyx with the corolla partly removed, showing the didynamous stamens iu pairs, with the stigma 
above the highest pair. 1. Sections of the 2-celled, many-seeded capsule. 2. Plan of the flower, 
showing the position of the fifth rudimentary filament. 3. Linaria vulgaris, leaf, and personate, 
bi-labiate, spurred flower. 4. A winged seed. 



248 THE FLORA. 



Plants mostly herbaceous, with unsymmetrical flowers, without fragrance ; 
calyx mostly 5-parted, free from the ovary, persistent ; 
corolla bi-labiate or otherwise irregular, lobes imbricated in the bud; 
stamens on the corolla tube, 1 or 3 of the 5 usually imperfect or minute ; 
wary 2-celled ; style 1 ; stigma 2-lobed ; capsule 2-celled, many-seeded. 

Analysis of the Genera. 

* Herbs with the leaves alternate or all radical 2 

* Herbs with the leaves opposite or sometimes whorled 4 

* Trees with large cordate leaves and large blue panicles a 

2 Flowers diandrons, having but 2 perfect stamens c 

2 Flowers didynamous, having 4 stamens, 2 of them longer 3 

2 Flowers pentandrous, having the 5 stamens all perfect b 

3 Corolla bi-labiate, with the throat closed (personate) .... d 

3 Corolla bi-labiate, throat Open, upper lip arched e 

3 Corolla rather bell-shaped, with 5 nearly equal lobes f 

4 Flowers with only 2 perfect stamens g 

4 Flowers with 4 perfect stamens, the 5th scarcely appearing. ... 5 

4 Flowers with 4 perfect stamens and a 5th sterile distinct filament. . . .n 

5 Corolla 2-lipped, the limb quite irregular 6 

5 Corolla limb nearly regular, with 4 or 5 plain, spreading lobes o 

6 Stamens included in the tube of corolla, generally in pairs k 

6 Stamens ascending beneath the arched upper lip m 

6 Stamens descending into the sack-shaped lower lip h 

a Corolla trumpet-shaped, stamens arched downwards. Fragrant, t Paulow'k-ia. 

b Corolla wheel-shaped, stamens declinate. Scentless. Mullein. Verbas'ccii. 1 
c Corolla 4-lobed, minute, white. Plant small. Lvs. radical. S. Amphian'thot. 
c Corolla 4-lobed. Fls. spiked. Lvs. mostly radical. Scape If. N.-W. Syxthi'bis. 
c Corolla deeply many-cleft, variously colored. Lvs. cleft, t Schizan'thus. 
d Corolla protracted into a spur behind. Eacemes leafy. Toad-flax. Lesa/ria. 2 
d Cor. swollen into a sack behind. Eac. leafy. \ Snap-dragon. AxTntRHi/irrar.. 
e Bracts lobed, generally colored. Anth. -cells unequal. Painted-cup. Castille'ja. 
e Bracts and leaves entire, green. Flowers purplish. Chaff-seed. Schwai/bea. 
e Bracts and leaves serrate, green. Flowers yellow. Lousewort. Pediccxa / ris. 
f Tall, erect, with large, nodding flowers. Gardens. Foxglove. Digitalis. 
f Low and minute. Corolla equally 5-cleft. In mud. Mudwort. Limosei/la. 
f Climbing, slender. Corolla large, gibbous at base, t Mexico. MArRA> T/ DiA. 
f Climbing, slender. Corolla large, equal at base, t Mexico. Lophosper'mum. 
g Corolla labiate. Calyx 5-parted. Sterile filaments minute or 0. Grati'ola. 3 
g Corolla labiate. Calyx 5-parted. Sterile filam. forked. Mud-flower. Ilysan'thcs. 
g Corolla labiate. Calyx 4-parted. Flowers very small. Semi-flower. Heuiax'thts. 
g Corolla rotate, with 4 nearly equal lobes, lower smallest. Speedwell. Veronica. 4 



Okder 86.— FIGWORTS. 249 



h Handsome herbs, l-2f. high, with flowers blue and white. 

Innocence. Collin'sia. 5 
k Leaves serr. Sts. square. Palate of lower lip prominent. Monkey-fi. Mim'ultjs. 6 
k Leaves many-cleft into fine divisions." W. Conobea. Cono'bea. 

k Leaves entire. Corolla protracted*into a spur behind. Toad-flax. Lina'ria. 2 
k Leaves entire. Cor. not spurred. Small, obscure weeds. W. M. S. Herpes'tis. 

m Fls. yellow, in a terminal, one-sided spike. Yellow-rattle. Ehinan'thus. 

m Fls. white, small, in a term, one-sided spike. Mts. Eye-bright. Euphrasia. 

m Fls. yellowish, axil., or in a leafy, equal spike. Coio-wheat. Melam'pyrum. 
n Sterile filament shorter than the rest, smooth. Snake-head. Chelo'ne. 7 

n Sterile filament long, projecting, bearded. Beard-tongue. Pentste'mon. 

n Sterile filament a scale on the brown corolla. Figwort. ScrOphula'ria. 

o Corolla purple, in a long, slender spike. Leaves lance-ovate. 

Blue-hearts. Buchne'ra. 

o Cor. purp. or rose-white, axillary. Lvs. narrow-lin., entire. Gerar'dia. 8 

o Corolla yellow, and 5-lobed as well as the calyx p 

p Stamens scarcely longer than the tube of the corolla. . . .q 

p Stamens long-projecting, with. very large anthers. S. Macran'thera. 

q Stamens quite unequal in length. Sepals very short. Dasys'toma. 9 

q Stamens about equal in-length, anths. all perfect. Sep. long.W. Seyme'ria. 

1. VERBAS'CUM. Mullein. 
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, 5-lobed, slightly irregular. Stamens 
5, all perfect, filaments woolly, at least the three upper ones. Pod round- 
ish egg-shaped, 2-valved, many -seeded. — Mostly ® herbs. Flowers in 
spikes, or panicles, or racemes. Leaves alternate. June-August. 

1 V. Thap'sus. Gommoji M. Tall, woolly. Leaves decnrrent. Flowers spiked, 2 

filaments smooth. 

2 V. Blatta'ria. Moth M. Branched, smooth. Leaves serrate. Flowers racemed. 

Filaments violet-woolly. 

3 V. Lych^nitis. White M. White-downy, branched. Leaves crenate. Flowers 

panicled. Filaments white-woolly. 

2. LINA'RIA. Toad-flax. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla personate with the throat closed by the prom- 
inent palate, upper lip reflexed, lower 8 -cleft, tube inflated and spurred 
behind. Pod 2-celled, bursting below the top. — Herbs with the lower 
leaves generally opposite, the upper alternate. Flowers solitary, axillary, 
often forming leafy racemes. • June-September. 

1 L. vulgaris. Butter and Eggs. Leaves lance-linear. Flowers large, yellow and 
orange, in a close raceme. Erect. 

. 11* 



250 THE FLORA. 



2 L. Canaden'se. Canada T. Leaves linear, obtuse. Flowers small, blue, loosely 

racemed. Stem erect. 

3 L. Elat'ine. Fainted T. Leaves ovate-hastate. Flowers small, yellow, and pur- 

ple; Stem prostrate. 

3. GRATI'OLA. Hedge-hyssop. 

Calyx nearly equally 5-parted. Corolla upper -lip entire or slightly 
2-cleft, lower 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, mostly with 3 sterile filaments. 
Pod 2-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded. — Low herbs with opposite leaves. 
Peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, usually with 2 bracts near the calyx. 
June-August. 

§ Flowers on peduncles. Plants weak, smooth, or viscid a 

§ Flowers sessile or nearly so. Plants rigid, bristly-hairy. S 8, 9 

a Sterile filaments thread-like, tipped with a small head b 

a Sterile filaments none, or very minute and pointed 5-7 

b Leaves entire or nearly so. Plants smooth 1,2 

b Leaves toothed. Plants generally viscid-downy. Flowers white. . . .3, 4 

1 G-. officina / lis. Officinal E. Stem erect. Leaves clasping. Fls. whitish. S. 

2 G-. au'rea. Golden E. Stem ascending, branched. Leaves sessile. Flowers 

yellow, showy. 

3 G-. visco / sa. Viscid H. Leaves ovate-lanceolate. Sepals and bracts lanceolate. • S. 

4 G-. ramo'sa. Branching H. Lvs. linear-lance. Bracts minute. Sepals linear. S. 

5 G-. sphserocar'pa. Round-fruited H. Peduncles not longer than calyx. Pod 

globular. W. . [calyx. S. 

6 G-. Florida'na. Florida E. Peduncles long. Corolla four times longer than the 

7 G-. Virginia'na. Virginian H. Peduncles long. Cor. twice longer than calyx. 

8 G-. pilo'sa. Hairy El. Leaves ovate, toothed. Corolla scarce longer than calyx. S. 

9 Gr. subula'ta. AwlAv. E. Leaves narrow, entire. Cor. thrice longer than calyx. S. 

4. YERON'ICA. Speedwell. 
Calyx 4-parted. Corolla with a wheel-shaped, spreading, 4-cleft bor- 
der, the lower segment smallest. Stamens 2, inserted into the tube, pro- 
jecting. Sterile filaments 0. Pod flattened, mostly obtuse or notched at 
the apex, 2-celled, few or many-seeded. — Mostly herbs, with opposite 
leaves. Flowers small, solitary, axillary, or racemed, blue, flesh-color, or 
white . March-Sep teniber . 

§ Erect, tall (H-4f.). Flowers in dense terminal spikes 1, 2 

§ Low, weak (3-12 / ). Leaves opposite. Corolla. tube very short a 

a Eacemes mostly opposite, from the axils of the leaves, sky-blue 3, 4 

a Eacemes mostly alternate, from the axils of the leaves, light-colored 5, 6 

a Eacemes terminal, or the flowers axillary and not racemed b 



Order 86.— FIGWORTS. 



251 



b Floral leaves like the rest, not longer 

than the recurved peduncles 7-9 

b Floral leaves bract-like, longer than the 

erect flower-stalks c 

c Perennial. Flower-stalks equalling or 

exceeding the calyx 10, 11. 

c Annual. Flower-stalks shorter than 
the calyx, or none 12, 13 

1 V. Virginia'na. Culver's Physic. Leaves 
whorled. Corolla tube longer than limb. 

2 V. spica'ta. Spike-flowered S. Leaves op- 
posite. Corolla limb longer than tube, t 

3 V. Anagal'lis. Water S. Leaves ses- 
sile, cordate-clasping, ovate-lance. 

4 V. America/na. Brooklime. Leaves 
petiolate, oblong-ovate, base round- 
ish or cordate. 

5 V. scutenVta. Marsh S. Leaves linear. 
Eacemes very slender, few-flowered. 

6 V. officina'lis. Common S. Lvs. obovate- 
elliptical, finely serrate. Eacemes dense. 

7 V. Buxbaum/ii. Buxbaum's S. Lvs. 
roundish-ovate. Pod triangular-ob- 
cordate. Fields. E. 

8 V. agres'tis. Neckweed. Lvs. cordate- 
ovate. Pod roundish, acutely notch- 
ed. Fields. E. 

9 V. hederaefo'lia.^ Ivy-leaved S. Leaves cordate, roundish, 3-5-lobed. Capsule 

4-seeded. M. Eare. [than long. c. 

10 V. serpyllifo / lia. Thyme-leaved S. Flower-stalks longer than calyx. Pod broader 

11 V. alpi'na. Alpine S. Fl.-stalks as long as the calyx. Pod obov. Hairy. White Mts. 

12 V. peregri'na. Purslane S. Smoothish. Leaves petiolate, oblong, few- 

toothed, fleshy, c. 

13 V. arven / sis. .Com S. Hairy. Lower leaves ovate, crenate, petiolate ; upper 

lanceolate, sessile, entire. Stem 2-6' high. In fields. Common. 




Fig. 575. Speedwell ( Veronica serpylli- 
folia), whole plant. Fig. 576. Plan of the 
flower: o, is the 2-celled ovary; .?, the 2 
stamens ; p, the 4 petals ; sp, the 4 sepals. 
Fig. 577. Cross-section of the pod, show- 
ing its 2 cells, &c. 



5. COLLUSPSIA. Innocence. 

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla 2-lipped, throat closed, upper lip bifid, lower lip 
trifid, with the middle segment keel-like, holding the style and 4 stamens 
in a kind of sack. Capsule roundish. — Annual herbs. 

I 0. verna. Early Collinsia, or Innocence. Corolla 2 or 3 times longer than the calyx. 
Plant 8 to 18 / high, tender and delicate. Leaves lance-ovate, dentate, opposite. 
Flowers variegated with blue and white, singular and pretty. M. W. 



252 



THE FLORA. 



2 C. parviflo'ra. Small-flowered I. Corolla scarcely longer 
than the calyx, blue. Plant small. N.-W. 



6. MIM'ULUS. Monkey-flower. 

Calyx prismatic, 5-angled and 5-toothed. 



Co- 



rolla tubular, upper lip reflexed or erect, 2-lobed, 
lower lip spreading, with a prominent palate, 
3-lo.bed. Pod 2-celled, many -seeded. — Herbs 
prostrate or erect, with square stems, opposite 
leaves, and axillary solitary flowers. July. 

* Species from California, cultivated in gardens .... 3, 4 

* Species growing wild, in fields, road-sides, &c. Fls. 

blue....l, 2 

1 M. rin'gens. Eingent M. Stem not at all winged. 

Leaves sessile. Peduncles longer than the 
flower, c. 

2 M. ala'tus. Wing-stem M. Stem slightly winged. 

cles shorter than the calyx. 
"3 M. lu'tea. Yellow M. Flowers yellow, often spotted. 




Fig. 578. Colli nsia verna. 
Fig. 579. Section of a flower, 
full size. 

Leaves petiolate. Pedun- 
Leaves round-ovate, t 



4 M. cardina / lis. Cardinal M. Fls. scarlet, large and brilliant. Leaves ovate, t 



7. CHELO'iTE. Turtle-head. 

Calyx deeply 5-parted, or the sepals distinct. Corolla inflated, upper lip 
broad, concave, lower 3-lobed, bearded in the throat. Stamens 4, woolly, 
with a 5th sterile filament shorter than the others. Seeds many, broadly 
wing-margined. — U Plants about 2f. erect, with opposite serrate leaves. 
Aug. -Sept. 

1 O. purpurea. Purple T. Leaves lanceolate, petiolate. Flowers purple. Probably 

a variety of the next. W. M. 

2 C. gla'bra. White T. Leaves lanceolate, sessile or nearly so. Flowers white or 

purplish. By brooks and wet places. 

3 C. Lyo'ni. Lyon's T. Lvs. ovate, petiolate, rarely cordate. Fls. purple or white. S. 

8. GERAPv'DIA. Purple Gerardia. 

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed, valvate in the bud. Corolla tubular, 
swelling above, with 5 unequal, spreading lobes, which are shorter than 
the tube. Stamens 4, quite unequal by pairs, included, hairy. . Pod ovate, 
pointed, many-seeded. — ® Erect and branching herbs, with opposite, 
slender leaves, and large, showy, purple or rose-colored flowers. July-Sept. 



Order 86.— FIGWORTS. 253 



§ Calyx segments longer than its tube. Two anthers very small. "W. (Omitted.) 

§ Calyx segments short, equal. Anthers all equal a 

a Corolla bi-labiate, upper lip very short, erect. S. (Omitted.) 

a Corolla lobes subequal, all spreading ; throat usually hairy b 

b Leaves almost none ; opposite scales instead. S. (Omitted.) 
b Leaves all alternate, filiform. S. (Omitted.) 

b Leaves opposite c 

c Peduncles not longer than the calyx. Leaves linear. . . .1, 2 

c Peduncles much longer than the calyx. Leaves linear, long d 

. d Flowers large, about 9" long 3, 4 

d Flowers small, about 6" long 5, 6 

1 G-. mariti'ma. Sea-side G. Leaves linear, fleshy. Fls. small, their stalks scarce 

as long as the truncate calyx. Cor. upper lobes fringed. Salt marshes. E. 

2 Gr. purpurea. Purple G. Leaves linear. Peduncles shorter than the calyx, which 

is a truncate tube with setaceously acute teefch. Flowers 1' long. Common. 

3 G-. as'pera. Rough-lv. G. Pedunc. twice longer than calyx, which has teeth. "W. 

4 Gr. linifo'lia. Flax G. Peduncles many times longer than the toothless calyx. S. 

5 Gr. tenuifo'lia. Slender G. Leaves linear, V long. Peduncle 1/, longer than the 

corolla, which is purple, with spots inside. Slender, branched, 6-1 2 r high; c. 

6 Gr. seta'cea. Bristlc-lv. G. Leaves linear-setaceous, the floral ones much shorter 

than the very long peduncles. Plant 12-18' high. Flowers rose-color. W. 



9. DASYSTOMA. Woolmouth. 

The characters are the same as in Geeaedia, except that the calyx is 
5-cleft, and imbricated in the early bud ; the corolla yellow, with tube 
longer than the lobes, and woolly inside; the leaves rather large, and 
mostly pinnatifid, and the root U. Flowers very showy. Plants 2-4f. 
high. July-Sept. (Figs. 565-568.) 

§ Sepals finely toothed. Leaves all pinnatifid, with toothed lobes 4, 5 

§ Sepals entire. Leaves entire or mostly once pinnatifid-toothed 1 

1 Glabrous. Leaves acute at apex, lanceolate in outline 2, 3 

1 D. flava. Downy W. Downy. Leaves obtuse, entire, except the lower. 
Sepals obtuse. Common in woods. 

2 D. quercifo'lia. Oak-leaved W. Glaucous. Leaves mostly pinnatifid. Corolla 2' 

in length. Calyx segments lance-acuminate, longer than its tube. 

3 D. integrifo'lia. Entire- leaved W. Green. Leaves lanceolate, entire. Stalks 

~" shorter than calyx. Flowers V long. In woods. Ohio, W. 

4 D. pedicula'ria. Lousewort W. Smoothish or downy, branched. Flower- 

stalks longer than calyx. Leaves lance-ovate, twice pinnatifid. 

5 D. pectina'ta. Combed W. *Very hairy. Leaves lanceolate, pectinate-pinnat- 

ifid. Stalks shorter than calyx. 



254 



THE FLORA. 



Order LXXXIX. LABIATE. Labiate Plants. 

Herbs with square stems, and opposite, aromatic leaves ; 

flowers axillary, in verticils, sometimes as if in spikes or heads ; 

corolla labiate (rarely regular), the upper lip 2-cleft or entire, overlapping 

in the lud the lower 3-cleft lip ; stamens 4, didynamous, or 2 ; 
ovary deeply 4-lobed, forming in fruit 4 hard nuts or achenia. 




Fig. 530. Monarda didyma. 1. An anther enlarged. 2. Flower of Hemp Nettle (Galeop. 
sis). 3. One of its stamens much enlarged. 4. The calyx opened, showing the 4 achenia. 
5. Flower of Sage {Salvia). 6. Flower of Ocimum hasilicum. 7. Flower of Nepeta Glechoma. 
S. A pair of the anthers forming a cross. 9. Flower of Physostegia Virginica seen from beneath. 
Fig, 590. One of its stamens. 1. Its ovaries with the rudimentary filament. 2. Flower of Teu- 
criaoi Canadense. 3. Flower of Catnep {Nepeta Cataria). 4. One of its anthers. 5. Dittany 
{Cun.Ua Mariana). 6. A calyx and style. 



Order 89.— LABIATE PLANTS. 255 



Analysis of the Genera. 

§ Flowers with only 2 perfect stamens 7 

§ Flowers with the 4 perfect stamens all declining to the lower lip a • 

§ Flowers with the 4 perfect stamens erect or ascending to the upper lip. . . .2 

2 Stamens of equal length. Corolla almost regular, 4 or 5-lobed c 

2 Sta., the upper pair longer than the lower (outer). Calyx 13-15-veined. . . .k 

2 Stamens, the lower pair longer than the upper (interior) pair 3 

3 Stamens diverging apart, mostly straight and exserted 6 

3 Stamens parallel, ascending and long-exserted from the upper side b 

3 Stamens parallel, ascending in pairs beneath the upper lip 4 

4 Calyx 13-veined, 5-toothed, and somewhat 2-lipped.. . .g 
4 Calyx 5-10-veined or irregularly netted. . . .5* 

5 'Calyx strongly 2-lipped, upper lip truncate, closed in fruit. . . .m 

5 Calyx not labiate, 3 or 4-lobed, open in fruit n 

5 Calyx subequally 5-toothed, teeth not spinescent o " 

5 Calyx subequally 5-toothed, teeth ending in sharp spines. . . .q 

5 Calyx unequally 8-10-toothed s 

6 Calyx hairy in the throat, mostly labiate f 

6 Calyx* naked in the throat, mostly equal, 5-toothed e 

7 Stamens ascending beneath the galea (upper lip). Anthers 1-celled. . . .h 

7 Stamens exserted, distant. Anthers 2-celled d 

a Corolla upper lip 4-lobed, lower entire, flattish. t Sweet Basil. O'cymum. 

a Corolla upper lip 4-lobed, lower saccate, defiexed. S. Hyptis. Hyptis. 

a Corolla upper lip 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed, long, lilac, f Lavender. Lavandula. 
b Stamens exserted through a fissure in the tube. Blue Curls. Trichos'tema. 
b Stamens very long, involute, arching the corolla. Germander. Teu'crium. 
c Corolla limb equally 5-lobed. Stamens short. Blue-false- Gentian. Isan'thus. 
c Corolla limb 4-lobed, the broadest lobe notched. Peppermint, &c. Mentha. 1 
d Cor. nearly reg.,4-cleft. Calyx naked in throat. Water Hoarhound. Lyc / opus. 2 
d Corolla labiate, cyanic, throat naked, Stam. straight. Dittany. Cuni'la. 3 
d Cor. labiate, cyanic, throat naked. Stam. ascend. Pennyroyal. Hede'oma. 
d Corolla labiate, yellow, throat hairy. Stamens) 

long-exserted. v Horse-balm. Collinso'nia. 

e Fls. yel. Coarse herbs not fragrant, with large lvs. ; 

e Fls. bright blue. Handsome herbs. Calyx 15-veined. f Hyssop. Hys'sopus. 

e Fls. pale blue, in dense hds. Calyx 10 or 13-striate. Wild Basil. Pycxan^hemcm. 

e Fls. pink-colored, axillary. Lvs. linear, small. + Summer Savory. Saturk'ja. 

f Corolla exserted, pink-color, racemed. Leaves linear, smooth. Stem If. S. 

Diceran'dra. 
f Corolla short as calyx, pale-purple. Bracts roundish, colored. 

Marjoram. Origanum. 
f Corolla short as calyx, blue-purp. Bracts minute, green. Thyme. Thymus. 



256 THE FLORA. 



g Cor. tube straight. Lvs. small, subcrenate or entire. Calaminth. Calamin'tha. 4 
g Corolla tube curved upwards. Leaves large, coarse-crenate. Balm. Melis'sa. 

h Anthers halved, the halves widely separated, each 1-celled. Sage. Sai/via. 5 

h Anthers halved, one half present, 1-celled. Filaments toothed. Shrub. + 

Rosemary. Bosmari'nus. 

h Anthers whole, 2-celled. Calyx subsequally 5-toothed. 

Mountain Mint. Monar'da. 6 

h Anthers whole, 2-celled. Calyx labiate, teeth bristle-shaped. Blephii/ia. 
k. Leaves serrate. Stamens diverging. Fls. spiked. Tall Hyssop. Lophan'thtjs. 
k Lvs. serrate. Stam. all ascend. Fls. capitate. Dragonhead. Dracoceph'alum. 
k Lvs. crenate, cordate or reniform. Corolla smooth inside. Catmint. Nep'eta. 7 
k Leaves crenate, cordate. Corolla tube very broad, hairy inside. Cedronei/la. 

m Calyx lips toothed. Filam. forked. Fls. spiked. Self-heal. Brunei/la. 8 

m Calyx lips entire, the upper appendaged on back. Skullcap. Scutellaria. 9 
n Calyx 3-lobed. Anthers all distinct. Corolla large, purplish. S. Macbri'dea. 
n Calyx 4-lobed. Anthers, upper pair, connate. White. W. Synan / dra.10 

o Cor. tube inflated in the midst, whitish. Tall. Lion's- heart. Physoste'gia.11 

o Cor. tube inflated at the throat, purple. Lvs. roundish. Henbit. Lami'um. 

o Corolla inflated in the broad concave upper lip. Jerusalem Sage. Phlomis. 

o Corolla not inflated, short p 

p Calyx salver-form, 10-veined. Black Hoar hound. Ballo'ta. 

p Calyx broad-campanulate, netted. Molucca Balm. Molluccel'la. 

q Lvs. serrate. Anth. open crosswise. Nuts truncate. Hemp Nettle. Galeop'sis. 

q Leaves serrate. Anth. open lengthwise. Nuts obtuse. Hedge Nettle. Stachys. 

q Leaves lobed.. Nuts truncate at top, 3-angled. Motherwort. Leonu'rtjs. 

s Cor. white, upper lip flattish. Style equally bifid. H>arhound. Marru'bium. 

s Corolla white, upper lip concave. Style unequally bifid. S. Leucas. 

s Corolla scarlet, exserted. Calyx upper tooth longest. Liorfs-ears. Leono'tis. 

1. MENTHA. Mint. 

Calyx equally 5-toothed. Corolla nearly regular, tube included in the 
calyx, border 6-cleft, the upper lobe, mostly notched. Stamens 4, equal, 
straight, erect, distant. — Aromatic herbs, with the pale purple or white 
flowers in close axillary clusters, or forming spikes. 

* Whorls of flowers remote, axillary, not in spikes. Leaves petiolate 1, 2 

* Whorls of flowers approximate, forming terminal spikes 3, 4 

1 M. Canadensis. Wild Mint. Plant grayish, fragrant. Lvs. acute at each end. 

2 M. arven'sis. Field M. Plant green, ill-scented. Lvs. frequently obtuse at base. 

3 M. piperita. Peppermint. Leaves petiolate, ovate, serrate, smooth. Spikes 

few, thick, short. Stems 2-3f. high. 

4 M. vir'idis. Spearmint. Leaves sessile, lance-oblong, acute, serrate. Spikes 

many, slender, long. Stems l-2f. high. 



Order 89.— LABIATE PLANTS. 257 



2. LYC'OPUS. Water Hoarhound. 

Calyx tubular, 4-5-cleft. Corolla nearly regular, 4-cleft, tube as long 
m as the calyx, stamens 2, distant, diverging the length of the straight style. 
— U Low herbs, with deeply toothed or pinnatifid leaves, and remote 
axillary whorls of small, whitish flowers. July, Aug. 

L. Virgin'icus. Stem obtuse-angled. Leaves sharp-toothed. Calyx 4-cleft, blunt. 
L. Europas'us. Stem sharp-angled. Leaves sinuate-toothed. Calyx 5-cleft, spiny. 

3. CUNTLA. Dittany. (Figs. 595, 596.) 

C. Mariana. Maryland JD. Stem branched, l-2f. high. Leaves ovate, serrate, 
nearly sessile. Cymes axillary and terminal, corymbous, stalked. Corolla 
nearly twice as long as the calyx, pale-red. In rocky woods. N. Y. to Ga. 
Summer. 

4. CALAMDsT'THA. Calaminth. 

Calyx 13-veined, tubular, throat mostly hairy, upper lip 3-cleft, lower 
2-cleffc. Corolla tube straight, exserted, throat enlarged, upper lip erect, 
subcutive, lower lip spreading, its middle lobe largest. Stamens 4, lower ■ 
pair longer. — U 

1 C. Clinopo'dium. Wild Basil. Herb hairy, l-2f. high. Leaves ovate, subserrate. 

Flowers many, in dense, axillary whorls, with subulate bracts. Calyx bent. 

2 C. Nep'eta. False Catmint. Herb hairy, 2f., much branched below. Lvs. broad- 

ovate, petiolate. Whorls few-flowered above. Calyx straight. Hills. Va. 

3 O. glabella. False Pennyroyal. Herb smooth, half erect, 6-12', branched. Lvs. 

oblong, those of the runners ovate. Cor. pale-violet. Fragrant. June. M. 

4 O. canes'cens. Hoary G. Shrub 10' high. Lvs. linear. Fls. opposite, roseate. S. 

5 C. coccin / ea. Scarlet C. Shrub with narrow obovate leaves, large scarlet fls. S. 

6 C. Carolinia'na. Carolina C. Shrub If. Leaves ovate, serrate-crenate. Flowers 

rose-purple. S. 

5. SAL'VIA. Sage. 

Calyx striate, labiate, throat not hairy. Corolla ringent, upper lip 
straight or falcate, lower spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 2. The connectile 
is placed transversely on the filament like the letter T, bearing at each 
end 1 lobe of the halved anther. (See Figs. 585, 176.) 

§ Herbs native, in woods, &c a 

§ Herbs or shrubs in gardens, with blue flowers 7, 8 

§ Shrubs from Mexico, cultivated, with large scarlet flowers 9, 10 



258 THE FLORA. 



a Calyx slightly ---lipped, obs: -Toothed, equal. South 1-3 

a Calyx deeply 2-lipr? ;. •"-:: rthed, lower lip longer 4-6 

IS. azu'rea. Assart S. Leaves linear-oblong. Fls. downy, azure-blue. Summer. 

2 S. urticifo lia. Xii± '.--".■:. S. Lvs. rhombic-: trolla smoothj blue. May. 

3 S. coccin'ea. S. Lvs. ovate, cordate, hoary. Corolla red, smooth. July. 

4 S. Clayto'ni Clapton's S. Lvs. lanceolate, pinna::!:", amline. Els. small. S. 

5 S. obova'ta. ?. Lvs. broadly obovate, entire. Flowers blue. S. 

6 S. lyra'ta. LyraU S. Leaves all radical, oblong, lyrate, erzse-dentate, 1 or 2 

on the scape, bract-like. Fls. V long, violet-purple. M. S. 

7 S. Scla'rea, Lvs. ample, broad-ovate. Corolla upper lip large, high- 

arched. f (Fig. 5S5.) 

8 S. officinalis. Common S. Lvs. not large, lance-oblong, rugous. Corolla upper 

lip scarce longer than the lower, some vaulted. Shrubby. 
9 S.fal'gens. Stem weak. Lvs. lance-ovate, long-stalked. Calyx scarcely colored. 
10 S. splen'dens. Stem erect. Leaves broad-ovate, stalked. Calyx scarlet also. 

6. MOXAE'DA. Mountain-mint 

Calyx tubular, lengthened. 15-ribbed. nearly equally 5-toothed. Corolla 
tabular, long, the lips linear or oblong, lower reflexed. 3-lobed, upper 
erect, entire, involving the filaments. Stamens 2, with rudiments of more. 
— Erect, fragrant herbs, with rather large flowers in br acted whorls or 
heads, the bracts generally tinged with the color of the flowers. July- 
Sept. [Figs. oSO. 581.) 

lyx dens? in the throat. Corolla purple or whitish. . ..1.2 
§ Calyx naked in the throat. Corolla scarlet or yellow 3, 4 

1 M. fistnlo'sa. Wild Be Stem acutely angular, 2-4f. Leaves lance 1 

ovate, petiolate. Heads of flowers large, dense, terminal. «£. p. w. M. "W*. 

2 M. Bradburia'na. Bradbury's M. Stem simple, 3f. Leaves lance-oblong, 

subsessile, hairy both sides. Heads tew, large, purple. W. 

3 M. puncta 'ta. Hbrsem rin branched, 2-3f. high. Leaves lance-oblong, 

tapering to a petiole. Bracts longer than the pale yellow flowers. M. W. S. 

4 M. did'yma. Mountain Balm. Stem branched, 2-ct. Leaves broad-ovate, acu- 

minate. Heads large, with long crimson jlowers and bracts, f 

7. NEFETA. Catmint. 

Calyx striate, obliquely 5-toothed. Upper lip of the corolla notched or 
2-cieft. lower 3-lobed, middle lobe largest, throat naked and widened. 
Stamens ascending beneath the upper lip. — U Lvs. crenate.(Figs. 587, 588.) 

1 N. Cata'ria . Tall. Cymes dense, terminal spikes. Leaves cordate. 

2 N. G-lecho'ma. Gill. Trailing. Cymes loose, axillary. Leaves round-reniforra. 



Order 89.— LARIATE PLANTS. 259 



8. BRUNEL'LA. Blue-curls. 



B. vulga'ris. Common B. Stem simple, ascending 8-18'. Leaves oblong-ovate, 
stalked, toothed. Whorls close together, forming an oblong, dense spike. 
Corolla blue, upper lip truncate, with 3 awns. 



9. SCUTELLARIA. Skullcap. 

Calyx canipanulate, lips entire, with an appendage on the back and 
closed after flowering. Corolla with a long, ascending tube, the upper lip 
vaulted, nearly entire, middle *lobe of the lower lip wide, spreading. Sta- 
mens approximate in pairs, ascending beneath upperiip. — Bitter herbs, not 
aromatic. Flowers generally blue. May-August. 

% Flowers large (7-1 3" long), racemed above, with bracts a 

§ Flowers large or small, opposite, solitary in the axils of the leaves 8-10 

§ Flowers small (3" long), in slender, axillary, 1-sided racemes 11 

a Bracts ovate, abrupt at base. Lips of the corolla short 1, 2 

a Bracts lance-oblong, acute at base. Leaves notched, petiolate b 

a Bracts leaf-like, longer than the calyx. Leaves entire, subsessile 7 

b Helmet (upper lip) of the corolla longer than the lower 3, 4 

b Helmet of the corolla not longer than the lip 5, 6 

1 S. versic / olor. Variegated S. Floral leaves sessile, broad-ovate, not cordate. 

Corolla lower lip scarcely longer than the upper, blue above. M. W. 

2 S. saxati'lis. Rock S. "Weak, branched, ascending. Upper leaves oval, obtuse. 

Corolla lower lip twice longer than the upper, blue above, tube pale. Eocks. 
W. S. ■ 

3 S. cahes / cens. Hoary S. Tall, downy. Leaves petiolate, oblong or ovate. 

Flowers canescent, tube gradually enlarged. M. "W". c. 

4 S. villo'sa. Woolly S. Stem woolly. Corolla tube slender, enlarged only at 

the throat. Helmet much larger than the lip. S. 

5 S. serra'ta. Saw-lf. S. Nearly smooth. Leaves acuminate, both ends. W. S. 

6 S. pilo'sa. Hairy S. Plant hairy. Leaves rhomb. -ovate, obtuse. M. S. 

7 S. integrifc/lia. Entire-leaved S". Erect. Leaves ovate-lance., entire, sub- 
sessile. M. 

8 S. nervosa. Nerve-lf. S. Lvs. broad-ovate, 3-5-veined. Stem 8-15'. M. W 

9 S.par'vula. Pigmy S. Lvs. oblong, ovate, obtuse, entire, sessile. Stem 3-6'. M. W. 

10 S. galericula'ta. Common S. Leaves lance-cordate, crenate-serrate. Flowers V 

long. c. 
11 S. lateriflora. Mad-dog S. Branching, smoothish. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate, serrate, petiolate. Kacemes lateral, leafy, c. 



260 



THE FLORA. 



10. SYISTAInT'DRA. Synandra. 

Calyx 4-cleft. Upper lips of corolla entire, vaulted, 
the lower in 3 unequal, obtuse lobes. Throat widened. 
Stamens ascending beneath the upper lip, the two up- 
per anthers cohering. (Figs. 597, 90.) 

1 S. grandiflo'ra. Great-flowered S. Grows in woods, West. 
6-8' high. Leaves opposite, ovate, cordate, toothed. Fls. 
few, V long, upper lip very large. June. 

11. PHYSOSTE'GIA. Lion's-heart 

P. Virginia / nii. Virginian L. Stem square, erect 2-3f., with 
very smooth, sessile leaves in four rows, and a terminal, 
4-rowed spike of large, showy, purplish-white flowers. 
Aug., Sept. (Figs. 589-591.) , 




Order XC. BOKRAGINACE^E. Borrageworts. 




If — cy 

Fig. 598. Borrage (Borrago officinalis). 9. The four nuts with the style afnd calyx. Fig. 600. 
One of the nuts cut open, showing the seed, embryo, &c. 1. Puccoon {LWwspermum canes- 
cens). 2. Corolla laid open, showing the stamens. 3. Pistil of Comfrey, consisting of the deeply 
4-lobed ovary with the slender style arising from between the lobes and near their base. 

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with round stems and branches ; 

leaves alternate, generally rongh with stiff hairs ; stipules none ; 



Order 90.— BORRAGEWORTS. 261 



flowers seldom yellow, generally in a coiled (circinate) inflorescence ■ 
sepals 5 ; petals 5, united below, almost always regular; 
stamens 5 ; ovary deeply 4-lobed, forming in fruit 4 separate, 1 -seeded 
nuts or nutlets, generally without albumen. 

Analysis of the Genera. 

§ Ovary not 4-lobed, but separating when ripe into several achenia. . . .a 
§ Ovary 4-lobed or parted, becoming 4 achenia around the style. . . .2 

2 Corolla irregular, with unequal lobes or a bent tube b 

2 Corolla perfectly regular 3 

3 Achenia or ovary prickly. Corolla throat closed with 5 scales f 

3 Achenia and ovary not prickly 4 

4 Corolla throat closed by 5 scales c 

4 Corolla throat open, no scales, sometimes 5 ridges. . . .d 

a Corolla tube with open throat. Achenia 4. Heliotrope. Turnsol. Heliotro'pium. 1 

a Corolla tube with constricted throat. Achenia 2. False Helio. Heliotroph / ttum. 

b Corolla irregularly 5-lobed. Throat open. Blue. Vipers Bugloss. Ech'iuji:. 

b Corolla with the slender tube bent, closed. Blue. Bugloss. Lycop'sis. 

c Corolla wheel-form, 'anthers exserted. Blue. Borrage. Borra'go. 

c Corolla tubular bell-form. Style exserted. White. Comfrey. Symphytum. 

d Cor. tubular, with erect, acute lobes. White. False Gromwell. Onosmo'dium. 

d Corolla lobes rounded, spreading, e 

e and imbricated in the bud. White or yellow. Gromwell. Lithosper'mum. 2 

e and imbricated in the bud. Purple or bine, large. Merten'sia. 3 

e and convolute in the bud. Blue or white, small. Myoso'tis. 4 

f Corolla salver- form. Ach. prickly on the edge. Burr-seed. Echinosper / mum. 

f Corolla funnel-form. Achenia prickly all over. Round) s-tongue. Cynoglos'sum. 5 

1. HELIOTRO'PIUK Turnsol. Heliotrope. 

Corolla salver-form, lobes shorter than the tube. Anthers sessile. Style 
short, terminal. Ovary entire, splitting at length into 4 achenia. — Herbs 
or shrubs. Flowers in one-sided, coiled spikes. 

1 H. Europae'um. Wild H. Herb downy. Leaves oval, obtuse. Spikes single or 

forked. White. S. * [obtuse. Blue. W. 

2 H. curassav'icum. Glaucous H. Herb smooth, glaucous. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, 
% 3 H. Peruvia / num. Common E. Shrubby, whitish-downy. Spikes many, clus- 
tered, w.-p. t 

2. LITHOSPER'MUM: GromwelLor Grammell. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form, the limb 5-lobed, 
throat open, naked or with 5 projections. Stamens included. Achenia 



262 



THE FLORA. 



bony, ovate, smooth or wrinkled, fixed by a flat base. — Herbs generally 
with thick, reddish roots. Flowers spiked or racemed, with leafy bracts.- 
May- July. 

§ Flowers white, small a 

§ Flowers yellow, showy. Achenia smooth, polished 5-7 

a Achenia roughened with wrinkles 1 

a Achenia smooth and polished 2-4 

1 L. arven'se. Wheat-thief. *oot©,red. Leaves lance-linear. Plant 12-18' high, 
hairy, c. [tube. N. M. 

2 L. officinale. Gromwell. Eoot U. Lvs. lanceolate. Calyx equal to corolla 

3 L. latuVlium. Broad-leaved G. Eoot 2f. Leaves lance-ovate, sharply acumi- 

nate. Sepals longer than the corolla, spreading in fruit. Stem l-2f. 

4 L. angustifo'lium. Narrow-lv. G. U Lvs. linear, stiff, edges some revolute. M.W. 

5 L. canes'cens. Puccoon. Soft-velvety, canescent. Lvs. oblong-linear. Tube of 

the corolla thrice as long as the very short calyx. Plant 8-1 2 / erect. W. &c. 

6 L. hirtum. Hairy P. Eough-hairy. Lvs. lance-linear. Cor. long as calyx. W. S. 

7 L. longiflVrum. Long-flowered P. Eough-ashy. Lvs. lance-linear. Corolla tube 

four times as long as the calyx, lobes erenulate, wavy. W. S. 



3. MERTE^'SIA. Lungwort. 
A short, 5-cleft calyx ; a tnbnlar corolla, slender below, snddenly en- 
larged-above, limb 5-cleft ; the 5 stamens inserted at top of the tube, and 
with smooth achenia. — U Plants usually smooth, with terminal racemes. 

1 M. Virgin'ica. Virginian L. Very smooth, 12-18 7 high. Eoot lvs. large, stalked; 

stem lvs. sessile. Fls. somewhat trumpet-shaped, blue-lilac, very fine. May. W. 

2 M. marit'ima. Sea L. Smooth, diffuse. Leaves ovate, 

fleshy. Corolla limb longer than the Jube, which 
shows 5 folds in throat, blue-purple. E. 

3 M. panicula'ta. Panicled L. Eough. Leaves cordate, 

acuminate, veiny. Calyx hispid, thrice shorter than 
the tube, bell-form, blue- white corolla. N.-W. 

4. MYOSOTIS. Forget-me-not. Scorpion-grass. 

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla salver-form, the 5 lobes 
slightly notched at the end, throat closed with 5 
short, concave scales. £Tuts smooth, ovate, with 
a small cavity at base. — Little herbs slightly wool- 
ly. Racemes finally becoming long. May-Aug. 

1 M. paius'tris. True F. Flowers in one-sided racemes. 

Plant smoothish, 6-12' high. Leaves linear-oblong, Fig. 604. Forget-me-not,— 
obtuse. Flowers blue with a yellow centre. a pair of scorpoid cymes. 




Order 91.— THE HYDROPHYLLS. 263 



2 M. arven'sis. Field F. Fls. in 2-sided, leafless racemes. Plant hairy. Pedicels 

twice as long as the open, equal calyx. Lvs. oblong-lance., acute. Rare. w. 

3 M. striata. Bough F. Flowers in 2-sided racemes, which are leafy at their base. 

Pedicels as long as the closed, 2-lipped calyx. Leaves oblong, w. 

5. CYJSTOGLOS'SUM. Hound's-tongue. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short, funnel-form, the throat closed with 5 
obtuse scales, lobes rounded. Nuts depressed, covered with short, hooked 
prickles, fixed laterally to the base of the style. — Coarse herbs, strong- 
scented,, with the flowers in leafless, panicled racemes. June, July. 

C. officinale. Common IT. Velvety. Stem leafy (l-2f.). Flowers reddish purple. 
O. virgin 'i cum. Stalked H. Hairy. Stem leafless above (2f.). Flowers pale blue. 
C. Morriso'ni. Morrison's H. Hairy, leafy (2-3f.), wide-spread. Flowers whitish. 



Order XCI. HYDROPHYLLACE.E. The Hydrophylls. 

Mostly herds with alternate lobed leaves, and regular bluish flowers; 
' calyx 5-cleft, usually with appendages at the clefts, persistent; 
corolla 5-lohed, often with 10 honey scales or furrows near the base ; 
stamens 5, inserted into the corolla, with a single bifid styles- 
ovary simple, free, 1- celled, with 2 usually projecting several-seeded 

placentae. 

Analysis of the Genera. 

1 Corolla with 10 honey scales inside, extending lengthwise 2 

1 Corolla destitute of honey scales. Stamens equalling corolla. Cosman'thus. 2 
2 Fls. in coiled cymes, without bracts. Placentas large, fleshy. Hydrophyi/ltjm. 1 
2 Flowers in one-sided racemes, bractless. Placentas linear. Phace'lia. 

2 Flowers (mostly) solitary. Calyx very large. Leaves pinnatifid. Ellis'ia. 

1. HYDROPHYL'LUK Water-leaf. 

Sepals slightly nnited at base. Corolla campanulate, with 10 linear 
honey scales running lengthwise, folded inward so as to form 5 grooves. 
Stamens exserted. Pod globular, 2-celled, 1-4-seeded, with large, fleshy 
placentae. — Handsome herbs, with the root leaves on long petioles, and 
the flowers in clustered cymes, bluish or white. 

§ Calyx not appendaged. Stamens much exserted 1-3 

§ H. appendicula'tum. • Appendaged W. Calyx appendaged at the clefts. Stamens 
not exserted. W. S. 



264 



THE FLORA. 



1 H. macrophyl'lum. Great-leaved W. Lvs. pinnately-veined and lobed, rough- 

hairy. Peduncles long. W. S. 

2 H. Virgin'icum. Virginia W. Leaves pinnately-veined and lobed, smooth. 

Peduncles long. c. • • 

8 H. Canaden / se. Canada W. Leaves palmately-veined and lobed, smooth. 
Peduncles shorter than petals, r. 




Fig. 605. A flower- of Virginian Water-leaf. Fig. 606. The Ovary and Style. Fig. 607. 
Corolla cut open, showing the honey grooves. Fig. 608. A seed, cut, showing the embryo. 

2. COSMA^'THUS. Miami Mist. 

Corolla broad-campanulate, soon falling off, throat not appendaged, 
limb of 5-fringed lobes. Ovary 1-celled, the two projecting placentas 
each 2-seeded. — (D Delicate herbs with alternate leaves, long, bractless 
racemes, and small, white or pale-blue-flowers. 

1 O. Pui / shii. Pur slC s M. Nearly smooth. Leaves pectinately pinnatifid, lobes 

oblong-acute. Sepals lance-linear. Height 8-12'. Penn., S. and W. Pale blue. 

2 O. fimbria'tus. Fringed G Downy. Leaves pinnate, segments rounded or ob- 

long, obtuse. Sepals obtuse, oblong-spatulate. Mts. Tenn. S. 



Order XCII. POLEMONIACEJ3. Phloxworts. 

Herbs with alternate or opposite leaves, and regular, showy, 5-parted 

flowers ; calyx free from the ovary ; 

corolla of 5 united petals, twisted and imbricate in the bud ; 

stamens 5, inserted into the midst of the corolla tube and alternate with 

its lobes ; 
ovary 3-celled ; styles united into 1 ; stigma 3-cleft ; 
capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, with few or many albuminous seeds. 



Order 92.— PHLOXWORTS. 



265 



Analysis of the Genera. 

Corolla salver-form. Filaments unequal. Leaves simple. Phlox. Phlox. 

Corolla funnel-form. Filaments equal. Leaves dissected. Gilia. Gi'lia. 

Corolla bell-form. Filaments equal. Leaves pinnate. Polemony. Polemo'nium. 



1. PHLOX. Lychnidea. 

Calyx angular, deeply 5-cleft, corolla salver-form, 
the tube more or less curved. Stamens quite unequal, 
inserted in the tube of the corolla above the middle. 
Capsule 3-celled, cells '1 -seeded. — Very beautiful 
North American herbs. Leaves generally opposite, 
sessile, simple, entire. Flowers varying from ptir- 
ple to white. April-July. 




Fig. 609. Flower of 
of a Phlox. 



* Lobes of the corolla rounded and entire at the end. . . .10-12 

* Lobes of the corolla notched or bifid at the end a 

a Panicle of cymes oblong or pyramidal, many-flowered. . . .1, 2 

a Panicle of cymes corymbed, level-topped, flowers fewer b 

b Plants glabrous. Calyx teeth shorter than its tube 3, 4 

b Plants hairy. Calyx teeth very slender, larger than its tube c 

c Leaves narrow, linear or nearly so 5, 6 

c Leaves broad, ovate, lanceolate, &c 7-9 

1 P. panicula'ta. Panicled L. Garden P. Tall. Leaves lance-ovate, acuminate at 

each end. Calyx-teeth bristle-pointed, nearly as long as the tube. W. S. f 

2 P. macula''ta. Spotted L. Stem purple-spotted. Leaves lance-ovate, upper cor- 

date. Calyx-teeth lanceolate, acute, half as long as its tube. Fields. W. S. f 

3 P. Carolina. Carolina L. Stem ascending. Leaves lance-ovate. W. S. 

4 P. glaber'rima. Polished L. Stem erect, simple. Leaves lance-linear. W. S. 

5 P.pilo'sa. Hairy L. Leaves lance-linear, acute. Calyx segments bristle -subulate, 

much linger than its tube. Stem slender, l-2f. W. S. p.-w. 

6 P. involucra'ta. Cwp-fl. L. Hoary-downy. Lvs. linear oblong, obtusish at each 

end, the floral crowded beneath the dense cymes, p.-r. S. 

7 P. rep'tans, Creeping L. Stolons creeping. Stem oblique. Lvs. obovate, 

obtuse. W. S. 

8 P. Laphamii. Lapham's P. Slender, erect. Lvs. ovate, acute, thin. W. 

9 P. Drummondii. DrummonoVs P. Annual, branched, hairy. Leaves mostly 

alternate, Calyx segments revolute. Corolla purple, with a star. S. f 

10 P. dwrarica'ta. Wild L. Low, diffuse, downy. Lvs. lance-ovate, acute. Pan- 

icle corymbed, loose. Corolla grayish-blue. c. (No. 8, may be the same.) 

11 P. bifida. Beckys L. Low, diffusely branched. Lvs. lanceolate, stem-clasping. 

12 P. subula'ta. Moss Pinlc. Prostrate, much branched. Lvs. linear-subulate. It 

grows in dense tufts, covered over with rose-colored flowers in May. f 

12 



266 



THE FLORA. 



2. POLEMO'OTUM. Polemony. 

1 P. cceruTeum. Blue P. Greek Valerian. Stem erect, l-2f. high. Lvs. pinnate, 

with 11-17 leaflets. Capsule 12-20-seeded. Sometimes wild, t 

2 P. rep'tans. Creeping P. Stem weak, diffuse. Leaves pinnate, with 7-11 leaflets. 

Capsule 4-6-seeded. "Woods, common. Light blue. 



Order XCIII. CONYOLYULACE.E. Bindweeds. 

Herbs twining or trailing, with alternate leaves ; flowers showy ; 

calyx with 5 much imbricated sepals, persistent ; 

corolla regular, 5-lobed or entire, plaited and twisted in the bud ; 

stamens 5, and style single ; ovary free, becoming in 

fruit a pod which is 2-4-celled and 2-6-seeded .; 

embryo large and leafy, with thin mucilaginous albumen. 

The suborder, Cusctjtine^e, consists of small orange-colored, leafless 
plants, living on other plants (parasites), 
with small flowers, and no cotyledons 
(Ousctjta, the Dodde?^. 

Analysis of the Genera. 



.3 
.b 
.a 



d 



§ Ovaries 2, distinct, with 2 distinct styles. . . .f 
§ Ovary 1, open, when ripe by 2-4 valves 2 

2 Ovary 2-celled, 2-valved, 4-seeded. 

2 Ovary 3-celled, 3-valved, 6-seeded. 

2 Ovary 4-celled, 4-valved, 4-seeded. 

3 Styles 2, distinct e 

3 Styles united into 1 4 

4 Calyx enveloped in 2 large bracts . . 

4 Calyx naked c 

a Stamens exserted. Cor. small (scarce V broad). 
a Stamens included. Corolla large (2 7 broad), f 

b Beautiful twining vines. Cor. bell-funnel. 
c Stamens included. Stigma capitate. 
c Stamens included. Stigmas 2, linear. . 
e Stamens exserted. Corolla tube slender, f 

d Stigmas 2, obtuse. Corolla bell-form. + 




Fig. 610. Entire-leaved Cypress-vine 
{Quamoclit coecinea.) 



t 



Quam'oclit. 
Sweet Potato. Bata'tas. 
rning-glory. Phar'bitis. 
False Bindweed. Ipomjs/a. 
Bindiveed. Costvoi/vclus. 
Good-night. Calynyc'tion. 
Rutland Beauty. Calyste'gia. 
e Peduncles longer than the leaves. Soft-downy. Stylisma. Stylis'ma. 

f Capsules 2, each 1-seeded. Plant very small, prostrate. S, Djchqn'dra. 



Order 93.— BINDWEEDS. 267 



1. QUAM'OCLIT. Cypress Vine. 

1 Q. vulga'ris. True 0. Leaves pectinate-pinnatifid. Fls. scarlet, crimson, &c. S. 

2 Q. coccinea. Untire-lv. G. Lvs. undivided, cordate, acuminate. Crimson. W.S. 

2. BATATAS. Sweet Potato. 

1 B. littorals. Sea-side B. Peduncle 1 -flowered, as long as the sinuate, cordate 

leaf. S. 

2 B. macrorhi'za. Wild Potato. Peduncle 1-5-flowered, shorter than the lobed or 

entire leaf, which is downy beneath. Flowers purplish-white. S. 

3 B. ed'ulis. Sweet Potato. Peduncle 3-5-flowered, shorter than the palmate or 

pedate-lobed leaf. Flowers showy, rose-purple, t N 

3. PHAR'BITIS. Morning-glory. (Fig. 22.) 

1 P. purpurea. Common M. Leaves entire, cordate. Peduncle 2-5-flowered. f 

2 P. Nil. Indigo M. Lvs. 3-lobed, cordate. Ped. 1-3-fl.wd. Sepals long. M. S. t 

4. IPOM^E'A. False Bindweed. 

A large genus. Some of its tropical species are shrubs and trees ; and 
are all trailing or climbing herbs, chiefly at the Sonth. We mention but 
one species. 

I. pan'durata. Wild Potato. Leaves broadly cordate, often fiddle-shaped (pandnri- 
form). Corolla large (near 3 r long), 4 times longer than the calyx, white, with 
a purple centre. Koot very large. Sandy fields, West and South. 

5. COlSrVOL'VULUS. Bindweed. 

1 C. arven'sis. Field B. Leaves sagittate. Fls. white, with a tinge of red, small. 

2 O. tricolor. Tri-colored B. Leaves lance-obovate. Fls. yellow, white, blue, t 

6. CALYSTE'GIA. Bracted Bindweed. 

1 C. spithamas'us. Erect B. Stem -ascending, 8-10' (a span). Leaves lance-oblong. 

Peduncle as long as the leaves, bearing 1 large, white flower. Fields. 

2 C. Sepium. Rutland Beauty. Stem twining, long. Leaves cordate-sagittate. 

Flowers numerous, large, white, sometimes double in cultivation. 

3 C. Catesbeia'nus. CatesbtfsB. Plant downy, twining. Flowers purple. S. 



268 



THE FLORA. 



Order XCIY. SOLAXACE.E. Nightshades. 





Fig, 611. A flower of Bitter-sweet (Solatium Dulcamara). 2. Cross-section of the 
berry. 3. A. seed cnt open, showing the long, curved embryo. Fig. 614. Flower of Petunia. 

Plants herbaceous or shrubby, with alternate leaves; and with 

flower -stalks often opposite to the leaves; and,the 

pedicels without bracts; calyx generally persistent, 5-lobed; 

corolla 5-lobed, mostly regular, valvate and plaited in the bud; 

ovary free, 2-celled (rarely 3 or 4-celled), many-seeded ; 

style and stigma single; fruit a capsule or berry, with many seeds; 

eiribryo curved, lying in fleshy albumen. 



Analysis of the Genera. 

§ Corolla wheel-shaped, the tube very short. Anthers convergent,. ..a 

§ Corolla bell-shaped, the broad tube including the erect anthers b 

§ Corolla funnel-form, tube long, and — (2) 

2 The limb somewhat irregular c 

2 The limb perfectly regular 3 * 

3 Stamens exserted d ' 

3 Stamens included e 

a Anthers connate, opening by slits. Berry lobed. Tomato. Lycospep/sicum. 
a Anthers connivent, opening by pores. Berry round. Potato. Sola'ztum. 

a Anthers connivent, opening by pores. Pod angular. Pepper* Cap'sicum. 

b Corolla bluish. Berry dry, enveloped in the calyx. Apple Peru. Nioat^dra. 

b Corolla yellowish. Berry fleshy, inclosed in the calyx. 

Ground Cherry. Phys'alis. 

b Corolla purplish. Berry black, in the open calyx. Belladonna. At'ropa. 
c Stamens exserted, declining. Capsule opening by a lid. Henbane. Hyoscy'amus. 
c Stamens included, unequal. Cansule opening by valves. Petunia. Petu'nta. 



Order 94.— NIGHTSHADES. 269 



d Stamens growing to the summit of the tube. Neircmberg. Neirember'gia. 

d Stamens growing to the bottom of the tube. Matrimony. Lyc'icm. 

e Calyx 5-angled. Capsule spiny or smooth. Thorn Apple. Datu'ra. 

e Calyx terete. Stigma capitate. Herbs coarse. Tobacco. Nicotia'na. 

e Calyx terete. Stigma 2-lobed. Delicate shrubs, f False Tamarisk. Fabia'na. 

SOLA' NUM. Nightshade. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, limb spreading, tube very short, limb 

plaited in the bud, 5-lobed. Anthers erect, slightly united or converging, 

each opening at top by 2 pores. Berry globular or depressed, 2-celled. 

, — Herbs or shrubs unarmed or prickly. Leaves often 2 together, a large 

and a small one. Flowers generally lateral. May-July. 

§ Plants not prickly. Anthers short, blunt a 

§ Plants prickly. Anthers long, linear, and pointed. . . .b 

a Herbs with pinnatifid leaves, shorter than the racemes 1 

a Herbs with undivided leaves, longer than the racemes 2-4 

a Shrubby plants, erect or climbing. Berries red 5-7 

b Peduncles exceeding the leaves, many-flowered 8, 9 

b Peduncles shorter thzfn the leaves, few-flowered 10, 11 

I S. tubero'sum. Potato. Segments of the leaves unequal, some very small. Co- 
rolla limb 5-angled. tubers on the underground branches. 

2 S. nig / rum. Black Nightshade. Smoothish. Leaves ovate, toothed, and wavy. 
Flowers small, white, in lateral umbels. Berries black. 

3 S. nodiflc/ruriL, Knot- flowered JV. Quite smooth. Leaves ovate, entire. 
Flowers minute, white, the stalk arising from a knot in the stem. S. 

4 S. pycnan'thum. Stem hispid. Leaves ovate-acuminate, wavy. Peduncle 2 
or 3-flowered. S. 

5 S. Dulcamara. Bitter-sweet. Stem flexuous, climbing. Leaves ovate, cordate, 
upper ones lpbed or gashed. Flowers purple, in lateral cymes, drooping. 
(Fig. 611.) 

6 S. Pseudo-cap 'sicum. Jerusalem Ch&rry. A small, handsome, erect shrub, 2-4f. t 

7 S. sempen^'rens. Evergreen N. Climbing. *Leaves thick, cordate, elliptic, oh 
tuse, with a blunt cusp, very smooth and shining. Panicles terminal, f 

8 S. Carolinen'se. Horse Nettle. Leaves angnlar-lobed. Eacemes leafless, w. 

9 S. Virginia'num. Virginia N. Leaves pinnatifid. Racemes leafy. Pale. S. 
10 S. mammo'sum. Apple of Sodom. Woolly and prickly. Leaves roundish-ovate, 

lobed. Fruit inversely pear-shaped. Flowers violet-Qolored. 

II S. esculen'tum. Egg-plant. Leaves ovate, somewhat sinuate, downy. Flowers 
6-9-parted. Fruit egg-shaped, from the size of an egg to a water-melon, f 



270 



THE FLORA. 



Order XCT.— GEXTIAXACE-E. The Gentianworts. 

with opposite, entire, 
smooth leaves, and showy 
regular flowers ; 
corolla usually twisted in the 
bud, with as many lobes as 
stamens, and alternate with 
them, mostly persistent 
and withering; 
stigmas 1 or 2 ; 

" ■ . ■ 
ming a 2-valved 
pad vri:h nianv -eeds. 

A Genera. 

§ Leaves opposite or whorled, 

m:s:lv :-ri=:e i ir. bui 2 

§ Leaves alternate or radicaL 

Corolla valvate in the bad 

....d 

2 Corolla with a glandular spot 

on each lobe, sometimes 

with spurs c 

2 Corolla without glandular 

spots or spurs 3 

3 Corolla tubular, the tube longer than the limb a 

3 Corolla deeply cleft, mostly wheel-shaped, tube very short b 

a Sepals 4 or 5. Corolla fringed, or with folds between lobes. Anthers straight. 

^jEXTIA'wA. 1 

a >r : .si :r r . Aethers sr.iriCv :~is:ei. European Centaury. Erythema. 

a Sepals 2, leaf-like. Cor. 4r-eleffc,* white or purplish. Pennywort. Obola'bia. 

b Leaves very small or mere bracts. Fls. 4-parted. Screw-stem. Barto'iha. 

b Leafy. Fls. 5-12-parted. Anthers curved. American Centaury. Sabba'tia. 2 

rofia 4-parted, with 4 spurs beneath at base. Spurred Gentian. Hale : 
c Cor* 4-parted, without spurs. Tall, with whorled leaves. Columbo. Fra'sera. 

d Corolla bearded inside. Leaves 3-foliate, on long stalks. 

Buck-bean. Mi hes.* 

d Corolla smooth inside. Leaves simple, floating. 

Limn an 'themux. 




capsule. 7. The eoro 
(2-lobed) between tin 
attached at base. I 

ciag^ifei. vr::h ::,s Is 



k testa 



r ;s1ti S.r.1 



?. 5«d 



Order 95.— THE GENTIANWORTS. 271 



1. GEOTIA'NA. Gentian. 



Calyx 4-5-cleft. Corolla 4-&-lobed, regular, usually with plaited folds 
between the lobes. Stigmas 2, style short or none. Pod oblong, 2-valved, 
many-seeded. — Leaves opposite. Flowers solitary or in cymes. Aug.- Oct. 

§ Corolla with folded appendages between the 5 lobes. Anthers cohering b 

Corolla with no appendages between the lobes. Anthers separate a 

a Segments of the corolla entire, pale-blue, 5 in number 1 

a Segments of the corolla fringed, mostly but 4, bright blue. . . .2, 3 

b Flowers solitary, terminal, blue or white 4 

b Flowers clustered, yellowish or cream- white . . . .5, 6 

b Flowers clustered, blue 7-9 

1 Gr. quinqueflo'ra. Five-leaved G. Clusters about 5-flowered. Corolla lobes bristle- 
pointed. 

2 G-. crini'ta. Fringed G. Leaves lanceolate. Corolla conspicuously fringed. 

Height If. 

3 G-. det'onsa. Shorn G. Lvs. linear. Corolla lobes crenate-ciliate. Height If. 
4 G. angustifo'lia. Sand G. Slender, If. erect. Lvs. linear. Flower large, b.orp. 

5 G-. ochroleu'ca. Fate G. Lvs. lance-oval, narrowed to the sessile base. Corolla 

greenish-white, a third longer than the sepals. S. M. 

6 Gr. alba. Whitish G. Lvs. lance-ovate, clasping with the broad base. Corolla 

cream-white, 4 times longer than sepals. W. M. 

7 Gr. Andrew / sii. Closed Blue G. Leaves ovate -lanceolate, 3-veined. Corolla never 

opening, the lobes equalling the 5 fringed folds. (Figs. 615-619.) 

8 Gr. Sapona'ria. Soapwort G. Plant smooth. Leaves rough-edged, linear-lanceo- 

late. Corolla open, the lobes twice longer than the cleft folds. 

9 Gr. puber'ula. Bough G. Plant scabrous. Lvs. lance-ovate, very rough at edge. 

Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, folds very short. W. S. 

2. SABBA'TIA. American Centaury. 

Calyx 5-12-parted; Corolla rotate, limb 5-12-parted. Stamens 5-12. 
Style 2-parted. Capsule 1-celled. — Beautiful biennials, with mostly ro- 
seate flowers. 

§ Corolla mostly 9 (rarely 7-12)-parted 1,2 

§ Corolla 5 (rarely 6)-parted a 

a Branches alternate or forked b 

a Branches opposite. Flowers with a central star. . . .c 

b Flowers white or nearly white 3, 4 

b Flowers rose-red, with a central star. . . .5, b 

c Flowers white, corymbed 7, 8 

c Flowers rose-red, panioulate 9, 10 



272 THE FLORA. 



1 S. gentianoi'des. Gentian G. Leaves linear, rigid, longer than the internooVs. 

Flowers 8-10-parted, bright flesh-color, clustered. S. 

2 S. chloroi'des. Cklora G. Leaves lanceolate. Branches few, alternate, each 

bearing at top a solitary, 7-12-parted, bright purple flower. E. 
3 S. calyco'sa. Gap G. Calyx leafy, as large as the 5-6-parted corolla. S. 
■ 4 S. panicruVta. Panicled G. Sepals linear, half as long as 5-parted cor. S. 

5 S. gracilis. Slender G. Leaves ovate to linear. Sepals bristle-form, as long as 

the corolla. M. S. 

6 S. stella'ris. Starry G. Leaves lance-obovate. Sepals linear, much shorter than 

corolla, c. 

7 S. corymbo'sa. Gorymbed G. Leaves lanceolate, 3-veined. Calyx segments 

linear, thrice longer than its tube, half as long as the corolla. N.-J. S. 

8 S. macrophyl'la. Leaves 5- veined, cusp-pointed. Sepals shorter than calyx 

tube. S. 
9 S. angularis. Angled G. Stem square, with winged angles. Leaves ovate, 
clasping, 5-veined. Flowers many, rose-red, the star greenish. Wet. c. 
10 S. brachial. Prairie G. Stem square, slender, joints 2-4 times longer than the 
sessile, lance-linear leaves. Panicle oblong. Corolla 6-parted, the star 
yellow. W. S. 



Order XCYI. APOCYXACE^. Dogbanes. 

Plants with a milky juice, entire and mostly opposite leaves; 
flowers 5-parted and regular, with the corolla twisted in the bud ; 
stamens 5, with distinct filaments, anthers sometimes slightly united ; 
ovaries 2, distinct, but with their stigmas united at top of the styles ; 
fruit 2 follicles containing several or many albuminous seeds. 

Analysis of the Genera. 

* Herbs erect, 2-4f. high, the flowers in cymes a 

* Shrubs twining or trailing, with opposite leaves b 

* Shrubs erect, 3-6f. high, with the leaves in whorls of 3 c 

a Cor. bell-shaped, whitish. Style none. Sds. silky. Dog^s-bane. Apoc / yntjm. 1 
a Corolla funnel-form, bluish. Style 1. Lvs. scattered. Amson. Amso'xia. 

b Fls. solitary, blue. Throat 5-augled. Lvs. evergreen, t Periivinhle. Vin'ca. 

b Flowers in«cymes, yellow, small. Lvs. petiolate. Wet. South. Forsteko'xia. 
c Leaves thick, evergreen. Flowers large, rose-colored. Oleander. Ne'rium. 

APOC'YNUM. ' Dog's-bane. 

Stamens shorter than the corolla, arising from its base, and alternate 
with 5 glandular teeth. Anthers arrow-shaped, cohering to the stigmas 



Okder 97.— ASCLEPIADS. 



273 



by the middle. Follicles long, slen- 
der, separate. Seeds with a tuft of 
long, silky down. June-August, 

1 A. androsaemifo'lium. Tutsan- leaved D. 

Coro.Ua rose-white, much longer than 
the calyx. Leaves ovate. Plant 
smooth, elegant, about 3f. high. 

2 A. cannabi'num. Hemp D. Cor. green- 

ish-white, scarce longer than the 
calyx. Leaves oblong. , Bark tough 
as hemp. 



Fig. 620. Common Dog's-bane. 1. A flower 
of the natural size. 2. The flower cut open, 
showing the peculiar stamens. 3. The 2 styles 
and stigmas. 4. The plan of the flower. 5. The 
2 follicles. 6. A seed with its tuft of silk. 




Order XCYII. ASCLEPIADACE^E. Asclepiads. 

Plants (chiefly herds in the United States) with a milky juice ; 
leaves opposite (rarely whorled or scattered), entire, without stipules ; 
flowers generally umbeled, 5-parted, regular ; sepals and also the 
petals united at base, both commonly valvate in the bud ; 
stamens united into a fleshy mass with the two stigmas ; 
pollen cohering in masses; ovaries 2, forming follicles in fruit. 

Analysis of the Genera. 

§ Plants erect. Stamen-mass crowned with 5 little hoods 2 

§ Plants twining or prostrate 3 

2 Hoods each with a little projecting horn. . . .a 

2 Hoods destitute of horns b 

3 Flowers dark purple c 

3 Flowers whitish or flesh-colored 

a Petals reflexed. Hoods erect, horns incurved. Sillcgrass. Milkweed. Ascle'pias. 
b Petals reflexed. Hoods erect, adnate to the anthers. Acera'tes. 

b Petals spreading, green. Hoods free from the anthers. S. Anan'therix. 
b Petals erect, yellowish. Mass of anthers stalked. S. Podostio'ma.' 

12* 



274 THE FLORA. 



c The 5 filaments distinct. Pollen masses o. N.-Y. Periplo'ca. 

c Filaments united as well as the stigmas. Pollinia 10. Goxoi/obus. 

d Petals spreading. Hoods erect. Leaves linear. Coast, S. Sexte'ra. 

d Petals spreading. Hoods flat, spreading, f Wax-plant. Hoy'a. 

d Petals erect, white. Hoods erect, 2-awned. S.-W. Common. Ensle'xia. 

ASCLETIAS. Silk-grass. Milkweed. 

(We have many species of this genus, blooming in the Summer months. Begin- 
ners will find them difficult to distinguish. We omit them here, referring the reader 
to the Class Book.) , 



Okder XCIX. OLEACEJS. Oliveworts. 

Trees and shrubs with opposite leaves, with 

flowers 4-parted, regular, sometimes without petals ; 

corolla (when present) valvate in the hud; stamens 2, rarely 4; 

ovary 2-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell; fruit fleshy or dry. 

Analysis of the Genera. 

§ Leaves pinnate. Fruit a dry, winged samara a 

§ Leaves simple. Frnit a dry, 2-celled pod (capsule) . . . .b 
§ Leaves simple. Fruit a fleshy drupe or berry 2 

2 Corolla present. Stamens included. "White c 

% Corolla present. Stamens exserted d 

2 Corolla none. Fruit an oblong drupe e 

a Trees with imperfect flowers and odd-pinnate leaves. Ash. Frax'lsts. 

b Corolla salver-form, with short, white or purple lobes, t Lilac. Syrin'ga. 1 

b Corolla bell-form, with long, yellow lobes, t ForsytMa. Forsy'thia. 

c Corolla with long, linear, pendulous lobes. Virginia Fringe-tree. Chioxax'thus. 
c Cor. with short lobes. Panicle dense. Berries black. Prizet. Prim. Ligus'trum. 

d Style 2-parted. Leaves serrate. Shrubs, t Osmanth. Osmax'thus. 

d Style simple. Panicles axillary. S.' American Olive. Olea. 

d Style simple. Panicles terminal. Trees, f Visian. Visia'xa. 

e Flowers very imperfect, dioecious. Shrubs. Wet. W. S. Addia. Foresti'era. 

SYRDn'GA. Lilac. 

1 S. vulga'ris. Common L. Leaves cordate-ovate, enfire. Flowers lilac-purple. 

2 S. al'ba. White Lilac. Flowers pure white. Shrub taller. (Variety of No. 1.) 

3 S. Per'sica. Persian L. Leaves lanceolate, entire or cleft. Flowers in looser 

panicles, lilac-blue. Apr. May. 



Order 101.— MARVELWORTS. 275 



COHORT III. 

THE AFETALOUS EXOGENS. 



Essential Character. — Flowering plants (Ph^enogamia), 
with their stems growing by additions to the outside and the 
wood in circular layojrs (Exogens), with the seeds inclosed in 
seed-vessels (Angiosperms), and the flowers destitute of petals 
(Apetal^e). 
> • 

Order C— ARISTOLOCHIACE^E. n Birthworts. 

Low herbs or climbing shrubs with alternate leaves, large flowers ; 
calyx adhering to the ovary, valvate in bud, brown or dull colored; 
stamens 6-12, at top of the 6-celled, many-seeded ovary. 

Analysis of the Genera. 

Calyx bell-form, regular, 3-cleft. Stamens 12. Herbs with creeping, 

■underground stems. Wild Ginger. As^'kum, 1 

Calyx tubular, bent, irregular. Anthers 6. Shrubby, erect or climbing, 

with very odd flowers. Birthivort. Aristolo'chia. 

ASARUM. Wild Ginger. 

1 A. Canadense. Canada W. Leaves in pairs, broad-reniform, with the single flower 

between the petioles scarcely above-ground. May-July. c. 

2 A. Virginicum. Virginia W. Leaf solitary, round-ovate, cordate, the single flower 

much shorter than the petiole. Sepals obtuse. Mts. Va. S. April. 

3 A. arifol'ium. Arum-lv. W. Leaf solitary, broadly hastate, with long, angular 

lobes at base. Calyx throat contracted, lobes very short. Va. S. April. 



Order CI.— NYCTAGINACBJB. Marvelworts. 

Herbs (shrubs or trees) with swelling joints ; entire, opposite leaves ; 
flowers surrounded by an involucre (which is, of course, calyx-like when 

the flower is solitary) : 
calyx often colored like a corolla, tubular or funnel-form, breaking off 

above the 1-celled, 1-seeded ovary. 



276 THE FLORA. 



Analysis of the Genera. 



Involucre just like a calyx, involving a single, large flower. Calyx funnel-form, 

corolla-like, the limb entire. Four-o-dock. Mikab'ilis. 

Involucre involving 2-5 small, rose-red flowers. W. S. Oxyb'aphus. 

Involucre none, or minute bractlets. Flowers minute. S. Boerhaa'via. 



MIRAB'ILIS. Marvel- of-Peru. Four-o-clock. 

1 M. Jala 'pa. Peruvian F. Leaves ovate, subcorda^e. Fls. stalked, with a large 

border, infinite in variety of color, opening about 4 o'clock, p. si. + 

2 M. dichotoma. Mexican F. Erect, smooth. Calyx with a small border. f 

3 M. longinVra. Long-fl. F. Diffuse, viscid. Calyx tube downy, very long, i Mex. 



Order OIL— POLYGOXACE^E. Knotweeds. 

Herls with alternate leaves, swollen joints, and with 
stipules sheathing the stem above the joints ; flowers racemed, perfect; 
calyx persistent ; sepals 4-6, imbricated, distinct or united at base ; 
stamens 4-12 ; ovary 2 or 3-styled, 1-celled, 1-seeded in fruit. 

Analysis of the Genera. 

* Calyx 4-parted, regular. Stamens 6. Styles 2. Mountain Sorrel. Oxyr'ia. 

* Calyx 6-parted. Stamens 9. Sepals all similar. Pihubarb. Eheot. 

* Calyx 6-parted. Stamens 6. Inner sepals large. Dock. Sorrel. Eumex. 

* Calyx 5-parted (irregularly 4-parted in one species) a 

a Sep., the 3 inner fringed. Fls. solitary. S. Fringe Knotweed. Thysanei/la. 

a Sepals not fringed, entire or nearly so b 

b Pedicels solitary. Sep. all open or 3 closed on the fruit. M. S. Polygonei/la. 
b Pedicels usually clustered. Sepals all closed on the fruit. Polyg'oxum. 1 

b Pedicels clustered in the bract. Sepals all open. Buckwheat, Fagopy'rum. 

POLYG'OXOL Knotweed. 

Calyx 6- (rarely 4-) parted, colored or corolla-like, the sepals all erect 
and inclosing the fruit. Stamens 4-9. Styles 2 or 3. ]^ut lens-shaped 
or 3-cornered. — Herbs with swollen, sheathed joints. Flowers small, 
white, red, or greenish. May-Aug. 

§ Stems climbing, with reversed prickles. Leaves cordate-sagittate 19, 20 

§ Stems unarmed, twining. Leaves cordate-hastate 17, 18 

§ Stems erect or decumbent, unarmed. Leaves hardly ever cordate. . . .a 



Order 102.— KNOTWEEDS. 277 



a Calyx unequally 4-cleft. Styles 2, long, deflexed 16 

a Calyx equally 5-parted. Styles erect b 

b Sheaths with a spreading border. Stamens 7. Plant tall. . .*.15 

b Sheaths not bordered. Stamens 5, 6, or 8 c 

c Flowers in leafless, terminal, spj,ke-like racemes d 

c Flowers axillary, or rarely forming a leafy raceme. . .'.f 

d Raceme one, dense. Stems decumbent at base. . .'.13, 14 

d Racemes several. Sheaths naked, not fringed 11, 12 

d Racemes several. Sheaths bristly fringe-ciliate . , . . e 

e Style 2 (or 3)-cleft. Achenia flat or lens-shaped. . . .8-10 

e Style 3-cleft. Achenia sharply 3-cornered. Wet 5-7 

f Achenium protruding beyond the calyx, 3-angled. . . .3, 4 
f Achenium included in the calyx, 3-angled 1,2 

1 Pr avicula're. - Bird K. Prostrate or erect. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, acutish at 
each end. Achenia striate, dull. Very common. n 

2 P. ten'ue. Slender K. Slender, rigidly erect. Leaves lance-linear, erect, acute. 

3 P. marit'imum. Sea K. Prostrate, diffuse, glaucous, close-jointed. Leaves 
linear-oblong, fleshy. Achenia smooth, shining. E. 

4 P. ramosis'simum. Lake K. Erect, much branched, 2-3f. high. Leaves 
lance-oblong or linear. Achenia smooth, dull. W. 

5 P. hirsu'tum. Hairy K. Hairy-tawny. Leaves lanceolate from a blunt base. S. 

6 P. hydropiperoi / des. Mild Water-pepper. Stem smooth. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 
not acrid, tapering at both ends. Spikes slender. Calyx dotless. 

7 P. aere. Sharp W. Stem smooth. Leaves biting, dotted as well as the calyx, 
lanceolate, pointed. " Spikes very slender, thread-form. 

8 P. hydropi'per. Water-pepper. Smooth. Leaves very biting, dotted. Spikes 
short, nodding. Calyx dotted. Achenia roughened. 

9 P. Car'eyi. Carets K. Plant hairy. Spikes nodding, on very long stalks. 
10 P. Persica / ria. Lady^s-thumb. Leaves marked with a brown spot. Spikes 

short, dense, erect. Achenia shining, flattened. 

11 P. Pennsylvan'icum. Pennsylvania K. Spikes oblong, dense, with glandular- 
hispid stalks and pedicels. Achenia with flat sides, c. 

12 P. incarna'tum. Flesh-red K. Spikes linear, nodding, the stalks and branches 
glandular-dotted. W. S. 

13 P. amphuVium. Water K. Stem ascending from a prostrate, rooting base. 
Leaves lance-oblong. Stamens 5. Spikes large, dense, rose-red. 

14 P. vivip'arum. Alpine Bistort. Creeping at base. Lvs. lance-linear. Mts. N. 
15 P. orientate. Prince's Feather. Stem stout, tall, with large, drooping spikes. * 

16 P. Virginia'num. Lip-fi. K. Leaves large. Racemes slender, flowers remote. 

17 P. convolvulus. Knot- Bindweed. Roughish. Racemes axillary. Fruit dull. 

18 P. cilino'de.. Bearded B. Sheaths with a hairy ring. Panicles axil, and terminal. 

19 P. dumito'rum. Hedge B. Calyx with the 3 outer sepals acutely wing-keeled. 

20 P. sagitta'tum. Scratch-grass. *Lvs. lance-sagittate. Stamens 8. * Styles 3. 

21 P. arifo'lium. Arum-lv. S. Lvs. pointed, with pointed lobes. Stam. 6. Sty. 2. 



278 



THE FLORA. 



Order CIJL PHYTOLACCACE^. Pokeweeds. 

Herbs or shrubs with alternate leaves, no stipules, and flowers racemed;- 

sepals colored, 4 or 5 ; petals none ; stamens few or many ; 

ovary of one or several carpels, which are united into a ring, forming a 

berry in fruit; cells as many as the carpels, each 1-seeded; 
embryo curved around the fleshy albumen. 






Sepals 5, roundish. 
Sepals 4, persistent. 



Analysis of the Genera. 

Sta. 5-20. Ovary 5-12-carpeled and seeded. Phytolacca. 1 
Stamens 4-12. Ovary 1-carpeled and 1-seeded. S. Kivi'na. 



PHYTOLACCA. Poke. 

Character expressed in the 
Analysis. — Tall and stout per- 
ennials, with greenish flowers 
and purple berries. 

P. decan/dra. Plant 5-8f. high, 

very smooth, bushy. Leaves 

large, ovate, acute at each end, 

petioled. Eacemes at first 

terminal, finally opposite to 

the leaves. Berries oblate, of 

a rich dark purple. July-Sept. 
Fig. 627. Phytolacca decandria, leaves, flowers, and fruit, 
stamens arid ovary. Fig. 680. Cross-section of the ovary. 1 
bryo coiled around the albumen. 




6. A flower, natural 
A seed cut open, show 



size. 9. Its 
ing the em- 



Order CYII. LAURACEJE. Laurels. 

Trees and shrubs aromatic, with alternate, simple, dotted leaves ; 
sepals colored, 4-6, slightly united, strongly imbricated ; 
anthers 2 or 4-celled, opening upwards by as many valves ; 
ovary 1-ovuled, becoming a drupe in fruit ; no albumen. 

Analysis of the Genera. 

§ Flowers perfect, the calyx persistent. Leaves evergreen a 

§ Flowers imperfect. Calyx deciduous. Leaves deciduous b 

a Trees. Lvs. thick, lance-oblong. Fls. umbeled. S. Bay Galls. Per'se^. 



Order 119.— THE MASTWORTS. 279 



b Involucre none. Anthers 4-valved. Leaves lobed. Sassafras. Sassafras. 1 
b Involucre 4-leaved. Anthers 2-valved. Shrubs. Spice-bush. Benzoin. 

b Involucre 4-leaved. Anthers 4-valved. Shrubs. S. Pond-spice. Tetran'thera. 

SASSAFRAS. Sassafras. 
Flowers dioecious, 6-parted, regular. Stamens 9. Trees with decidu- 
ous leaves, expanding after the clusters of yellow flowers. 

S. officinale. Common S. Leaves of two forms, ovate and entire, or 3-lobed and 
acute at base. Tree aromatic, 10-30f. high. 



Order CXIX. CUPITLIFEILE. The Mastworts. 

Trees or shrubs, with alternate, simple leaves, and deciduous stipules ; 
flowers monoecious, the sterile in aments, which are racemed or head-like ; 
stamens in the sterile flowers, 6 to 20, on the base of the calyx ; 
ovary in the fertile flowers with several cells and ovules, hut becoming in 
fruit a 1-seeded nut surrounded by an involucre (cup, burr ; or sac). 

Analysis of the Genera. 

§ Sterile flowers in aments, fertile flowers solitary or 2 or 3 together 2 

§ Sterile flowers and fertile also in aments, the latter loose #nd large c 

2 Involucre 1-flowered, cup-like, composed of many little scales a 

2 Involucre 2 or 3-flowered, composed of few large valves b 

a Sterile aments slender, calyx 5-cleft, stamens 5 or 10. Fertile flowers, con- 
sisting of an ovary sitting in a scaly cup, becoming, in fruit, an acorn, 1- 
celled, 1-seeded. A noble genus of trees (rarely shrubs), always known by 
their peculiar fruit, 1 called acorns. The timber is of great value, especially 
in ship-building. In the Class Book of Botany, 23 species are described. 
(See Figs. 32-34, 267.) • Oak. Quercus. 

b Involucre of the fruit and fertile flowers a burr with 4 valves. Sterile aments 
slender, each flower with 5-15 stamens ; 3 fertile flowers in each involucre, 
which is beset with slender prickles. We have two species, one a tree, the 
other a shrub. Timber excellent. The fruit is sweet and nutritious. (See 
Fig. 277.) " • Chestnut. Casta'nea. 

b Involucre of the fruit a burr with 4 valves. Sterile aments head-like, sus- 
pended by a slender stalk. Calyx 6-cleffc. Two flowers in each burr, which 
is covered by weak spines. Nuts sharply 3-angled. They are tall, valua- 
ble forest-trees. Beech. Fagus. 

b Involucre a sac, longer than the nuts, torn at the top. Sterile flowers in a 
slender anient. Shrubs. Usually but one flower or nut in each involucre. 

Hazel. Cor'ylus. 



280 



THE FLORA. 



c Involucre a closed, inflated sac, one-flowered, many together in the pendu- 
lous, hop-like cluster. Small trees, with very compact, strong timber, c"alled 

Hop Hornbeam. Iron-wood. Lexer-wood. Os'trya. 

c Involucre an open, 3-lobed leaf, 1-flowered, Small trees, with a strong, 
heavy timber. Hornbeam. Carpi'nus. 



Order CXX. BETULACEJ3. The Birchworts. 

Trees or shrubs, with deciduous stipules, with the alternate 
leaves simple, having the veinlets running straight to the margin ; 
flowers monoecious, both kinds contained in scaly 
catkins, 2 or 8 under each bract ; calyx and corolla hardly any ; 
ovary 2-celled and 2-ovuled, but becoming in 

fruit a 1-celled and 1-seeded nut, by the suppression of the other seed 
and cell. 

Analysis of the Genera. 

$ bracts with 12 stam. each ; ? bracts with mostly 3 ovaries. Birch. Bet'ula. 1 
£ bracts with 4^-8 stam. each • 2 bracts with 2 ova. or fls. each. Alder. Alnus. 



BET'ULA 
$ in a cylindrical cat- . 



Birch. 




kin, bracts' each with 3 
tetrandrous flowers be- \M 
neath it. $ in an oblong 
or egg - shaped catkin, 
bracts 3-lobed, each with 3 2-styled ova- 
ries or flowers, with no calyx. Samara 
flattened, broadly winged. — Trees and 
shrubs, mostly with the outer bark in thin 
layers with horizontal fibres. Catkins ap- 
pearing in early spring before the leaves. 

§ Trees with a yellowish bark, and heart -ovate, 
serrate leaves 1 

§ Trees with reddish-brown bark, and ovate, 
doubly serrate leaves 2, 3 

§ Trees with white bark and long-stalked, long- 
pointed leaves 4, 5 

§ Shrubs with brownish bark, and roundish, 
crenate leaves 6,7 



632 




Fig. 632. Sweet Black Birch (Betula 
lenta), with staminate and pistillate 
catkins : a, a scale with staminate 
flowers ; b, with pistillate flowers. Fig. 
633. a, A winged samara cut length- 
wise, showing its fertile and abortive 
cell ; b, the same cut across. - 



Order 122.— THE WILLOWORTS. 



281 



1 B. excersior. Yellow Birch. Tree 50-80f. Fertile araents erect, oblong, 1 inch 
in length, erect, sterile 2-4/, pendulous, clustered, c. N. 

2 B. lenta. Black B. Sweet B. Tree 40-60f. Fertile aments erect, oval, obtuse, 

stalked ; sterile 2-3', pendulous. Inner bark sweet-spicy. M. N. 

3 B. ni'gra. Bed Birch. Tree 30-50f. Leaves rhombic-ovate, acute at b*oth ends, 

obscurely lobed. Fertile aments sessile, ovoid. M. S. W. 

4 B. populifo'lia. White B. Tree 30-40f. Leaves triangular, long-pointed, 

smooth, unequally serrate. Sterile aments long, pendulous. N. 

5 B. papyra'cea. Canoe Birch. Tree 50-70f. Leaves ovate, pointed, doubly- 

serrate. All the aments nodding. Hills and mountains. N. 

6 B. pum/ila. Dwarf B. Shrub erect, 2-6f. Branches warty. Leaves obovate, ob- 

" tusely serrate above. Fertile aments cylindric. Mountains. N. 

7 B. na'na. Tiny B. Shrub low, trailing, smooth. Leaves round, crenate. Scales 

of fertile ament deeply 3-parted. 3-12 / . Mountains. N.-H. 



Order CXXII. SALICACEJE. The Willoworts. 

Trees or shrubs, with simple leaves, and stipules usually present ; 
flowers dioecious, naked, both kinds in aments, each with a bract ; 
ovary 1 or 2-celled, with 2 short styles; capsule many- seeded; 
seeds with a coma and no albumen. 






636 637 , 634 635 

Fig. 634. A fertile flower of a Willow, consisting of a pistil and a bract. Fig. 635. Sterile 
flower, 2 stamens and a bract Fig. 636. A sterile flower of Balrn-of-G-ilead {Populus candi- 
cans); many stamens. Fig. 637. A fertile flower, consisting of a fringed scale, a calyx holding 
a double ovary. 

Analysis of the Genera. 

§ Aments cylindric, bracts entire. Stamens 2 or more. Capsule 1-celled, 2- 
valved, the seeds very small, clothed with silky hairs. Trees or shrubs. 
Leaves often long and narrow. (Figs. 12, 17, 88.) We have about 27 spe- 
cies. Willow. Osier. Salix. 

§ Aments cylindric, bracts fringed. Stamens 8 or more. _ Capsule 2-celled, 2- 
valved. Calyx an entire cup. Buds " varnished with a fragrant resin. 
Leaves broad, large. Trees. ■ Poplar. Aspen. Populus, 



282 



THE FLORA. 



COHORT V. 

SPADICIFLORiE, OR THE AFETALOUS ENDOGENS. 



Order CXXXI. ARACE.E. Aroids. 

Chiefly herbs with a fleshy rootstock of corm ; leaves sometimes net- veined ; 
flowers mostly without calyx or corolla,- arranged on a spadix ; 
stamens few or many, hypogynous, very short ; anthers turned outwards ; 
ovary free; stigmas sessile; fruit a dry or juicy berry, and the 
seeds with or without albumen. Growing in wet places. 







Fig. 638. Wild Calla (Calla palustris), a leaf, and a spadix of flowers, with its spathe (5). 
Fig. 639. The same enlarged. Fig. 640. A flower enlarged. Fig. Ml. One of the berries cut, 
showing the 6 cells. .Fig. 642. Golden Club (Orontivm aquatieum); its spadix (s) is without 
a spathe. 

Analysis of the Genera. 

* Spadix enveloped in a spathe 2 

* Spadix destitute of a spathe. Sepals 4-6 . . . .d 

2 Flowers covering only the base of the spadix. Perianth ... "a 

2 flowers covering the whole spadix, monoecious. Perianth b 

2 Flowers covering the whole spadix and perfect c 



Order 131.— AROIDS. 283 



a Spathe rolled in at base. Top of spadix club-shaped. Dragon-root. Arises 'ma. 1 
b Spathe rolled inwards the whole length. Arrow-lvd. Dragon. Peltan'dra. 2 
b Spathe rolled backwards above, white. Egyptian Calla. Kichar'dia. 

c Perianth 0. Spathe open, nattish, white. Lvs. cordate. Wild Calla. Calla. 

c Perianth regular. Spa. shell-form. Lvs. large. Skunk-cabbage. Symplocar'pus. 
d Flowers terminal, yellow. Scape terete. Golden Club. Orontium. 

d Flowers lateral, green. Scape leaf-like. Sweet Flag. A'corus. 

1. ARIS^E'MA. Arum. Indian Turnip. 

Spathe rolled inward at base. Spadix covered with flowers below, 
naked and club-shaped above. Sterile flowers above the fertile, each a 
clump of 4 stamens. Fertile flowers each a 1-celled ovary, with a flat 
stigma. Berry red, with 1 or several seeds. — Odd-looking plants, with 
scape arising from a corm or rootstock, and sheathed with the radical 
leaves. Taste very acrid. 

1 A. triphyl'lum. Jack-in-the- Pulpit. Leaves usually 2, trifoliate. Spathe bent and 

inflected above, covering the obtuse spadix, striped. 

2 A. quina'rum. Five-leaved Jack. Leaves in pairs, one or both quinate. S. 

3 A. Dracon/tium. Green Dragon. Leaf mostly solitary, pedate, 7-11-foliate. 

2. PELTAN'DRA. Arrow Dragon. 

The sterile flowers consist of 8-12 anthers attached to the border of a 
shield-shaped (peltate) connectile. — Root fibrous. Leaves sagittate. 

1 P. Virgin'ica. Virginia A. Spathe green, incurved, long, wavy on the margin. 

Leaves many, large, hastate-sagittate, very smooth, dark. 

2 P. glau / ca. Glaucous A. Spathe white, entire, gradually unrolled and widened 

above. Leaves ovate-sagittate, the base lobes large. S. 



384 



THE FL 



COHORT VI. 

FLORIDL53. OR THE FLOWERING ENDOGENS. 



:z?. CXXXT. ALISMACE.E. Alismads. 

Herbs growing in water, with the leaves parallel-veined, and with the 
flowers regular and not on a spadix nsisting : 

sepals and petals, 3 of each, the former alw ays green ; 
ovaries free, 3 or more, separating into as many 1-eeeded ache nia. 



Analysis of the Genera^ 

§ E::li .lie ::-,'.jz :.-i ::::!• i-reeiis-i. L _i . 

rash-like {Arr€w-orass«s) b 

§ Corolla colored, white. Leaves mostly 
~ i:li i '.:.zl±.:-, . . . .a 
a Fls. § . Sta. 6. Carpels whorle ::. 

Water FHantain. At.tsma. 1 
a Fls. 3 . Stamens 9-21 Carpelsiaa 
head. Echiiwdore. Echesodop. 
a Fls. £ . Sta. many. Carpels in a 
head. Arrtm-iead. Sachtahta. 2 
: Lvb. radical. Anthers ovale. Carpels 
l-seele! Trigloeh. Tbsbuoczs. , 

1. ATJglTA. Water Plantain, 

^-;i_t :~ :, 
. i : =:-' lle-::ed in: : 

a whorl, becoming in fruit mc 
.-±. — :: - 
herbs, the leaves all radical. J 
in a panicle. 

A. plama go. A common, smooth, handsome 

ir.".:i"-:L:,iL: .r^-.-iiii .v_ ;: il:.:-".:r?. Leaves 
oval or. ovate, abruptly acuminate. 




:':Iia (com- 
Z: -~er<. -L One 

ins the seed and 



Order 138.— THE ORCHIDS. 285 



veined, entire, on long petioles. Scape l-2f. high, branching in whorls, bearing nu- 
merous purplish-white flowers, in July. 

2. SAGITTA'RIA. Arrow-head. 

Flowers monoecious, rarely dioecious, the S with about 24 stamens, 
the $ with numerous ovaries crowded in a head, and becoming in fruit as 
many compressed, margined achenia. — U Stemless plants, leaves radical, 
generally arrow-shaped. Flowers in whorls of 3's, the sterile ones above 
the fertile. 

*S. variabilis. A curious plant, conspicuous with its large white flowers among the 
rushes and sedges of sluggish waters. The petals are wholly white, and the 
scape simple, with the stalks 1-flowered. The leaves are generally arrow- 
shaped (as seen in the figure), but exceedingly variable, 'sometimes lanceolate, 
and sometimes even consisting of a petiole only. About If. high. July. 



Order CXXXVIIL ORCHID ACE^E. The Orchids. 

Herbs perennial, with thick, fleshy roots; entire, parallel-veined leaves ; 
flowers very irregular, but the perianth consisting always of 6 parts, viz., of 3 
sepals and 3 petals, all usually colored, the lower petal called the 
liji differing in form from the others, and frequently spurred at base ; 
stamens 3, but only 1 or rarely 2 of them perfect, united with the 
style and forming what is called the column; anthers 2, 4 or 8-celled; 
pollen'-pow&ery, or waxy, or granulated ; ovary 1-ceUed, many-seeded. 

Analysis of the Genera. 

* Stems green, furnished with one or more leaves ... .2 

* Stems green, furnished with sheaths instead of leaves. . . . 

* Stems brownish, furnished with sheaths and no leaves, or a late one. . . .c 

2 Corolla lip very large, inflated and sack-like a- 

2 Corolla lip of various forms, but neither very large nor sack-like 3 

3 Corolla produced into a spur behind b 

3 Corolla destitute of a spur 4 

4 Flowers small, many, in a loose raceme, beardless. . . .e 

4 Flowers small, many, in a close, twisted spike, beardless f 

4. Flowers showy, purple or yellow, few or 1 only g 

a Root fibrous. Lip obtuse, spurless. Anthers 2. Lady's-slipper. Cypripe'dium. 1 

a Root a corm. Lip 3-lobed, 2-spurred. Anther 1 . Calypso. Calyp'so. 



286 



THE FLORA. 




Fig. 646. LadyVslipper ^{Cypripedium acaule), whole plant, with its 2 leaves, scape, and 
curious flower. 7. Plan of the flower ; s, sepals (outer circle), the 2 lower united ; £>, the petals ; 
I, lip (lower petal) ; e, the anthers, upper one sterile ; o, the 3-celled ovary. 8. The column seen 
from beneath, with the pistil, two stamens, and the leaf-like sterile one. 9. Flower and bract of 
Orchis spectabilis. Fig. 650. Its 2 pollen masses exhibited (enlarged). 1. Arethusa bulbosa ; f, 
the flower. 2. Its column enlarged, with its lid-like anther opening, showing its pollen-masses 
beneath. 

b Fls. in the axils of bracts. Pollen masses 2. Lvs. l-oo . Orchis. Orchis. 2 
b Flowers bractless. Pollen masses 4. Leaf 1 only. Tipula. Tipula'ria. 

c Eoot coraline. Spur growing to the ovary. Lvs. none. Coral-root. CorallCrrVza. 3 

c Eoot 2 corms. Spur none. Leaf 1, late, radical. Putty-root. Aplectrum. 

d Flowers 1 only, rose-purple. Lip bearded. Arethusa. Arethusa. 4 

d Fls. racemed, dark-purple, beardless. (Lvs. or few.) JBletia. Bletia. 

e Leaf 1. Lip sagittate. Column minute. Micros' tylis. Micros'tylis. 

e Leaves 2, radical. Lip flat, ascending. Column winged. Liparis. Lip'aris. 

e Leaves 2, cauline. Lip pendulous, 2-lobed or 2-cleft. Tioay-hkide. Ltstera 



Order 138.— THE ORCHIDS. 2S7 



f Leaves all green. Lip obtuse, erect. Ladies' Tresses. Spiran'thes. 5 

f Leaves netted with white. Lip pointed, reflexed. 

Rattlesnake Plantain. Goodye'ra. 

f Lvs. all green. Lip 3-lobed, recurved. South. Cranichis. Cran / ichis. 
g Lip on the upper side of the fl., bearded. Leaf linear. Grass Pink. Calopo'gon. 6 
g Lip on the lower side (ovary twisted as in the other genera) h 

h Column free from the lip. Flowers purplish. Beard Pink. Pogo'nia. 7 

h Column growing to the lip. Yellow. On trees. S. Tree Orchis. Epiden'drum. 

1. CYPRIPE'DIUM. Lady's-slipper. 

The 2 lower sepals united into one piece or rarely distinct. Lip very 
large, inflated, sack or slipper form, obtuse. Column terminated by a 
petal-like lobe (which is the sterile stamen). Fertile stamens 2. — Eoot 
fibrous. Leaves large, plaited. Flowers large and showy, one or few. 
May- July. 

* Flowers yellow, one or more. Stems leafy 5, 6 

* Flowers white or rose-purple 1 

1 Stem leafy. Flower one or more . . . .2-4 

1 C. acau'le. Stemless L. (Figs. 642-644.) Scape naked, with 2 leaves at the base, 
and 1 large flower at top. c. 

2 0. can / didiim. White L. Two lower sepals united. Flowers 1 only, smaller, 

white. W. S. r. ■ 

3 0. spectab'ile. Showy L. Two lower sepals united. Flowers few, very large, 

purplish, e. 

4 C. Arieti'num. Eam's-Eead L. Two lower sepals separate. Flower 1 only, 

small, purplish, r. 

5 C. pubes / cens. Large yellow L. Moccasin Fl. Sepals narrow-lanceolate. Lip 

flattened at sides, pale yellow, c. (Fig. 89.) 

6 C parviflo'rum. Smaller yellow L. Sepals ovate-lanceolate. Lip flat above and 

below, bright yellow, c. 

2. OKCHIS. Orchis. 

Flower ringent, sepals ajid petals similar ; all, or all but two, ascending 
and arching over the column. Lip turned downward, entire or lobed, 
produced at base into a spur beneath, which is distinct from the ovary. 
Stamen 1, anther 2-celled, pollen-masses 2, consisting of numerous waxy 
grains. — Flowers generally showy, in spikes or racemes. June-Aug. mostly. 

Note. — Under this genus we include two others, viz. : Gymnadenia and Platanthera. The 
beginner would find it difficult to separate them. See Class Book of Botany, p. 6S2, &c. No. 1, 
is the true Orchis. Nos. 8, 9, 10, are Gymnadenia, and all the others belong to Platanthera. 



288 THE FLORA. 



§ Leaves radical and only 2 (rarely 3). Flowers on a scape. . . .1-3 

§ Leaf radical and only 1. Flowers small, on a scape 4, 5 

§ Leaves on the stem, several, upper ones reduced to bracts. . . .a . 
a Corolla lip entire, neither lobed, fringed, nor toothed. . . .6-9 
a Corolla lip 2 or 3-toothed, not fringed nor divided. Flowers greenish. . . .10-12 

a Corolla lip cleft into^a fringe at the edge, but not divided 13-15 

a Corolla lip divided into 3 parts, which are fringed or not b 

b Flowers white or yellowish, with 5 long bristles, the 2 side petals 2-parted. 
S....16,17. 

b Flowers white, the 2 side petals entire or toothed ; lip clawed 18, 19 

b Flowers purple, numerous, showy ; lip raised on a claw. . . .20-22 

1 O. spectaVilis. Showy Orchis. True Orchis. Fls. few, pink-purple, handsome. 

Leaves oblong-ovate. Height 4-7'. (Figs. 649, 650.) 

2 O. orbicula'ta. Bound-lv. 0. Fls. whitish, racemed. Spur very long. Leaves 

round. Scape bracted. 

3 O. Hobk'eri. Hooker's 0. Flowers green, spiked. Spur long as ovary. Leaves 

round. Scape naked. 

4 O. obtusa'ta. Blunt-lv. 0. Leaf obovate, 'obtuse. Lip linear, entire. 5-8'. r. 

5 O. rotundifo'lia. Small Round-lf. 0. Lf. round. Lip, mid. lobe obcord. 6-9'. r. 

6 O. hyperbo'rea. Northern 0. Flowers greenish. Lip, petals, leaves, and bracts, 

lanceolate. 

7 O. dilata'ta. Broad-lip 0. Flowers whitish. Lip lance-linear, rhombic at base. 

8 O. niv / ea. Snowy O. Flowers white. Lip oblong-linear. Leaves linear. S. 

9 O. nigra. Black 0. Flowers yellow, close. Lip ovate. Leaves lance-oblong. 

10 O. tridenta'ta. Trident O. Lip 3-toothed at end. Spur longer than ovary. 

11 O. bractea'ta. Bracted 0. Lip 2-3-toothed at end, spur half as long. 

12 O. fla'va. Small yellow 0. Lip obtuse, with a tooth each side, spur long. 

13 O. crista'ta. Crested yellow 0. Flowers yellow, small, lip as long as the spur. 

14 O. cihVris. Large yellow 0. Flowers yellow, large, lip half as long as the spur. 

15 O. Blephariglot'tis. Ox-tongue 0. Fls. white, large ; 2 side petals cut-toothed. 

16 O. Michauxii. Michaux's 0. Leaves oval. Spur twice as long as ovary. 

17 O. re'pens. Five-bristled 0. Leaves lance-linear. Spur shorter than ovary. 

18 0. leucophae'a. White Prairie^ O. Bracts shorter than the ovaries. Lip fan- 

shaped, 3-parted, fringed. Spur club-shaped, twice longer than ovary. 

19 O. lac'era. Bagged O. Bracts longer than the flowers. Petals notched at end, 

Lip segments wedge-shaped, fringed. Spur filiform, long as ovary. 

20 O. amoena. Prairie O. Flowers dark-purple. Lip broad, lobes toothed, not 

fringed. M. W. S. c. 

21 O. Fsyc'odes. Fringed O. Flowers light-purple. Lip wedge-shaped, the 2 

petals merely toothed, c. 

22 O. grandiflo'ra. Great-fl. O. Flowers light-purple. Lip semicircular, large. 

2 petals fringed, r. 



Order 138.— THE ORCHIDS. 289 



8. CORALLORHI'ZA. Coral-root. Dragon's- claw. 

Flower ringent Sepals and petals similar, ascending, the upper arch- 
ing. Lip produced behind into a short spur, which grows closely to the 
ovary. Pollen-masses 4, oblique. — Herbs without green herbage, leafless, 
with coraline roots, and spikes of dull-colored flowers. May-Sept. . 

1 Spur imperceptible. Lip not lobed, often with 2 teeth at base 2, 3 

1 O. multinVra. Many-flowered C. Spur manifest. Lip 3-lobed (the side lobes 
small), spotted. Flowers 10-20, purple. Height 10-15'. 

2 O. odontorhi'za. Dragon? s- claw. Flowers 9-18, purple. Lip orenulate, spotted. 

Ovary and pod nearly globular. Scape 9-14'. 

3 C, inna'ta. Lesser G. Flowers 5-10, purplish. Lip obscurely 2-toothed near the 

base, spotless. Ovary and pod club-shaped. 5-6'. 

4. ARETHU'SA. 

Sepals and petals cohering at base, similar, ascending, arching. Lip 
spurless, deflexed at the end, bearded inside, cohering to the petal-like 
column at base. Anther terminal, closing the 2 pollen cells like a lid. 
Pollen-masses 2 in each qell. — Small plants, 1 -flowered, in wet places. 
Leaves none, or hidden in the sheaths. 

A. bulbo'sa. A beautiful plant 6-12' high, invested with about 3 long loose sheaths 
with lanceolate points (hardly leaves). At the top is a large, fragrant purple 
flower, in June. (See Figs. 651, 652.) 



5. SPIRAN'THES. Ladies' tresses. 

Flowers in a spiral spike, somewhat ringent. Petals and sepals nearly 
erect, all tending to the upper side opposite the lip. Lip raised on a short 
claw, concave, entire, widened at top and furnished with 2 callous pro- 
cesses at. base. Column arching, pollen-masses 2. — Stem leafy below or 
nearly naked, bearing a spike of small, white flowers, which are bent 
sideways and horizontal. July- Oct. (Fig. 240.) 

i* Fls. in a single row on one side, and but little twisted. Lvs. radical 1,2 
* Fls. in several rows all around the short spike. Lvs. on stem below 8, 4 
1 S. gracilis. Slender L. Leaves ovate, varying to lance-oblong. Lip obovate, 

wavy-crisped. 
2 S. tor'tilis. Twisted L. Leaves linear, early withering (like first). Lip 8-lobed, 
finely crenate. 

13 



290 



THE FLORA. 



3 S. latifo'lia. Broad-lv. L. Leaves oblong-lance. 2-4£ long. Spike dense. 

Lip oblong, blunt, crisp. 

4 S. cer'nua. Xodding L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 3-10' long. Spike dense. 

Lip oblong, round, crisp. 

6. CALOPO'GOK Grass Pink. 

Flower with the sepals and petals similar, spreading, distinct Lip on 
the npper side of the flower, stalked at base and bearded above. Column 
winged at the summit. Pollen-masses 2. — Leaf sheathing the base of the 
scape, which is bulbous at base. Flowers several. (Fig. 695.) 

C. pulchel'lus. A handsome plant, common in moist meadows and in bogs. Scape 
slender, l-2f. high. Leaf sword-shaped or broad linear, long. Flowers pink- 
purple, remarkable for having the lip on the upper side and the column below. 
July. 




Fig. 658. Pogonia verticillata. Fig. 654. Pogonia ophiglossoidea. Fig. 655. Calopogon pijlchellna. 



Order 140.— THE AMARYLLIDS. - 291 



7. POGO'MA. Beard-flower. 



Flower with its sepals and petals distinct and somewhat spreading. 
Lip bearded inside, sometimes 3-lobed. Column club-shaped, wingless; 
anther terminal, pollen-masses 2, mealy. — Leaves 1-5, on the stem. 
Flowers purple. June- Aug. 

* Sepals linear, spreading, much longer than the petals 1,2 

* Sepals and petals nearly equal, similar, and nearly erect 3, 4 

1 P. verticilla'ta. Whorl-leaved B. Leaves 5, in a whorl near the 1 brownish 

flower. Sepals 2' long. r. (Fig. 693.) 

2 P. divarica'ta. Spreading B. Leaves 2, alternate, distant, lance- oblate. Lip 

3-lobed, crenulate. S. 

3 P. ophiglossoi / des. Adder-tongue B. Leaves 2, distant, upper bract-like. Flowers 

terminal, pink-colored. (Fig. 694.) « 

4 P. pen'dula. Nodding B. Leaves 3-4, alternate, with as many pink-white, droop- 

ing flowers. 



Order CXL. AMARYLLIDACEJE. The Amaryllids. , 

Herds perennial, mostly bulbous, with linear leaves, with the 
flowers showy, mostly regular and on scapes, hexandrous ; 
perianth of 6 similar pieces united below and adherent to the 
ovary, which is 3-celled, with the styles united into 1 ; 
fruit a capsule or berry, with albuminous seeds. (Fig. 137.) 

Analysis of the Genera. 

§ Perianth bearing a crown on the summit of its tube a 

§ Perianth destitute of a crown 2 

2 Segments united into a tube above the ovary b 

2 Segments distinct down to the ovary. Flowers nodding. . . .3 

3 Perianth irregular c 

3 Perianth regular d 

a Crown a thin membrane connecting the stamens. S. Pancra'tium. 

a Crown a firm cup containing the stamens. Narcissus. Narcissus. 1 

b Fir. solitary. Perianth-tube straight, erect. Atamasco L. Zephyran'thus. 

b Flowers many. Perianth- tube straight. American Aloe. Agave. 2 

b Flowers many. Perianth-tube curved. Tuberose. Polyanthus. 

c Stamens declined and curved. Scape with 1. Jacobea Lily. Sprekelia. 

d Sepals all white, larger than the petals. Snow-drop. Galanthus. 

d Sepals green-tipped, as large as the petals. Snow-flake. Leucojum. 

- d Sepals and petals equal, yellow. Star-grass. Hypoxis, 



292 THE FLORA. 



1. NABQES'SUS. Jonquil. Daffodil. 

Perianth regular, crown of one piece, funnel-form or bell-form, consist- 
ing : a whorl of sterile petal-like filaments united by their edges, within 
which the fertile stamens are inserted. — A beautiful genus of bulbous 
plants with sword-shaped leaves and yellow or white flowers. None here 
native, j April-June. 

* S aape bearing 1-8 large rioters 2-4 

* N. Tazet'ta. f us. Scape many-flowe/ed, sep. white, crown yellow, short. 

2 N. Daf ' fodiL Daffodil. Scape 2-edged. Sepals whitish! Crown yellow, long 

and large. 

3 N. Jonquil 'la. Jonquil. Scape terete. Crown yellow, much shorter than the 

yellow sepals. 

4 N. poet'icus. Poet's Narcissus. Scape terete. Crown variegated, rotate, short; 

sepals mostly white. 

2. AGA'VE. American Aloe. 

1 A. Virginica, False Aloe. Scape simple, 5-6f. high. Flowers in a spike, greenish- 

yellow. Leaves linear-lanceolate, serrate. Penn. S. 

2 A. America 'na. .Century Plant. Scape branched, 15-25f. high, bearing 1 vast 

panicle of yellow flowers, after many years. Leaves very thick, lanceolate, 
spinous-dentate, often striped, t 



Ordek CXLIII. IMDA'CE^. The Irids. 

Perennial herbs, arising from bulbs or thickened roots ; 

leaves 2 -rowed : flowers perfect, regular or irregular, spathaceous; 

perianth of 6 petal-like segments; stamens 3 ; anthers turned outwards ; 

y inferior, 3-celled, with 1 style and 3 stigmas, becoming in 
fruit a 3-celled capsule with many albuminons seeds. * 

Analysis of the Genera. 

1 Flowers regular, 3 petals unequal to the 3 sepals 2 

1 Flowers regular, petals and sepals alike 3 

1 Fls. irregular, stamens ascending. Sds. winged, t Corn Flag. Gladiolus. 
2 Stamens separate. Stigmas petal-like. Petals erect. Sepals reflexed. Iris. 1 
.unens united. Sepals very large. Pets, spreading, f Tiger-jUneer. Tigrid'ia. 
3 Flowers blue, small, rotate. Leaves, &c, grass-like. (Fig. 4S.) 

Blue-eyed-grass. Sysiryis'chium. 

3 Fls. purp., white or yellow, tube veryjong, sessile on the bulb, t Crocus. 

s. yellow, red-spotted, tube short. Height 3-5f. t Ixia. Pardan'thiTs. 



Order 147.— THE TRILLIADS. 293 



IRIS. Flower-de-luce. 
Perianth 6-parted, the 3 outer divisions (sepals) reflexed, or spreading, 
the 3 inner (petals) erect. Stamens 3, distinct. Style short. Stigmas 3, 
petal-like, covering the stamens. — Perennial. herbs with thick roots or 
rootstocks, sword-shaped or grass-like leaves, and large showy flowers. 
April- July. 

§ Stems leafy, tall (l-2f. high), mostly bearing several flowers. . . .a 

§ Scapes leafless, low (1-6' high), mostly bearing but 1 flower c 

a Sepals or perianth bearded. Cultivated exotics in gardens, &c 11-13 

a Sepals and petals beardless. Wild plants, hardly ever cultivated.. . .b 

b Leaves linear, grass-like, less than half an inch wide 1 

b Leaves sword-shaped, nearly 1 or 2' wide 2-4 

c Sepals or perianth bearded, beard crested or not crested 8-JO 

c Sepals and petals beardless, but sometimes with a crest. . . .5-7 

I I. Virgin'ica. Boston I. Stem slender. Ovary and pod acute, sides 2-grooved. 

Flowers yellow-blue. E. [als obtuse, large. . c. 

2 I. versicolor. Blue Flag. Stem 1-angled. Flowers blue-yellow-white. Pet- 

3 I. tripet'ala. Stem terete. Flowers blue. Petals very small, 3-toothed. S. 

4 I. cu'prea. Copper- coV d I. Stem terete. Fls. orange-yellow. Sepals notched. S. 

5 I. lacus^tris, Lake I. Scape 1-flowered, flower blue and yellow. Lvs. lance. "W. 

6 I. ver'na. Early I. Scape 1-flowered^ flower blue. Leaves linear, very long. S. 

7 I. ochroleu / ca. Cream-colored I. Scape 3-flowered, flowers yellow. Lvs. sword- 

shaped. Pod 6-angled. t 

8 I. crista'ta. Crested 1. Scape 1-flowered, 2-4' high, flower blue and yellow. 

Leaves lanceolate, V long. S. [obtuse. Leaves ensiform. t 

9 I. pum'ila. Dwarf I . Scape 1-flowered, 6-10' high, flower deep blue. Petals 
10 I. Chinen'sis. China I. Scape many-flowered, flattened, flowers pale blue. 

Stigmas jagged. + 

II I. sambuci'na. Common Flower-de-luce. Stem many-flowered, flowers blue or 

whitish. Petals and sepals notched, c. t 

12 L Grerman'ica. German F. Stem many-flowered, flowers deep blue, spathes also 

colored, r. f 

13 I. Susia'na. Chalcedonian Iris. Stem 1-flowered, fl. striped. Petals deflexed. f 



Order CXLYII. TMLLIACEJE. The TriUiads. 

Heros with tuberous roots, simple stems, and whorled, net-veined leaves} 
with the jloicers one or £ew, terminal, and mostly 3-parted; with the 
sepals green, and the petals more or less colored ; with the 
stamens 6-10, awl-shaped filaments and linear anthers ; with the 
ovary free, 3-5-celled, becoming in fruit a juicy, many-seeded pod. 



29i 



THE FLORA. 



Analysis of the Genera, 

Plants with 1 whorl of leaves and 1 flower. 

Pod inany-seeded. Wake-Robin. Tun/nor. 1 
Plants with 2 whorls of leaves and several 

greenish flowers. (Fig. 92.) 

Indian Cucumber. Mede'ola. 

Fig. 656. Trillium erythrocarpum, -with the parts of its 
flower as if separated : s, the 3 sepals ; p, the 8 petals ; st, 
the; 6 stamens ; o, the 3 carpels. 

TKLL'LIITM. Wake-Robin. 

Character as expressed in the Order above. 
— U Low herbs with a simple stein, bearing 
at top a whorl of 3 leaves and a single large 
flower. Apr.-June. (Figs. 108, 110, 656.) 

§ Flower sessile, petals dark purple 1, 2 

§ Fl. on a peduncle, raised above the leaves a 

§ Fl. on a peduncle, recurved beneath the lvs. . .7-9 

- a Lvs. ses., rhomboidal or rhomb.-ovate. . .5, 6 

a Leaves petiolate, rounded at the base 3,4 

1 T. ses'sile. Ricket W. Lvs. sessile. Sepals erect, 

§ as long, as the linear-lanceolate petals. 

2 T. recurva'tum. Becks W. Lvs. petiolate. Sepals 

recurved, long as lance-ovate petals. 

3 T. niva'le. Snowy W. Stem 2-4/ high. Leaves obtuse 

snow-white. The smallest species. TV. 

4 T. erythrocarpum. Smiling W. Stem 8-12' high. Leaves and petals pointed, 

wavy, white, tinged and pencilled with purple. 

5 T. grandiflo / rrim. Great-flmvered W. Petals lance-obovate, recurved, twice larger 

than the sepals, rose-white. Large and showy. M. "W. S. 

6 T. erec'tum. Rath Flower. Petals ovate, acute, much broader (not longer) than 

the sepals, dusky purple (or white, W.), ill-scented. 

7 T. pen'dulum. Pendant W. Style scarcely any. Leaves rhombic. Petals 

lance-obovate, short-pointed, flat, scarce larger than sepals, w. M. S. W. 

8 T. cer'nuum. Nodding W. Style scarcely any. Leaves ovate, petiolate. 

Petals lanceolate, wavy, recurved, much larger than calyx. Eose-white. 

9 T. stylo'sum. Style-bearing T. Style mauifest, aS long as the stigmas. S. 




656 . 
Petals obtuse, wavy, 



Order 148.— LILYWORTS. 295 



Order CXLYIII. LILIACEJE. Xilyworts. 
Herbs with parallel-veined leaves, bulbous or tuberous stems ; 
flowers perfect, regular, generally large and ricbly colored ; 
perianth 6 (rarely 4)-parted, uniformly colored, free from tbe ovary ; 
stamens 6 (rarely 4) ; anthers fixed by a point and turned inwards ; 
style single ; ovary superior, 2 or 3-celled ; seed with fleshy albumen. 

Analysis of the Genera. 

§■ Plants bulbous at the base, or with a thick, woody stem (caudex). . . .2 

§ Plants with a rhizome, creeper, or fibrous roots 4 

2 Perianth segments united, forming a tubular flower d 

2 Perianth segments separate, not forming a tube 3 

3 Stem (or caudex) leafy at least below, few or many-flowered. . . .b 

3 Stem (scape) sheathed at base, bearing a solitary flower a 

3 Stem (scape) sheathed at base, leafless, many-flowered. . . ,c 
4 Stamens bent to one side, curved-ascending. Flowers showy.. . .e 

4 Stamens straight, and equal in position 5 

5 Perianth segments united to near the summit f 

5 Perianth segments separate, not forming a tube .... 6 

6 Flc^vers in terminal, leafless clusters, small, whitish g 

6 Flowers axillary, or terminal and solitary. . . .7 
7 Leaves thread-form, &c. . . .h 

7 Leaves ovate, &c k 

a Flowers nodding. Wild plants. Erythronium. Erythronium. 

a Flowers erect. Garden plants, t Tulip. Tu'lipa. 

b Nectary a linear groove at the base of each segment. • Lily. Lilidm. 

b Nectary a round cavity at base of each seg. + Crown Imperial. Fritilla'ria. 

b Nectary none. Flowers panicled, large. Seeds many, f Yucca. Yucca. 

b Nectary none. Flowers panicled, small. Seeds 1-3. S. Nolina. Noli'na. 

c Flowers in racemes, blue or purple, f Squill. Scilla. 

c Fls. in racemes or corymbs, yellow or white. Star-Bethlehem. Ornithog'alum. 

c Flowers in umbels, white or roseate. Stamens straight. Garlic. Ai/lium. 

c Fls. in umbels, blue. Stam. declined and curved. + Love-flower. Agapan'thus. 

d Perianth-limb revolute, as long as the tube. + Hyacinth. Hyacin'thus. 

d Per. -limb spreading, much shorter than tube. \ Grape Hyacinth. Musca'ri. 

e Segments distinct. Stamens at base valve-like, t Asphodel. Asphod'elus. 

e Segments half-united. Stamens perigynous (§ 83). f Hay Lily. Hemerocai/lis. 

e Segments half-united. Stamens hypogynous. t White Hay-Lily. Fun^ia. 

f Fl. tubular-oblong, greenish, axillary. Jointed Solomon' 's Seal. Polygona'tum. 

f Fl. broad bell-shaped, white, racemed. Lily-of-the- Valley. Convalla^ia. 



296 



THE FLORA. 



g Stem leafy, bearing a cluster. Flowers 6-parted. Solomon's Seal. Smilaci'na. 5 
g Scape leafless, bearing an umbel. Berry 2- seeded. Glintonia. Clinto'nia. 6 

g Stem leafy, bearing a cluster. Flowers 4-parted. Tway-leaf. Majan'themum. 
* h Stems branching. Flowers small, axillary. Berry red. _ Asparagus. 
k Filaments flat, as long as the sagittate anthers. Twist-foot. Steepto'pus. 

k Filaments filiform, much longer than the anthers. JProsartes. Prosar'tes. 

k Filaments shorter than the long, linear anthers. Bellwort. Uvuia/ria. 

1. ERYTHRO'NIUM, 

Perianth bell-form, se- 
pals recurved, the 3 inner 
ones usually with, a callous, 
tooth each side near the 
base, and a groove in the 
middle. Pod a little 
stalked. Seeds egg-shap- 
ed. — Stem a bulb deep in 
the ground. Scape bear- 
ing a single flower, its 
base sheathed by the base 
of the two smooth leaves. 
Apr., May. 

Fig. 657. The Dog-tooth Vio- 
let (2£ Americanum). 8. The 
bulb. 9. The flower spread open, 
showing the 2 teeth in each petal, 
also the position of all the parts. 
660. The ovary, style, and stigma. 

1. A. cross-section of the ovary. 

2. The plan of the flower : «, the 
8 sepals in the outer circle; &, 
the 3 petals next; c, the 6 sta- 
mens ; and d, the 3-celled ovary. 

E. America'num. Yellow^ E. Flower yellow. Scape without a bract. Petals 

toothed. Leaves spotted, nearly equal. Common. 
E. bractea'tum. Bracted M Flower greenish-yellow. Scape bearing a bract. 

Leaves very unequal. Mountains. Vt. 
E. albi'dum. White B. Flower white. Scape without a bract. Petals not toothed. 

Bare in N. Y. and W. 




\. 



Order 148.— LILYWORTS. 297 




2. LIL'IUM. ' Lily. 
Perianth bell-shaped, segments mostly recurved, each with a groove 
running lengthwise within from the middle to the base. Stamens shorter 
than the style. Valves of the pod connected by latticed hairs. — Herbs 
with bulbous and leafy stems. Leaves whorled or scattered, sessile. 
Flowers terminal. June, July. (See Figs. 107, 150.) 
§ Plants bearing bulblets in the axils. Flowers orange. Gardens.". . .6, 7 

§ Plants not bulbiferous in the axils of the leaves a 

a Flowers erect, orange-red. Sepals raised on claws. . . .4, 5 

a Flowers nodding, white. Sepals sessile. Gardens 6, 7 

a Flowers nodding, yellow or orange. Sepals sessile. Wild plants. . . .1 

1 Sepals orange-red, strongly revolute, almost into rings 2, 3 

1 L. Canaden'se. Common Meadow Lily. Sepals yellow, merely recurved, spread- 
ing above middle, c. 

2 L. super'bum. Superb L. TurFs-cap. Flowers 3-30, very showy. Leaves 

' lanceolate, lower whorled. c. M. W. S. 

3 L. Carolinia'num. Carolina L. Flower generally but 1. Leaves wedge-lance- 

olate, partly whorled. S. 

4 L. Fbiladel'phicum. Philadelphia L. Upper leaves in whorls. Flowers 1-3, pur- 

ple-spotted, c. 

5 L. Catesbae'i. CatesWs L. Lvs. all scattered. Fl. 1, red and yellow- spotted. S. 

6 L. bulbif'erum. Orange L. Flowers erect, rough within, bell-shaped. Leaves 

3-veined, scattered, t 

7 L. tigri'num. Tiger L. Flowers nodding. Sepals strongly revolute. Leaves 

3-veined, scattered, t 

8 L. can'didum. White Lily. Flowers in a raceme, smooth, large. Lvs. scattered, t 

9 L. Japon'icum. Japan Lily. Flower 1 only, very large. Sepals reflexed at end. f 

3. AL'LIUH. Garlic, Onion, &c. 

# 

Flowers in a dense umbel with a 2-leaved spathe. Perianth deeply 6- 
parted, colored, usually spreading, persistent. Stamens 6. Ovary angu- 
lar. Style thread-like. Pod 3-lobed, containing 1 or 2 black seeds in each 
cell. — Strong-scented, bulbous, stemless herbs, the leaves radical and the 
umbel on a scape, sometimes* bearing bulblets instead of flowers. May- 
July. 

% Leaves flat, lanceolate, but perishing before flowering 1 

§ Leaves flat, lanceolate or linear, present with the flowers. . . .a 
§ Leaves terete and hollow, or tubular c 

a Filaments simple. Ovary with a 6-leaved crown. Leaves linear. . . .b 

a Filaments 3-forked. Leaves lance-linear. Gardens.... 

13* 



298 THE FLORA. 



b Stamens longer than the sepals. Umbel nodding 2 

b Stamens equalling the sepals. Umbel with bulblets or flowers 3, 4 

b Stamens shorter than the sepals. Umbels with flowers only 5, 6 

c Stem leafy half way up. Filaments 3-forked 7, 8 

c Stem naked. Filaments simple 

I A. tricoc / cum. Lance-leaved Garlic. Umbel If. high, with a thin spathe, 12-20- 

flowered. Flowers white. Plants strong-scented. Woods. N. W. 
2 A. cer'nuum. Nodding G. Leaves longer than the 4-angled scape. Rose- 
colored flowers, 12-20, in the handsome, nodding umbel. M. W. S. 

3 A. stella'tum. Star G. Umbel erect when in flower (nodding in bud), with 

many rose-colored flowers. Western. 

4 A. Canaden / se. Canada' G. Umbel a dense head of bulblets and some flowers. 

Bulblets sessile, bracted, 12-18' high. 
5 A. mutab'ile. Changeable G> Leaves bristle-form. Scape .terete. Flowers 

many (20-40). S. 
4 A. striatum. Striate G. Leaves striate, linear. Scape 3-angled. Flowers 

few (3-7). 

7 A. sativum. Common G. Bulb compound. Umbel bearing bulbs, t 

8 A. porrum. Leek. Bulb simple. Umbel bearing numerous flowers. + 

9 A. venea'le. Crow G. Sta. exserted. Umbel with bulbs. Slender. M.W. 
10 A. Schaenopra / sum. Cives. Leaves rush-like, as long as the scape. Stamens 
included. 

II A. fistulo'sum. Welsh Onion. Leaves thick, as long as the swollen scape. 

12 A. cepa. Common Onion. Leaves thick, much shorter thfn the swollen scape. 



4. FUlsTKIA. Day Lily. 

1 F. ovata. White D. Flowers white, funnel-form, many in the raceme. Leaves 

broad-ovate, more or less heart-shaped, f Japan. 

2 F. coeru'lea. Blue D. Flower blue, rather bell-form. Leaves ovate -pointed, not 

at all heart-shaped, f Japan. 



5. SMILACI'STA. Solomon's-seal. 

1 S. racemo'sa. Clustered S. Raceme compound. Stamens longer than the peri- 

anth. Stem recurved, l£-2f. Flowers numerous, small, white. 

2 S. stella'ta. Stellate S. Flowers few, in a simple raceme. Leaves many. N. 

3 S. trifohVta. Three-leaved S. Leaves 3 or 4, lance-elliptic. Flowers few, ra- 

cenjed. N. 



Order 149.— THE MELANTHS. 



299 



6. CLINTO'ISTIA. Clintonia. 

1 O. borea'lis. Northern C. Leaves broad, oval- 

lanceolate. Flowers white, 2-5, nodding in 
the erect, bractless umbel. Common in woods. 
N. 

2 O. multiflo'ra. Many-flowered C. Leaves oblong- 

lanceolate. Flowers spotted, 12-30 in the co- 
rymb, erect or spread!. Plant downy. Woods. 
M.S. 

7. UVULAPJA. Bellwort 

Perianth 6-parted. Sepals linear-spatulate 
or lanceolate, with a honey-cavity at the 
base of each. Filaments very short, anthers 
half as long as the sepals. Style 3-cleft. 
Pod (or berry) 3-celled, cells few-seeded. — 
Root-stock creeping. Stem leafy and usually 
branched. Flowers mostly solitary, straw- 
yellow, pendulous. May. 

1 Leaves perfoliate (§ 220). Pod obovate, 3- 

lobed at end 3 

1 Leaves sessile. Sepals cream-colored, ob- 
tusish, ovate, 3-angled .... 2 
2 U. sessilifo'lia. Wild Oats. Leaves glabrous, glaucous beneath. Pod raised on 

a little stalk. Stem 6-10' high, divided, c. 
2 TJ. puber'ula. Downy B. Leaves fine-downy, shining green both sides. Pod 
sessile. Stem 8-1 2' high. Mountains. S. 
3 TJ. grandiflo'ra. Great-flowered B. Sepals smooth within and without, 1£' 

long. Anthers obtuse. Stem If. high. 
3 TJ. perfolia'ta. Mealy B. Sepals granular-roughish within, scarce V long. 
Anthers pointed. Stem If. high. 




Fig. 663. Clintonia borealis. 
Fig. 664. A berry cut across to 
show the 2 cells. 



Order CXLIX. MELANTHACEJE. The Melanths. 

Herds perennial, often poisonous, with parallel- veined leaves ; 
perianth double, of six similar pieces, green or colored alike, persistent; 
stamens 6, with their anthers turned outwards (extrorse) ; 
ovary 3-celled, the styles usually distinct, a capsule in fruit. 



300 THE FLORA. 



Analysis of the Genera. 

§ Perianth segments united below into a long tube. . . .a 
§ Perianth segments distinct, not forming a tube 2 

2 Anthers 1-celled, cordate (shield-form when open). . . .8 

2 Anthers 2-celled.* Flowers in simple racemes d 

3 Flowers in a panicle, that is, a compound raceme. . . .b 
8 Flowers in a simple raceme or spike. . . .c 
a Leaves and flower arising from an underground corm. Qholchicum. Coi/chictjm. 

b Sepals clawed, each claw bearing a stamen. MELA^THirif. 

b Sepals clawed, claw free from stamens. Zigadene. Zi'gadenus. 

b Sepals not clawed, base bearing a stamen. Poke. Vera'truii. 1 

c Flowers white, in racemes. Stamens on the sepals. % Fly-poison. Amian'thitjm. 
c Flowers greenish, in a spike. Stamens free from sepals. Sch^enocau'lon. 

d Fls. perfect. Filaments widened at base. Ovary 6-ovuled. XEROPHYLLrar. 

d Flowers perfect. Filaments filiform. Ovary oo-ovuled. Helonias. 

d Flowers dioecious, white. Stem leafy. Blazing Star. Chamjslib'ium. 

VERA'TEUM. Poke. False Hellebore. 

Flowers polygamous by abortion in the same plant. Sepals united at 
base, colored, spreading, sessile, and without glands. Stamens 6, shorter 
than the sepals, wanting in some of the flowers. Ovaries 3, united at base, 
often abortive. Pod 3-partible, many-seeded. — Stems leafy more or less. 
Flowers panicled. June, July. 

§ Stem stout and very leafy throughout. . . .1 
§ Stem slender, nearly naked 2 

2 Sepals rather blunt. Leaves oval and lanceolate 2, 3 

2 Sepals acuminate. Leaves linear 

1 V. viride. Green-fl. P. Lvs. large, oval, pointed. Coarse plant with green fls. 

2 y. Woodii. Wood's V. Scape 3-6f. Leaves lanceolate. Fls. nearly black. W. 

8 V. parviflo'rum. Small-fi. V. Stem 2-5 f. Lvs. oval. Fls. dingy green. Mts. S. 
4 V. angustifolium, G-rass-lv. V. Very slender, Bf. Lvs. long. Fls. greenish- white. W. 



Order CLI. JUNCACE^E. Rushes. 

Herbs generally grass-like, often leafless, with small, dry, green flowers ; 
perianth of 6 glume-like pieces, whorled in two circles (sepals and petals) ; 
stamens 6, rarely 2, on the torus ; style 1 ; 
ovary 3-celled ; seeds few or many. 



Order 152.— SPIDERWORTS. 



301 



Analysis of the Genera. 

% Perianth greenish outside, yellow inside. Stamens 6. 

Stigma 1. Seeds many. Leaves sword-shaped. 

Scape nearly naked. Narihecium. Narthecium. 

§ Perianth green or brownish. Stamens 6. Stigmas 3. 

Capsule 3-celled, 3-seeded. Stems leafy, jointed. 

Leaves linear. Wood 'Rush, Lunula. 

§ Perianth green or brownish. Stamens 6, rarely 3. 

Stigmas 3. Capsule many-seeded. Leaves terete, 



or linear, or none. 



Bush. Bullrush. Junius. 



Fig. 665. Flower of Luzula, much magnified : p, the green peri- 
anth; s, the 6 stamens; a, the 3 stigmas. 




Order CLII. COMMELYNACE^E. Spiderworts. 

Herbs with flat, narrow leaves which are usually sheathing at base ; 
perianth of 2 circles, outer of 3 green sepals, inner of 3 colored petals ; 
stamens 6, on the torus ; ovary 2 or 3-celled ; style and stigma 1 ; 
capsule 2 or 3-celled, with few seeds. 

Analysis of the Genera. 

§ Flowers irregular, clustered in a heart-shaped floral leaf. Commely'na. 

§ Flowers regular, clustered, floral leaf like the rest. Spiderwort. Tradescan'tia. 1 
§ Flowers regular, solitary, axillary. Stamens 3. Moss-like herbs. S. Maya / ca. 

TRADESCAN TI A. Spiderwort. 

Flowers regular, in terminal, close umbels, subtended by 2 or 3 leaf-like 
bracts. Petals broad, larger than the sepals. Filaments clothe^ with 
jointed hairs. Juice viscid, spinning into cobwebs. 

§ Leaves linear, sessile, not narrowed at the base, smooth. . . .1, 2 
§ Leaves ovate or lanceolate, narrowed at base, hairy ... .3, 4 

1 T. Virgin'ica. Common S. Leaves broad-linear. Umbel many-flowered, ses- 

sile, terminal, with 2 leaf-like bracts. Petals large, blue or white. 

2 T. ro'sea. Roseate S. Leaves linear, long. Umbel few-flowered, with 2 sub- 

ulate bracts. Petals twice longer than sepals, rose-colored. Penn. S. 
3 T. pilo'sa. Hairy S. Leaves lanceolate, long-pointed. Umbels both terminal and 

axillary, mauy-n\pwers. Petals small, bluish-purple. W. 
i T. crassifo'lia. Thich-lv. S. Leaves ovate, some petiolate, acute, woolly beneath. 

Flowers smaH, rose-purple, terminal. Stem weak. Leaves striped, f 



INDEX AKD GLOSSARY: 

Containing Definitions of Botanical Terms, together with references to those 
paragraphs in which they are defined in the foregoing Lessons. 



A (in composition) signifies without; as 
ztalous, destitute of petals. 
~. p. 131- 
niperfect, useless. 
descent, 235." 

^edle-shaped. — Fig. 9. 
Achenium, 168. 

armed with prickles. 
-:. pointed, 33. 
. sharp-angled, 33. 
Adherent. 82, 
Adhesion. 5F9. 

AdnaU, growing to or upon^ 105. 
Adnate stipules, 46. 
Estivation, 134, 185. 
J car-: ambled close together. 

rg-ated fruits, 153. 
Albumen, Albuminous, 189, 192. 

~hite-wood or sap-wood ; 
iter . 7 e r b of the trunk. 
Alternate, 49. 
Ament, 149. 

A 5 :em-clasping, 41 . 

Analysis, 263. 
A Ipital, two-edged, 
sperms, 256, 257. 
riy, 211. 
Anther,' 100. 
the, 858. 
Apetalous, without petals. 

.—Fig. 56. 
Apex of the leaf, 2. 
Appendage, some unusual part added. 
Appressed, pressed closely to something 

else. 
Aquatic, growing in water. 
resceni, tree-like, 
iry. [ley. 

oearded ; as the glumes of "bar- 
Armed. furnished with spines or thorns, 

if in self-defence, 56. 
Aromatic, strong-scented, spicy. 



Arrangement of leaves. — Lesson 9. 

Ascending, arising obliquely. 

Ascending axis. — Lesson 28. 

Attenuate, made slender or thin. 

Auriculate, ear-shaped, 20. — Fig. 28. 

Aicned, tipped with a bristle-shaped ap- 
pendage, as the beard of Barley, efce. 

Axil, 53. 

Axillary, growing out of the axils, 53. 

Axillary buds, 53. 

Axis, the stem or central column, about 
which the organs are arranged, 216. 

Baccate, berry-like ; covered with pulp. 

Banner, 89. 

Bark, the external covering of woody 

stems. 
Beak, a hard, short point, like that of a 

bird. 
Bearded, with long, stiff bristles or hairs. 
Berry, 174. 

Bi (in composition), twice ; as in 
Bi-eu-ipidate. with 2 points. 
Bi-dentate, with 2 teeth. 
Biennial, of 2 years' duration, 212. 
. 2-cleft. 
lite, 2-leaved. 
Bifurcate, 2-forked. 
Bi-Uibiate, 2- lipped. 
Binate, 2 grown together. 
Bi-pinnate, twice pinnate, 39. 
Bl-pinnatifid, twice pinnate-cleft, 24. — 

fig. 31. 

cote, with 2 tumors or sacs. 
Bi-ternate, twice ternate, .39. 
Bi-valced, 2-valved. 
Biography of the plant. — Lesson 26. 
Blade of the leaf, 2. 
Botanical analysis, 264. 
Bracteate or Bracted, having bracts. 
Bractlets, little bracts. 
Bracts. 147. * _ 



INDEX AND GLOSSARY. 



303 



Branches, 203. 

Branching root, 219. 

Branchlets, small branches. 

Bristles, stiff hairs. 

Bud, 52. 

Bulb, 230, 

Bulblets, little bulbs borne above ground. 

Bulbous, having bulbs. 

Bushes, 215; 

Caducous, falling off early. ■ 

Calyculate, having bracts resembling an 
outer, additional calyx. 

Calyx, 65. 

Campanulate, bell-shaped, 91. 

Canescent, whitish with fine hairs. 

Capillary, very slender, hair-like. 

Capitate, head-shaped, globular. 

Capsule, a pod, 182. 

Carinate, keel-shaped. 

Carpels, 124. 

Cartilaginous, gristly. 

Caryophyllaceous, 88. 

Caryopsis, grain or kernel. 

Catkin, 149. 

Caudate, with a tail. 

Caulescent, 235. 

Cauline, 146. 

Caulis, 235. 

Cellular, composed of cells. 

Cernuous, nodding. 

Chaffy, with chaff. 

Character, marks which distinguish a spe- 
cies, genus, &c. 

Chartaceous, of the texture of writing- 
paper. • 

Cilice, hairs, like those of the eye-lashes. 

Ciliate, furnished with cilise. 

Circinate, 140. 

Circumscissile, opening like a lid. 

Cirrhous, furnished with a tendril. 

Classification. — Lesson 29. 

Clavate, club-shaped. 

Claw, 71. 

Climbers, 54, 236. * 

Climbing fern, 12. 

Cochleate, resembling the shell of a snail. 

Cohering, connected. 

Cohesion, 79. 

Cohorts, 258. 

Colored, not green. 

Column, the consolidated stamens and 
pistils of the Orchis. 

Coma, a tuft of hairs, 187, 188. 

Complete flower, 110. 

Compound flowers, 156. 



Compound leaves, 23-85. 

Compound petiole, 44. 

Compound pistil, 124. 

Compressed, flattened lengthwise. 

Cone, the same as strobile, 183, 185. 

Confluent, joining together. 

Conjugate, joined in pairs. 

Connate, joined together at base, 43. 

Connective, 102. 

Connivent, converging together. 

Conoids, 258. 

Contorted, twisted, 130. 

Convex, rising spherically. 

Convolute, 1S2. 

Cordate, heart-shaped, 19. 

Coriaceous, leathery, thick and tough. 

Conn, 230. 

Commute, Corniculate, horned. 

Corolla. — Lesson 12. 

Corona or Crown, the expanded, cup-likQ 

disk of Narcissus, &c. 
Corymb, 151. 

Gorymbous, arranged like a corymb. 
Costate, ribbed. 
Cotyledon, 190, 191. 
Creeper, 232. 

Crenate and Crenulate, 31. 
Crisped, Crispate, with excess of margin. 
Cristate or Crested, with raised ridge. 
Cruciform, 87. 
Cryptogamia, 250. 
Gucullate, hood-shaped. 
Culm, the stem of grasses. 
Guneate, wedge-shaped, 17. 
Gupule, cup of the acorn, &c. 
Cuspidate, with a small abrupt point, 83, 
Cuticle, thcepidermis, scarf-skin. 
Cyme, 157. 
Cymous, like a cyme. 

Decandrous, with 10 stamens. 

Deciduous, falling off in autumn. 

Decompound, more than once compound- 
ed, as bi or tri-pinnate. 

Decumbent, 224. " 

Decurrent, extending down the stem as 
do the leaves of Mullen. 

Decussate, crossing at right angles. 

Deflexed, bent downwards. 

Definite, 106. 

Dehiscence, 102. 

Dehiscent fruits, 166. 

Deltoid, 15. 

Dentate, Denticulate, 30. 

Depressed, flattened from above. 

Descending axis. — Lesson 27. 






i>:zx A^r- BLOSSABY. 



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Fimbriate, bordered with a fringe. 
Fistulous, Fistula, tabular, hollow. 

y*s:: .-. ':::: :z. 1 —ivj :.^:ir:. 
Florets, the flowers in a compound flow- 

Fl-.rliijHr. 1:1. 

Flower-bud, 128. 

r/.^:::^ ^ln:*. i: :. 

-_:-r7.-5= ?lii:5. :-:'.. 

Foliations, having the texture of leaves. 

F-.ZljTr. l"r. 

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Forked venation, 12. 

Forms of leaves. — Lessons 3, 4. 

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INDEX AND GLOSSARY. 



305 



Glnmcless Plants, 257. 
Glumifera?, 257. 

Graminoids, 258. [grains, 

Granular, formed of, or covered with 
Grooved, furrowed or channelled. 
Gymnosperms, 256, 257. 
Gynandrous, having stamens and pistils 
combined into one body. 

Hibit, the general appearance of a plant. 

Habitat, the place where a plant grows. 

Hairs, 60. 

Hastate or Halbert-shaped. — Fig. 57, I. 

Head, 155. 

Heart-wood, same as duramen. 

Helmet, same as galea. 

Heptandrous, with 7 stamens. 

Herb, a plant not becoming woody, 211. 

Herbarium, a collection of dried plants. 

Hexandrous, with 6 stamens. 

Hibernation, 210. 

Hip, 176. 

Hirsute, 62. 

Hitpid, rough with stiff hairs, 62. 

Hooded, curved or rolled into the form of 

a hood. 
Hybrid, partaking of the nature of two 

species. 
Hypogynous, inserted under the ovary, 83. 

Imbricated, 131. 
Imperfect flowers, 109. 
Incised, deeply gashed or cut. 
Indefinite, variable in number and too 

many to be counted, 106. 
Indekiscent, not opening. 
Indehiscent fruits, 166. 
Indigenous, native of. 
Inferior calyx, calyx free. 
Inferior ovary, ovary adherent. 
Inflated, tumid, as if filled by wind. 
Inflexed, bending inward. 
Inflorescence, 141. 
Innate, 105. 

Inserted, growing out of. 
Internode, 202, 227. 
Interruptedly pinnate, 37. 
Introrse, 103. 

Involucel, involucre of an umbellet, 152. 
Involucrate, surrounded by an 
Involucre, 147. 
Involute, 139. 
Irregular flowers, 86. 

Keel, carina, 89. [boat. 

Keeled, ridged and curved beneath, like a 



labiate, 2-lipped, 97. 

Laciniate, 27.— Fig. 43. 

Lactescent, milky or juicy. 

Lamina, blade, 71. 

Lanceolate, 15. 

Lateral, on the side, 53. 

Leaf. — Lessons 1, 2, 3. 

Leaf-bud, 128. 

Leaflets, 35. 

Leaf-stems, 228. 

Legume, 180. 

Leguminous, bearing legumes. 

Lenticular, shaped likela double convex 

lens. 
Liber, the inner bark. 
Ligneous, woody. 
Ligulate, strap shaped, 96. 
Ligule, 47. 
Liliaceous, 88. 
Limb, 76. 

Line ( r/ ) the 12th part of an inch. 
Linear, 28. . 

Lobate, or Lobed. — Figs. 30, 35. 
Loment, a jointed legume, 180. 
Lunate, crescent-shaped. 
Lyrate, 21.— Fig. 34. 

Marginal, on the ngargin. 

Medulla, the pith. 

Membranous, or Membranaceous, thin and 
soft, like a membrane. 

Midvein, 6. [set. 

Monadelphous, stamens united into one 

Monanarous, with one stamen. 

Moncecious, stamens and pistils in sepa- 
rate flowers on the same plant. 

Monopetaloz, corolla with united petals. 

Monopetalous, 75. 

Monosepalous, 75. 

Mucronate, 33. 

Mulberry, 183. 

Multifid, many cleft. 

Muricate, with hard, sharp points. 

Naked, a relative term, signifying desti- 
tute of. 
Naked flower, 110. 
Naked seeds, 256. 

Napiform, tuberous root wider than long. 
Natant, swimming. [sons 30, 31. 

Natural System ; Natural Orders.— Les 
Nature of the flower, 208. 
Nectariferous, producing honey. 
Net-veined, 8. • [tils. 

Neutral flowers, without stamens or pis- 
Nodding, in a drooping posture. 



306 



INDEX AND GLOSSARY. 



Node, 227, 2^2. 

Normal, regular, according to rule. 

Number of Genera, 246. 

Number of Species, 246. 

Nut) a simple, 1-seeded, hard fruit. 

Ob (in composition) implies inversion ; as 

Obcordate, inversely heart-shaped, 34. 

Oblanceolate, 17. 

Oblique, unequal, one-sided 

Oblong, 16. 

Obovate, 17. 

Obsol-ete, indistinct, as if worn out. 

Obtuse, blunt, 33. 

Obvolute, 133. 

Ochrea?, 47. 

Odd-pinnate, 37. 

Offset, a short, thick runner. 

Opercular dehiscence, 104. 

Opposite, 50. 

Orbicular, rounded, 16. 

Orders. 247. 

Ordinal, relating to the orders. 

Oval. 16. 

Ovary, 121, 123. 

Ovate, 2. 

Ovoid, egg-shaped. 

Ovules, 123. 

Pales, the inner chaff of grass flowers. 
Palmate, hand-shaped. 
Palmate venation, 10. 
Palmately ternate, 33. 
Pandurvform, fiddle-shaped. 
Panicle, 153. 

Papilionaceous, 89. [cesses. 

PapilZous, with small, gland-like pro- 
Pappus, 183. 
Parallel venation, 11. 
Parasite, a plant living on other plants. 
Parietal, of, or adjoining the wall ; as 
Parietal placenta? — Fig.^269. 
Pectinate, comb-like, with long, narrow 

segments. 
Pedate, foot-shaped, 26. 
Pedicel, 143. 

Pedicellate, furnished with a pedicel. 
Peduncle, 143. 
Pbllucid, transparent. 
Peltate, 20.— Fig. 25. 
Pendulous, drooping, hanging down. 
Pentandrous, with 5 stamens. 
Pepo, 175. 

Perennial, enduring 3 years or more, 213. 
Perfect flower, 110. 
Perfoliate, 42. 



Perianth, 66. 

Pericarp, 166. 

Perigynous, inserted into the calyx, 83. 

Persistent, permanent, not falling off. 

Personate, 97. 

Petal, 65. 

Petalifera?, 257. 

Pftal-oid, resembling petals. 

Petiole and Petiolate, 3. 

Petiolule, 35. 

Pksenoera'mia, 250. 

Piloos,62. 

Pine-apple, 183. 

Plnnm (wings), segments of a pinnate 

leaf. 
Pinnate, 36. 
Pinnatelv ternate, 38. 
Pinnatifid, 24. 
Pinnatisect, 25. 
Pistil, 68.— Lesson 18. 
Pistillate, bearing pistils. 
Pith, the central cellular substance of the 

stem. 
Placenta, a lobe or fleshy ridge bearing 

the seeds. 
Plaited, same as Plicate. 
Plan of the flower.— Lesson 17. 
Plicate, folded like a fan, 
Plumous, feathery or feather-like. 
Plumule, 190, 191. 

Pod. dry fruit ; as capsule, legume, <fec. 
Pollen, 100. 

Poly (in composition) signifies many ; as 
Polyandrous, with many stamens. 
Polyadelphous, 107. 
Polygamous, having perfect flowers, with 

staminate or pistillate flowers on the 

same plant.. 
Polypetala?. See Dialypetalae, 258. 
Poiypetalous, 75, 258. 
Polvsepalous, 75. 
Pome, 176. 

Porous dehiscence, 104. 
P remorse, abrupt at end, as if bitten off. 
Prickles, 57. 

Process, any projection from the surface. 
Procumbent, 224. 
Prostrate, 224. 
Pubescent, 61. 

Pulp, the soft, iuicy parts of fruits. 
Punctate, dotted as if with point§. 
Pyriform, pear-shaped. 
Pyxis, 178. 

Quaternate, growing in fours. 
Quinate, growing in fives, 40. 



INDEX AND GLOSSARY. 



307 



Raceme, 150. 

Racemous, resembling a raceme. 

Rachis, 86, 146. 

Radiate and Radiant, pp. 219, 220. 

Radiate-veined. See Palmate-veined, 10. 

Radical, from the root. 

Radical number, 113. 

Radicle, 190, 191. 

Ramial, of the branches. 

Ramous, branched. 

Ray, Ray-flowers, 156. 

Receptacle, 64. 

Reclinate, 140. 

Recurved, bent or curved backward. 

Refiexed, curved back and downward. 

Regular liower, 86. 

Reniform, kidney-shaped. — Figs. 23, 24. 

Repand. — Fig. 53. 

Reticulate, netted. 

Retuse, 34. 

Revolute, 139. 

Rhizome, 231. 

Rhomboid or rhombic, oval, with angular 

sides. • 
Rib (costa), ridge caused by raised veins. 
Ringent, gaping, as when a labiate corolla 

has an open throat. 
Root.— Lesson 27. 
Root-stock, 231. 
Rosaceous, 87. 
Rostrate, with a beak. 
Rotate, 90. 
Rudiments, 116. 
Rugous, wrinkled. 
Runcinate, 22.— Fig. 36. 
Runner, a slender branch striking root, 

as in Strawberry. 

Saccate, bag-like, or sack-like. 

Sagittate, arrow-shaped, 19. 

Salver- form, 94. 

Samara (a key), 169. 

Sap. 204. 

Scabrous, rough. 

Seale-stems, 228. 

Scape, 144. 

Scarious, dry, thin, scale-like. 

Scorpoid cyme, 159. 

Second, ail" turned to one side. 

Seed. — Lesson 24. 

Segments, parts or divisions. 

Sepal, 65.* 

Septinate, 40. 

Sericious, 61. 

Stroiinous, late in the season. 

Serrate and Serrulate, 30. ■ 



Sessile, 5. 

Setaceous or Setous, bristly. 

Sheath, lower part of the leaf or leaf-stalk 

which surrounds the stem. 
Shrub, 215. 

Silicic and silique, 181. 
Simple, not compound, of one piece. 
Simple pistil, 124. 
Sinuate, 21.— Fig. 32. 
Sin us, a rounded recess between the lobes 

of the leaves, &c. 
Solitary, 145. 
Spadiclflora?, 25S. 
Spadix and spathe, 148. 
Spatulate, 17. 
Species, 241. 
Spike, 146. 
Spine, 56. 

Spinescent or Spinous, 187^ 
Spiral arrangement, 49. 
Spofes, 251. > 
Spur, 78. 
Squarrous, of a ragged appearance; as, 

with crowded, spreading bracts or 

leaves, &c. 
Stamens, 67. 

Staminate, with stamens only, barren. 
Stellate, whorled. 
Stem. — Lesson 28. 
Sterile, 109. 
Stigma, 122. 

Stings, sharp, poisonous hairs, 59. 
Stipe, the stalk of a pod, &c. 
Stipitate, borne on a stipe. 
Stipule, 4. 

Stipulate, with stipules. 
Stolon, a branch which strikes root at the 

end, producing a new plant. 
Stoloniferous, bearing stolons. 
Straight-veined, when the principal veins 

pass direct to the margin. 
Striate, slightly furrowed with streaks. 
Strigous, clothed with short,«fctiff, and 

close-pressed hairs. 
Strobile, same as cone, 183. 
Style, 122. 
Sub (in composition) denotes the quality 

in a lower degree, as, 
Sub-entire, nearly entire. 
Submersed, under water. 
Subterranean steins, 225. 
Subulate, awl-shaped, Fig. 7. 
Succulent, thick, juicy, fleshy. 
Superior, 82. 
Supra- axillary, arising from above the 

axil, as do the flowers of Potato. 



- 



INDEX AND GLOSSARY. 



Suture, a seam ; the line of cohesion. 
Symmetrical, 111. 

:ous, having the anthers united 
into a tube, 107. 

Tendril, 54, 55, 236. 

.mded or cylindric, 3. 
Terminal, borne at the summit, 53. 
Terminal bud, 53. 
Ternate, 3S. 

_ '.:. the outer seed-eoat. 
Tetradynamous, 108. 
7H ■ mdrous, with 4 stamens. 
Thorn, 56. 
Throat, 76. 
Thyrse, 154. 
Tomentous, 61. 
Toothed, dentate, 30. 
Turns, the receptacle, 64. [224. 

Ti Mng, creeping or lying on the ground, 
Tree, 214. 

T, irous, with 3 stamens. 
Tri- cuspidate, having 3 points. 
Tri-dentate. 3-toothed. 

'. 3-cleft. 
Trifoliate, 3 leaves or leaflets composing 

one leaf. 
Tri-p innate, thrice pinnate. 
Triiernate, thrice ternate, 39. 
Truncate, blunt, as if cut square off. 
Trunk, 234. 
Tryma, 172. 
Tube, 76. 
Tuber, 233. 
Tubercular, 222. 
Tuberiferous, bearing tubers. 
Tuberous, thickened like a tuber. 
Tuberous roots, 220. 
Tubular, hollow like a tube, 95. 
Tulip, 11. 

Tunicated, coated, as an onion. 
Turbinate, shaped like a top. 



Turgid, swollen. 

Tmbel, 152. 
Umbellet, 152. 

Unarmed, without thorns, prickles, &c. 
Uncinate, hooked at the end. 
Undershrub, 215. 
Undulate, wavy, 22. — Fig. 33. 
Unguiculate, with a claw, 71. — Fig. 116. 
Urceolate, urn-shaped, 92.— Fig. 143. 
Utricle, a one-seeded fruit, like that of 
Pigweed. 

Valvate, 129. 

Valves, the parts which open. 
Variety, 244. 
Veinlets, 7. 
Veins, 6. 

Veins of the leaf, 6. 
Veinulets, 8. 

Velvety \ clothed with thick, soft down. 
Venation, 10. 

Ventral suture, the front seam. 

Ventricous, swelling out on one side. 
Vernation, 51, 135. 

Verrucous, warty. 
Versatile, 105. 

Verticil, a whorl of flowers. 
Verticillate, 50. 
Vexiliary, 132. 

Vexillum, the banner, 89. 
Villous, 61. 
Vine, 236. 

Virgate, wand-shaped, terete and slender. 

Wedge-shaped, see Cuneate, 17. 
Wheel-shaped, see Rotate, 90. 
Whorled, see Verticillate, 50. 
Winged, as if furnished with wings. 
Winged petiole, 45. 
Wings, 89. 
Woody plants, 214. 



INDEX TO THE NAMES OF PLANTS, 

BOTH LATIN AND ENGLISH: 

Also, full references to the Illustrations. 




Abelmoschns Page 1 77 

Abutilon 177 

Acacia 189 

Acer, fig. 322-328 1S2 

Aceracea? 1S2 

Acerates 273 

Achillea 231 

Aconite,./??. 195, 373 151 

Aconitum 151 

Acorns 283 

Actaea 145 

Actinomeris 222 

Actinosperinum 222 

Adlumia r . 159 

Adonis 148 

.^Eschvnomene 189 

jEsculus .. 184 

^Ethusa 210 

Agapanthus 295 

Agave 292 

Ageratnm, fig. 308 

Aglumaceae 

Agrimonia, fig. 61 196 

Agrimony,}??. 61 196 

Albany Beechdrops 237 

Alchemilla, fig. 215 195 

Alder, fig. 68 280 

Alexanders, fig. 4S3-6 .... 213 

Alisma 284 

Alismaceae 284 

Allium 297 

All-seed 173 

Almond 195 

A\mis,fig. 68 2S0 

Alqe 292 

Alpine Bistort 277 

Alsine 173 

Althaea 177 

Alyssum 161 

Amaryllidacea? 291 

Amaryllids 291 

Ambrosia, fig. 514-17 .... 

Amelanchier 196 

American Aloe ; . . . 292 

American Centaury 271 

American Cowslip 243 

American Crab 197 

American Olive 274 

Amianthium 300 



Amorpha 188 

Amphianthus 248 

Amphicarpaea 188 

Amsonia 272 

Amygdalus 195 

Anagallis, fig. 556-7 244 

Anantherix 273 

Andromeda, fig. 242 a, 143 236 

Androsace 242 

Anemone 146 

Angelica 210 

Angiosperms 275 

Anise 210 

Anthemis 223 

Antirrhinum 248 

Apetalae 275 

Apetalous Endogens 282 

Apetalous Exogens 275 

Apios 190 

Apium 210 

Aplectrum 286 

Apocynacea? 272 

Apocynum, fig. 2S5 272 

Apogon 223 

Apple 197 

Apple of Sodom 269 

Apple Peru 26S 

Aquilegia 149 

Arabia, fig. 29 164 

Araeeae 282 

Arachis 1S9 

Archangelica 210 

Archemora 210 

Arctostaphylos 236 

Arenaria, fig. 410 173 

Arethusa, fig. 651-2 289 

Argemone 158 

Arisaema 283 

Aristolochia 275 

Aristolochiaceae 275 

Armoracia 162 

Arnica 222 

Aroids 282 

Arrow Dragon 283 

Arrow-head, fig. 47 285 

Arrow- wood, fig. 51 

Artichoke 227 

Arum , . . 283 

Asarum 275 



Asclepiadaceae 278 

Asclepiads 273 

Asclepias, fig. 283 274 

Ascyrum 168 

Ash, fig. 187 274 

Asparagus 296 

Aspen 231 

Asphodel, Asphodelus 295 

Aster, fig. 524 229 

Asterworts 219 

Astilbe 207 

Astragalus 188 

Atamacco Lily, fig. 137. . . 291 

Atropa 268 

Auricula 242 

Avens 199 

Awlwort 162 

Azalea, fig. 205, 532-4 .... 238 

Baldwinia 222 

Balloon Vine 184 

Ballota 256 

Balm 256 

Balrri-of-Giltad,>?. 636-7. 234 

Balsaminaceae 181 

Balsamine . . 182 

Bane-berry 145 

Baptisia 192 

Barba*rea 166 

Barberry 1 53 

Bartonia 270 

Batatas 267 

Bay-galls 278 

Bean. fig. 446, 311 1S9 

Bear-berrv, fig. 545 236 

Beard-flower 291 

Beard-tongue 249 

Bedstraw 218 

Beech,/?. 275 279 

Beet, fig. 336 

Befaria 236 

Begonia, fig. 185 

Belladonna 268 

Bell-flower 234 

Bellis ....'. 222 

Bellwort, j% 530-1, 81 .233, 299 

Benzoin 279 

Berberidacese 153 

Berberids 158 



310 



INDEX TO THE NAMES OF PLANTS. 



Berberis, /#• 171-2, 377-S0 153 

Berlandiera 222 

Betula 2S0 

Betulacece 280 

Bidens '. 228 

Bignonia 244 

Bignoniaceae 244 

Bilberry, Jig. 170.... 

Bindweeds 266 

Bindweed,^. 144 267 

Birch, -fig. 13, 632-3 280 

Birch worts 2S0 

Birth worts 275 

Bitter Cress 165 

Bitter-sweet, Jig. 611-23. . 269 

Blackberry, jig. 268 200 

Black Currant 205 

Black Raw, Jig. 16 

Black Hoarhound 256 

Black Saltwort 242 

Bladder-nut, ^.434 185 

Bladder-pod 162 

Bladder Senna 188 

Blazing Star 300 

Blephilia 256 

Bletia 286 

Blood-root 158 

Blue-banner 1SS 

'Blueberries, Jig. 546 236 

Blue-curls 255, 259 

Blue-eyed Grass, Jig. 48.. 292 

Blue-flag 293 

Blue-hearts 249 

Blue Lettuce, f. 35, 245-7, 

309 223 

Bluets 219 

Booerhaavia 276 

Boltonia 222 

Borrage 261 

Borrage worts 260 

Borraginacese •. 260 

Borrago, Jig. 598-600 261 

Borrichia.../ 222 

Boxberry,/0. 547 : . 237 

Box Elder 182 

Brachychseta 222 

Bramble 199 

Brassica 162 

Bridal Rose ... 200 

Brooklime. 251 

Brunella 259 

Bnchnera 249 

Bnck-bean 270 

Buckeye, 7^. 153 185 

Buckwheat 276 

Bugbane 145 

Bugloss 261 

Bulrush 801 

Bupleurum 210 

Burdock, Jig. 509-11 

Burnet 195 

Burr Marigold 228 

Burr-seed 261 

Bush Clover 192 

Bush Honeysuckle 217 



Butter and Eggs 249 

Buttercups, fig. 168, 3*34.. 147 

Butterfly Pea 18S 

Button-bush 218 

Cabbage 162 

Cakile 162 

Calarninth 257 

Caiamintha 257 

Calendula 221 

Calico-bush 288 

Calla, Jig. 239, 638-41 283 

Callistephus 222 

Calopogon, Jig. 665 290 

Caltha 149 

Calynyction 266 

Calypso 285 

Calystegia 267 

Camelina 162 

Camomile 223 

Campanula, Jig. 142 234 

Campanulacese 233 

Campion 174 

Candytuft 162 

Canterbury Bells,^. 527-9 234 

Caprifoliacese 215 

Capsella, Jig. 331 165 

Capsicum 26S 

Caraway, Jig. Til 210 

Cardamine, fig. 181 165 

Cardinal-flower 233 

Cardiospermum 184 

Carnation 173 

Carpet-weed 175 

Carpinus 280 

Carrot 210 

Canim 210 

Caryophyllaceae 172 

Cassia, Jig. 60 194 

Cassiope 236 

Castanea 279 

Castilleja 248 

Catalpa, Jig. 196-7, 236 ... . 245 

Catchfly, j^. 136 • 174 

Catmint, fig. 52, 593-4. . . 258 

Cedronelia 256 

Celandine, Jig. 40 158 

Celery 210 

Celtis, Jig. 72 

Centrosema 1 88 

Centunculus 242 

Century Plant 292 

Cephalanthus 218 

Cerastium, Jig. 114 175 

Cerasus 196 

Cercis,^. 4 189 

Chaerophyllum 210 

Chaff-seed 248 

Charnaelirium 300 

Chaptalia 223 

Checkerberry,^. 540-8.. 237 

Cheiranthus 161 

Chelidonium 158 

Chelone 252 

Cherry, Jig. 452-8 196 



Chervil 210 

Chestnut, Jig. 49 2'29 

Chick-pea 1 89 

Chick weed, Jig. 257 175 

Chick-wintergreen 243 

Chimaphila 240 

China Aster 222 

Chiogenes, Jig. 348 ...... . 237 

Chionanthus 274 

Chokeberry 197 

Chrysanthemum, Jig. 55.. 222 

Chrysobalanus 195 

Chrysogonum 222 

Chrysopsis 221 

Chrysosplenium 207 

Cicely, jty. 487-90 212 

Cicer.! 189 

Cichorium 223 

Cicuta,jfy. 65 213 

Cimicifuga 145 

Cinquefoil 201 

Circasa,^. 53, 73, 193, 464 204 

Cives 298 

Cladastris 189 

Clarkia 203 

Clay tonia 1 76 

Clethra 236 

Clematis, fig. 219 145 

Climbing Fern, fig. 6 

Clintonia, fig. 663 299 

Clitoria 188 

Cloudberry 200 

Clover,/ 37, 63, 835, 447-50 191 

Cockle 174 

Cocoa-plum 195 

Coffee-tree 189 

Cohosh : 153 

Colchicum 800 

Collinsia. fig. 578 , 251 

Collinsonia 255 

Colt's-foot 222 

Columbo 270 

Columbine,^. 367-70 ... 149 

Colutea 188 

Comarum 196 

Comfrey. fig. 603 261 

Commelyna : . . . 301 

Commelynacese 301 

Compositce 219 

Cone-flower 222 

Conioselinum, fig. 85 ^210 

Conium, fig. 65 211 

Conobea 249 

Convallaria : . 295 

Convolvulacese 266 

Convolvulus, fig. 144 267 

Coptis 149 

Coral-berry 216 

Corallorhiza 2S9 

Coral-root 2S9 

Coreopsis 228 

Coriander 210 

Coriandrum, fig. 493-4 ... 210 

Cornaceee 214 

Cornel, fig. 23T 214 



INDEX TO THE NAMES OF PLANTS. 



311 



Corn Flag , 

Corn us, Jig. 495 

Coronilla 

Corydal 

Corydalis 

Cory 1 us 

Cosmanthus 

Cotton. Jig. 302 

Cotton-tree, Jig. 308, 

Cow-parsnip 

Cowslip 

Cow-wheat 

Cranberry 

Cranichis 

Crantzia 

Crassulaceae 

Crataegus, Jig. 99. . . . 
Cress 



292 
214 
183 
160 
160 
279 
264 
177 



Crest-umbel 

Crocus 

Crotalaria 

Crowfoot, Jig. 3KI-4 

Crowfoots, Jig. 200-1 

Crownbeard. 

Crown Imperial 

Cruciferae 

Crucifers 

Cryptotaenia 

Cuckoo-flower 

Cucumber-tree 

Culver's Physic 

Cunila, Jig. 595-6 

Cupuliferse 

Currant, Jig. 243, 261, 329. 

Cuscutinese 

Cydonia 

Cynoglossum 

Cynthia 

Cypress-vine 

Cypripedium,^.89, 646-8 
Cyrilla 

Daffodil 

Dahlia 

Daisy . . . 

Dalea 

Dalibarda 

Dandelion./ 147, ISO. 504-6 

Dasystoma, Jig. 565-8 

Datura 

Daucus '. 

Day Lily 295, 

Decumaria 

Delphinium,^. 168, 20S. 

Dentaria 

Desmanthus 

Desmodium,^. 62,287... 

Dewberry 

Diamorpha 

Dianthus 

Dicentra, yty. 3S9, 392 ... . 

Dicerandra 

Dichondra 

Diervilla 

Digitalis 



210 
149 
249 
237 
2S7 
210 
205 
195 
162 
210 
292 
183 
147 
143 
222 
295 
160 
160 
212 
162 
152 
251 
257 
279 
205 
266 
197 
263 
223 
267 
287 
237 

292 

223 

222 

188 

200 

231 i 

253 

269 

210 

298 

207 

150 

165 

189 

189 

200 

206 

173 

159 

255 

266 

217 

248) 



Diodia. 

DionsBa 

Diphylleia 

Diplopappus 

i Discopleura 

Dittany, Jig. 595-6 

j Dock,>^. 233 

Dodecatheon,/ 151, 554-5 

Dogbanes, Jig. 285, 620-6.. 

Dogtooth Violet 

Dogwood. 

Dolichos 

Draba.^7. 296, 396-7 

Draba arabizans,/ 155-159 

Dracocephalum 

Dragon-root 

Dragon's-head 

Dragon's-claw 

Drop-flower 

Dropwort 

Drosera 

Droseraceae 

Dryas 

Dry Strawberry 

Dwarf Dandelion 

Dwarf Pimpernel 

Dwarf Pink 

Dysodia 



218 
171 
153 
222 
210 
257 
276 
243 
272 
296 
214 
lb8 
164 



256 
2S3 
256 
2S9 
232 
202 
170 
170 
196 
200 
223 
242 
219 
222 



Eardrop 159, 202 

Echinacea 223 

Echinodorus 284 

Echinospermum 261 

Echium 261 

Eclipta./gr. 315 . . .*. 223 

Egg-plant 269 

Egyptian Calla 2S3 

Elder 217 

Elecampane 222 

Elliottia 237 

Ellisia 263 

E\m,Jig. 50,274,359 

Elodea 165 

Enchanters Nightshade, 

/^. 53, 73 204 

Enslenia 274 

Ephedra,^. 178 

Epidendrum m 287 

Episcaea • 238 

Epiibbium 203 

Erica 236 

Ericaceae 235 

Erigenia,^. 333 211 

Eriireron 230 

Erodium 179 

Eryngium 210 

Erysimum 166 

Erythraea 270 

Erythrina 1S8 

Erythronium,^. 657 296 

Escholtzia 158 

Eulophus 210 

Eupatorium,^^. 512-13 .. 

Euphrasia 249 

Evening Primrose 203 



Everlasting Fea,Jig. 90.. . 
Eyebright 249 

ifabiana 269 

Fagopyrum 276 

Fagus 279 

False Aster 222 

False Bindweed 267 

False Catmint 257 

False Dog-fennel 222 

False Flax 162 

False Gentian 255 

False Gromwell 261 

False Heliotrope 261 

False Mitrewort 2<»S 

False Pen nv royal 257 

False Rocket 162 

False Sneeze wort 222 

False Sunflower 222 

False. Syringa 208 

False Tamarisk 269 

False Violet 200 

False Wall-flower 166 

False Wintergreen 239 

F^atherfoil 242 

Fennel 210 

Fennel-flower, Jig. 41 145 

Fern, Jig. 226, 355 

Fever-root 215 

Fig, Jig. 298 

Figwort 249 

Figworts 247 

Flax. Jig. 418-420 179 

Flaxworts 178 

Fleabane 230 

Floating Heart 270 

Florideae 284 

Flower-of-an-hour 178 

Flower-de-luce 293 

Flowering Almond, Jig. 11 

Fly-poison 300 

Fceniculum 210 

Fool's Parsley 210 

Forestiera 274 

Forget-me-not,^. 604.. . 262 

Forsteronia , 272 

Forsythia 274 

Four-o'clock,^. 313 276 

Foxglove 248 

Fragaria, j??. 202. 265 .... 201 

Frankenia,^. 160 

Frasera 270 

Fraxinus,^. 187 274 

French Marigold 222 

Fringe-tree 274 

Fritillaria 295 

Fuchsia, Jig. 130 203 

Fumaria 159 

Fumariaceae 159 

Fumeworts 159 

Fumitory 159 

Funkia 298 

Gaillardia 221 

Galactia 188 



312 



INDEX TO THE NAMES OF PLANTS. 



Galanthus 291 

Galeopsis,/^. 552-4 256 

Galium £18 

Gamopetalous Exogens. . . 215 

Garlic 297 

Gaultheria 237 

Gaura 203 

Gaylussacia 236 

Gelsetnium 247 

Gem-fruit 20S 

Genista 1SS 

Gentian 270 

Gcntiana,^. 615-9 271 

Gentianaceae 270 

Gentianworts 270 

Gerania 179 

Geraniaceae , 179 

Geranium.^.246,340,421 179 

Gerardia 252 

Germander 255 

Geum 199 

Cilia 265 

GWl fig. 74, 587-8 258 

Gillenia •.. 196 

Gladiolus ^ 292 

Glaucium 158 

Glaux 242 

Gleditschia 189 

Globe-flower 149 

Gloriosa. fig. 97 

Glotidium 18S 

Goals-beard 202 

Goafs Rue 18S 

Golden Chain 188 

Golden-club, fig. 642 283 

Goldenrod,/gr. 75 224 

Gold-thread 149 

Gonolobus 274 

Good-night, 266 

Goodvera .....* 287 

Gooseberry, fig. 281 205 

Gossypium 177 

Grape Hyacinth 295 

Grass Parnassus 171 

Grass Pink 290 

Gratiola 250 

Greenbrier,^. 95 

Green Drason .'. 283 

Green Head 218 

Gromwell 261 

Grossulaceae 204 

Ground Cherry 268 

Ground-nut 190 

Halenia 270 

Hardhack 201 

Hare-bell, fig. 526 234 

Hawkbit 223 

Hawkweed 231 

Hazel 279 

Hearls-ease 168 

Heath, fig. 314-5 236 

Heathworts 235 

Hedeoma 255 

Hedge Hyssop 250 



Hedge Mustard 162 

Hedge Nettle 256 

Hedysarum , 1S8 

Helenum 222 

Helianthus,/0. 307 226 

Heliopsis 222 

Heliotrope 261 

Heliotrophytum 261 

Heliotropium 261 

Hellebore 145 

Helleborus 145 

Helonias 300 

Helosciadium 210 

Hemerocallis 295 

Hemianthus 24S 

Hemp Nettle, fig. 582-4 . . 256 

Henbane,^. 282 268 

Henbit 256 

Hepatica,^. 23S 5 371 ... . 147 

Heracleum 210 

Herb Robert,^. 421 180 

Herspestis 249 

Hesperus 161 

Heterotheca 221 

Heuchera 207 

Hibiscus, fig. 411-14 178 

Hieracium 231 

Hippuris,^. 461-3 203 

Hoarhound 256 

Hos: Peanut 1SS 

Hollyhock,^. 21S 177 

Honewort 212 

Honey Locust, fig. 64, 100 189 
Honeysuckle, fig. 82, 146, 

496 216 

Honkenya 173 

Hop, fig. 353 Ill 

Hornbeam 2S0 

Horn Pondweed, fig. 98 . . 38 

Horn Poppy 158 

Horse Balm 255 

Horse Chestnut 1S5 

Horse Nettle 269 

Horse Radish 162 

Hottonia 242 

Hound's tongue 263 

Houseleek,/gr. 474 206 

Houseleeks, jtf#. 191 205 

Houstonia 219 

Hoya 274 

Huckleberry 239 

Hyacinth, Hyacinth us 295 

Hvdransea, fig. 482 209 

Hydrastis, fig. 154 145 

Hydrocotyle 210 

Hydrophyllaceae 263 

Hydrophylls 263 

Hydrophyllum,/^. 605-8. 263 

Hyoscyamus 268 

Hypericaceae 168 

Hypericum 169 

Hypoxis 291 

Hyptis 255 

Hyssop 255 

Hyssopus 255 



Iberis 162 

Illicium 151 

Ilysanthus 248 

Impatiens, fig. 71. 428 181 

Indian Corn, fig. 360 118 

Indian Cucumber,^. 92. 294 

Indian Physic 196 

Indian Pipes 240 

Indian Soapworts 184 

Indian Tobacco 233 

Indian Turnip 2S3 

Indigo 1SS 

Indigofera 1S8 

Innocence 251 

Inula 222 

Iodanthus 162 

Ipomaea 267 

Iridaceae 292 

Irids 292 

Iris, fig. 165, 229, 294-5. . . 293 

Irish Moss, fig. 190 206 

Iron-weed. fig. 248-50 .... 81 

Iron-wood 2S0 

Isanthus 255 

Isatis 161 

Isopappus 222 

Isopyrum 145 

Itea 207 

Ixia 292 

Jack-in-the-pulpit 2S8 

Jacobea Lily 291 

Japan Quince 197 

Jeffersonia. fig. 284, 375-6 154 

Jerusalem Cherry 269 

Jerusalem Sage 256 

Jewel-weed 182 

Jonquil 292 

Judas-tree, fig. 4 189 

Julibrassin 189 

Juncaceae 300 

Juncus 301 

Juneberry 197 

Juniper, jtf^. 7 15 

Jussisea 203 

Kalmia 238 

Kerria 196 

Knawell 173 

Knot Bindweed 277 

Knot- weeds, fig. 69 276 

Kosteletzkya 177 

Krigia 223 

Labiatae 254 

Labiate Plants 254 

Labrador Tea 236 

Laburnum 188 

Lactuca,^gr. 36 224 

Ladies'-tresses^gr. 240 ... 2S9 

Lady's-mantle, J£0. 454 1 95 

Lady's-slipper, fig. 89 . . . . 287 

Lady's-thumb 277 

Lamium 256 

Lampsana 223 



INDEX TO THE NAMES OF PLANTS. 



313 



Lappa, fig. 509-11 - 

Larch, fig. 91 

Larkspur, jtf£7. "120, 372. .. . 150 

Lathyrus 1S9 

Lauracea? 278 

Laurel 152 

Laurels : 27S 

Lavatera 177 

'Lavandula 255 

Lavender 255 

Lead-plant 18S 

Leaf-cup 222 

Leather-flower 146 

Leavenworthia 162 

Ledum 286 

Lcguminosee 186 

Leguminous Plants 1S6 

Leiophylluin 236 

Leioseleuria 236 

Lemon, ^.79 32 

Leonotis 256 

Leontice , 153 

Leontodon 223 

Leonurus 256 

Lepachys 222 

Lepidium 163 

Leptocaulis 210 

Leptopoda 222 

Lepuropetalon , 207 

Lespedeza 192 

Lettuce 223 

Leucanthemum 222 

Leucas 256 

Leucojum 291 

Leverwood 280 

Li chens, ^gr. 356-S 117 

Ligusticum 210 

Liscustrum 274 

Lifac,^. 231 274 

Liliacea 295 

Lilium, fig. 107, 113 . . : . . . 297 

U\y, fig. 346 297 

Lily worts .■ 295 

Lily-of-the-valley,^. 44. 295 

Limnanthemum 270 

Limosefia 248 

Linacese 17S 

Un&n&.fig. 563-4. 249 

Linnaea 215 

Linum 179 

LionVears 256 

Lion's-foot 232 

Lion's-heart 260 

Liparis 2S6 

Liquidambar,^. 4 a 13 

Liriodendron 152 

Listera 2S6 

Lithospermum,^. 601-2. 261 

Liverwort,/^. 30 147 

Lizard-tail, fig. 186 61 

Lobelia '. . 232 

Lobeliaceae 232 

Lobeliads 232 

Locust 190 

Loganiace© 246 



Lonicera,^. 82 216 

Loosestrife 243 

Lophanthus 256 

Lophospermum, fig. 181.. 248 

Lsusewort 241 

Lovage 210 

Love-flower 295 

Ludwigia 203 

Lunaria 163 

Lungwort 262 

Lupine,^. 66 192 

Lupinus, fig. 66 192 

Luzula. j^. 665 801 

Lychnidea 265 

Lychnis,^. 40S-9 174 

Lycium 269 

Lycopsis 261 

Lycopus 257 

Lycospersicum 268 

Lygodesmia 224 

Lysimachia 243 

Macbridea 256 

Macranthera 249 

Madder 218 

Madderworts 218 

Madwort 161 

Magnolia, fig. 23 151 

Magnoliacese 151 

Magnoliads 151 

Majanthemum 296 

Mallows,^. 177,217 177 

Malva,^. 415-17 1 77 

Malvaceae 176 

Malvaviscus 177 

Mandrake 154 

Maples,^. 262, 430-1 .... 182 

Mare's tail 203 

Marigold 221 

Marjorum 255 

Marrubium 256 

Marsh Mallow 177 

Marsh Marigold 149 

Marsh Umbel 210 

Maruta 223 

Marvel-of-Peru 276 

Marvelwor'ts 275 

Mastw.orts 279 

Matrimony 269 

Matthiola 161 

Maurandia 248 

Mayaca 301 

May Apple 154 

May-flower 238 

May-weed 223 

Meadow Lily, fig. 107-9 . . 41 

Meadow Kue 145 

Meadow-sweet ..." 201 

Meconopsis 158 

Medeola,^. 92 294 

Medicago 188 

Medic v 188 

Melampyrum 249 

Melilotus 196 

Melanthacew 299 

14 



Melanthium 300 

Melanths.... 299 

Melissa... 256 

Mentha 256 

Menyanthes * 270 

Menziesia 236 

Mermaid-weed 203 

Mertensia 262 

Miami-mist 264 

Microstylis 2S0 

Misnonette, fig. 118 44 

Milk Vetch 188 

Milk-vine 188 

Milkweed,^. 2S3 274 

Milkworts 185 

Milfoil 231 

Mimosa 139 

Mimulus,^. 569-72 252 

Mint 256 

Mirabilis 276 

Missouri Currant,^. 471 . 205 

Mitchella, fig. 497 218 

Mitella, #?. 477-S1 207 

Mitreolf 246 

Mits-ewort,^. 115 207 

Modesty 210 

Modiola 177 

Mollugo 175 

Molucca Balm 256 

Molucella 256 

Monarda,^. 580-1 258 

Moneses 237 

Moneywort 243 

Monkey-flower, j^. 569-72 252 

Monk's-hood, fig. 43 151 

Monotropa 240 

Morning-glory, fig. 22, 161, 

162,352 267 

Moss Andromeda 236 

Moss Pink 265 

Motherwort 256 

Mountain Ash 197 

Mountain Fringe 159 

Mountain Heath 236 

Mountain Laurel 238 

Mountain Mint 258 

Mountain Sorrel 276 

Mouse-ear 175 

Mouse-tail , . . 145 

Mud-flower 248 

Mudwort 248 

Mulberry, fig. 297 91 

Mulgedium,^. 35, 245-7. 223 

Mullen 249 

Mullen Pink 174 

Muscari 295 

Mustard, ^. 291, 893-5. . . 166 

Mustardworts 166 

Mylocaryum 237 

Myosotis 262 

Myosurus 145 

Myriophyllum .203 

Nabalus, fig. 507-8 232 

Naiiwort 173 



314 



INDEX TO THE NAMES OF PLANTS. 



Napaea 177 

Narcissus 292 

Nardosmium 223 

Narthecium 301 

Nasturtium 162 

Naumbergia 242 

Neckweed 251 

Negundo 182 

Neirerubergia 269 

Nelninbiaceae 154 

Nelumbium 155 

Nelumbo 155 

Nepeta,^. 74, 587-3 .... 258 

Nerium 272 

Nettle, >£. 106 

Neuropbyllum 210 

Nicandra 268 

Nieotiana 269 

Nigella 145 

Nightshade 269 

Nightshades 268 

Ninebark 202 

Nipplewort 223 

Noble Liverwort . . . * . . . 147 

Nolina 295 

Nuphar 155 

Nyctaginaceae 275 

Nymphaeaceae 155 

Nymphaea,^. 198-9, 3S1-4 156 

Nyssa 214 

Oak,^. 32-4, 54, 318-21 . . 279 

Obolaria 270 

Ocymum,^. 5S6 255 

CEoothera,^. 458-9 203 

Okra 177 

Oldenlandia 218 

Olea 274 

OleaceaB 274 

Oleander,^. 174 272 

Oliveworts 274 

Onagraceae 202 

Onion, fig. 316-17 297 

Onosmodium 261 

Orchidaceae 285 

Orchids,^. 45 285 

Orchis,^. 649-50 287 

Oregon Currant 205 

Origanum 255 

Ornithogalum 295 

Orontium,^. 642 2S3 

Orpine 206 

Osier 281 

Osmanthus 274 

Osmorhiza 212 

Ostrya 280 

Oxalidaeeae 180 

Oxalis,^. 425 181 

Ox-eye 222 

Oxybaphus 276 

Oxy coccus 237 

Oxydendrum 236 

Oxyria 276 

P»onia,^. 338 145 



Painted-cup 245 

Pancratium 291 

Pansy, fig. 54 16S 

Papaver 158 

Papaveraceae 157 

Papaw.^. 70 

Pardanthus 292 

Parnassia ]71 

Paronychia 173 

Parsley 210 

Parsnip 210 

Parthenium 223 

Partridge-berry 215 

Pasque-flower 140 

Passion-flower,^. 42, 351 

Pastinaca 210 

Paulownia 24S 

Pavonia 177 

Fez. fig. 286, 443-5, 451 .. . 193 

Fe&ch,fig, 276 195 

Peanut 189 

Fezr.fig. 10, 88, 133, 280. . 197 

Pearlwort 173 

Pedicularis 248 

Pelargonium 179 

Peltandra 253 

Pennyroyal 255 

Pennywort, -fig. 24, 25. . . . 210 

Penthorum 206 

Pentstemon 249 

Peony,^. 33S 145 

Pepper 268 

Pepper-and-Salt 212 

Pepper-grass . 163 

Peppermint 255 

Pepper-root 165 

Periploca 274 

Periwinkle 272 

Persea ." 27S 

Persica 195 

Petalostemon v . 1 88 

Petroselinum * . . 210 

Petunia, fig. 145, 614 268 

Phaca 1SS 

Phacelia 263 

Pharbitis 267 

Phaseolus 1S9 

PheasantVeye, £406-7 .148. 173 

Philadelphia lily 297 

Philadelphus 

Phlomis 256 

Phlox, fig. 126, 607 265 

Phloxworts 264 

Physalis 268 

Physostegia, fig. 589-91 . . 260 
Phytolacca, fig. 627-31 ... 278 

Phytolaccacea? 278 

Pigweed, fig. 31, 277 

Pimpernel 244 

Pimpinella 210 

Pinckneya 218 

Tine, fig. 9, 300 

Pine-sap 240 

Pink, fig. 112 173 

Pink-root, fig. 127 246 



Pinkworts 172 

Pinxter 239 

Pipsissewa, fig. 448 240 

Pisum, fig. 138-9, 224 ... . 192 

Pitcher-plant 157 

Plum, fig. 115 195 

Podophyllum 154 

Podostiema •. . 173 

Pogonii fig. 653-4 291 

Poison Hemloek,^. 491-2 212 

Poke 278,300 

Pokeweeds 278 

Polar^plant 222 

Polemoniacea 264 

Polemonium 266 

Polyanthus 291, 292 

Polycarpon . .- 173 

Polygala, fig^ 437-8 1S5 

Polygalaceae 155 

Polygonaeea» 276 

Polygonatum 295 

Polvgonella 276 

Polygonum, fig. 69, 86 .. . 276 

Polymnia 222 

Polypremum 246 

Polytasnia 210 

Pondweed,^. 46 

Poplar 152,281 

Poppy 15S 

Poppyworts 157 

Populus 251 

Portulaca 176 

Portulacaceae 175 

Potato 269 

Potentilla, fig. 76-7 201 

Poterium 195 

Prairie Innocence 219 

Prairie Rue 145 

Pride of Ohio 243 

Prim 274 

Primrose 242 

Primula, fig. 549, 553 242 

Primulaceae . 241 

Primworts 241 

Prince's Feather 2,77 

Prinee's Pine, fig. 341 240 

Privet 274 

Prosartes . .•. 296 

Proserpinaca 203 

Prunus 195 

Psoralea 188 

Pterospora 237 

Puccoon 

Purselane 176 

Putty-root, fig. 345 286 

Pycnanthemum 255 

Pvrethrum 

Pyrola,^. 14, 169, 536-9. 239 

Pyrrhopappus 223 

Pyrus, fig. 134. 197 

Quamoclit fig. 610 267 

Queen-of-the-Prairie 202 

Quercus 279 

Quince,^. 1.2 197 



INDEX TO THE NAMES OF PLANTS. 



315 



Radish 162 

Ragged Robin 175 

Ranunculacese 143 

Ranunculus 147 

Raphanus 162 

Raspberry 200 

Rattle-pod 1SS 

Rattlesnake Plantain 2ST 

Red Bean 1S8 

Resin-weed 222 

Rheum 276 

Rhinanthus 249 

Rhododendron J00. 152,535 239 

Rhodora ,..../... 236 

Rhubarb 276 

Rhyncosia 1S8 

Ribes 205 

Richardia 2S3 

Rivina 278 

Robinia 190 

Robin's Plantain 232 

Rock Cress 164 

Rocket 161 

Rosa, Jig, 2»1, 299 197 

Rosaceae 194 

Rose,/?. 39, 58, S3, 101,203 197 

Rose Acacia 190 

Rose Bay, fig. 67 239 

Rose Campion 174 

Rosemary 256 

Rose worts 194 

Rosmarina 256 

Rnbia 218 

Rubiaceae 218 

Rubus 199 

Rudbeckia 222 

Rue Anemone,^. 207... 

Rumex 276 

Rushes 300 

Rutland Beauty 267 

Sabbatia 271 

Sage,/?. 176,228, 585.... 257 

Sajjina .. . 173 

Sagittaria, fig. 643-5 2S5 

Sahcaceae 281 

Salix,/?. 19 'J81 

Salvia,/?. 585 257 

Sambucus 217 

Samolus 242 

Sand Myrtle 23ti 

Sandwort 173 

Sangninaria. j#?. 3SS 158 

Sanguisorba 195 

Sanicle 211 

Sanicula 211 

Sapindaceae -. ... 1S4 

Sapindus 184 

Saponaria. Jig. 125 173 

Sarracenia, Jig. 385-7 157 

Sarraceniaceae 156 

Sassafras 279 

Satin-flower 163 

Satureja 255 

Saururus, Jig. 186 



Saxifraga 207 

Saxifragaceae 206 

Saxifrage, fig. 75-6, 131, 214 207 

Schenocaulon 800 

Scheuchzeria 284 

Schizanthus 24S 

Schrankia 189 

Schwalbea 248 

Schweinitzia 237 

Scilla 295 

Sclerauthus 173 

Scorpion-grass '. . . 262 

Scotch Broom 18S 

Scratch-grass, fig. 26 277 

Screw-stem 270 

Scr^phularia 249 

Scrophulariaceae 247 

Scutellaria 259 

Sea-rocket 162 

Sea Sandwort 173 

Sedge, Jig. 227 

Sednm, fig. 190, 472-3. . . . 206 

Seed-box 203 

Self-heal 256 

Semiflower 248 

Sempervivum 206 

Senebiera 163 

Senecio 221 

Senna 194 

Sensitive Brier Ib9 

Sensitive Pea 194 

Sensitive Plant 1S9 

Sentera 274 

Sericocarpus 222 

Sesbania 1SS 

Sesuvium 175 

Seymeria 249 

Shad-berry 197 

Shamrock 191 

Sheep-poison 238 

ShepherdVpurse, fig. 288, 

331 163 

Sickle-pod 164 

Sida 177 

SWene, fig. 116 174 

Silkweed 274 

Silphium 222 

Sinapis 166 

Sisymbrium 162 

Sisyrinchium 292 

Sium 210 

Skullcap 259 

Skunk Cabbage 2S3 

Skunk Currant 205 

Smilacina 29S 

Smoke-tree. Jig. 18 

Snake-head 249 

Snap-dragon ; 248 

Sneezewort 222, 230 

Snowberry 216 

Snowdrop 291 

Snowflake 291 

Soapwort 173, 1S4 

Solanaceas 26S 

Solanum, fig. 611-13 269 



Solea 167 

Solidago, /?. 75, 501-3 ... 224 
Solomon's Seal, Jig. 348. . . 298 

Sonchus 223 

Sorrel 276 

Sorrel-tree 236 

Sow-thistle 223 

Spadiciflorae 2S2 

Spanish Needles 228 

Specularia 233 

Speedwell, fig. 575-7 250 

Spergula 173 

Spergularia 173 

Spermacoce 218 

Spice-bush 279 

Spiderwort 301 

Spiderworts 301 

Spigelia, /?. 563-4 .*. 246 

Spiranthes, fig. 240 289 

Spirea 201 

Sponge- tree 189 

Sprekelia 291 

Spring Beauty 176 

Spurry 173 

Sduill 295 

Squirrel-corn 159 

Stachys 256 

Staphylea, fig. 235 185 

Star Anise 151 

Star-grass 291 

Star-of-Bethlehem 295 

Starwort 173,229 

Stellaria, Jig. 251 173 

Stipulicida 173 

St. Johnswort, fig. 400-2 . 169 
St. Johnsworts, fig. 210-11 168 

Stock 161 

Stonecrop 206 

St. Peterswort 168 

St. Peter's Wreath 202 

Strawberry, fig. Ill, 278, 

455-6 201 

Streptopus 296 

Stylisma 266 

Stylosanthes 189 

Subularia 162 

Succory 223 

Sugar-berry, j£?. 72 

Sullivantia 207 

Summer Savory 255 

Sundews,/?. 20, 21 170 

Sunflower,/?. 498-500 ... 226 

Swamp Pink 239 

Sweet Basil... * 155 

Sweet Clover 190 

Sweet Flag 2S3 

Sweet Pea 1S9 

Sweet Potato "... 267 

Sweet William 173, 174 

Swine Cress 163 

Symphitum 261 

Symphoricarpus 216 

SymploQarpus 2S3 

Synandra,/?. 90, 148, 597. 260 
Synthiris 248 



316 



INDEX TO THE NAMES OP PLANTS. 



Syphonychia 173 

Syringa. t. 274 

Tagetes 222 

Talinum 175 

Tall Hvssop 256 

Taraxicum 231 

Teeoma, Jig. 124 244 

Tephrosia, J^. 59 188 

Tetragonotheca 222 

Tetranthera 279 

Teucrium,^. 592 255 

Thalictrum 145 

Thaspium 213 

Thimble-berry 200 

Thistle,^. 273 

Thorn . : 195 

Thorn Apple 269 

Thyme ? 255 

Thymus 265 

Thysanella 276 

Tiarella 20S 

Tick-seed 228 

Tiedmannia 210 

Tiger-flower 292 

Tiger Lily, fig. 150 

Tigridia 292 

Tillaea 206 

Tipularia 2S6 

Toad -flax, Jig. 149 249 

Tobacco,)^. 204 269 

Tomato 268 

Tongue-grass 163 

Tooth-root 165 

Touch-me-not, f. 71, 121-2 181 

Tower Mustard 162 

Tradescantia 301 

Tragopogon 223 

Trailing Arbutus 23S 

Trautvetteria 145 

Tree Orchis 287 

Trefoil 189,191 

Trichosteraa 255 

Trientalis 243 

Trifolium 191 

Triglochin 284 

TrilliacesB 293 

Trilliads, Jig. 110, 206, 349 293 
Trillium, Jig. 108, 656. . . . 294 

Triosteum 215 

Trollius 149 

Troximon 223 

Trumpet-flower, jtf£. 561.. 244 
Trumpet-leaf . * -157 



Trumpets 244 

Tuberose 291 

Tulip, Tulipa 295 

Tulip-tree, /.. 225, 330, 374. 152 

Tupelo 214 

Turk's-cap 297 

Turmeric-root 145 

Turnip, ^. 337 

Turnsol 261 

Turritis 162 

Turtle4iead 252 

Tussilao-o 222 

Tway-blade 2S6 

Tway-leaf 296 

Twin-flower . . » 215 

Twin-leaf. 154 

Twist-foot 296 

Umbeliferas 209 

Umbelworts 209 

Umbrella-leaf. 153 

Umbrella-tree 152 

U vularia, j%. 81 299 

Yaccinium,^. 170, 544.. 236 

Vacbellia 189 

Vegetable Oyster 223 

Venus 1 Flytrap, Jig. 403-5 171 

Veratrum 300 

Verbascum 249 

Verbesina 222 

Veronica,^. 575-7 250 

Vesicaria 162 

Vetch 188,189 

Viburnum 215 

Vicia 1S9 

Vigna 188 

Vinca 272 

Viola,^. 398-9 167 

Violacese 166 

Violet J*??. 269.... 167 

Violets, Jig. 132, 173 166 

Viper's Bugloss 261 

Virgin's Bower 145 

Visiana 274 

Wake Robin 294 

Waldsteinia 200 

Wall-flower, Jig. 135, 223 . 161 

Water-beans 154 

Water-carpet . . 207 

Water Hemlock 213 

Water Hoarhound 257 

Waterleaf, Jig. 605-8 263 



Water Lily 156 

Water Pepper 277 

Water Pimpernel .... 242 

Water-pitchers 156 

Water Plantain 2S4 

Wax-plant 274 

Wheat, Jig. 272,312 

Wheat-thief 262 

Whistle-wood 183 

White Bay 152 

White-weed 222, 230 

White-wood 152 

Whitlow-grass 164 

Wild Apple, Jig. 134 

Wild Basil 255,257 

Wild Ginger, Jig. 23 275 

Wild Indigo 193 

Wild Lettuce, Jig. 36, 310. 224 

Wild Oats 267 

Wild Potato 267 

Willow, fig. 3, 17, 38, 634-5 281 

Willow-herb 203 

Willoworts 2S1 

Wind-flower 148 

Winter Cress 166 

Wintergreen,^. 14 237 

Wistaria 188 

Witch-grass,^. 350 

Woad 161 

Wolf-berry 216 

Wood-rush 301 

Wood-sorrel 181 

Woolmouth 253 

Xerophyllum 300 

Xyris,^. 194 

Yarrow 231 

Yellow Birch 281 

Yellow-eyed-grass,^. 194 

Yellow Jessamine 247 

Yellow Jessie 203 

Yellow Eattle 249 

Yellow-root 145 

Yew, ^.301 

Yucca 295 

Yulan 152 

Zanthorhiza 145 

Zephyranthus,/^. 166 ... 291 

Zisradenus 300 

Zinnia 223 

Zizica 213 

Zornia 189 



APPENDIX. 



THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS. 

t 

11 Then gather a wreath from the garden bowers, 
And tell of the wish of thy heart in flowers." 

Peroival. 

Acacia, Rose (Robinia hispida, 319*). Friendship. 

Adonis, Floss (Adonis autumnalis, 205). Sad remembranees. 

Almond, Flowering (Amygdalus pumila, 329). Hope. 

Aloe (Agave, 694, or Yucca, 709). Superstition. 

Alyssum, Sweet (Alyssum maritinum, 236). Merit before beauty. 

Amaranth, Globe (Gomphrena globosa, 619). I change not. 

Amaryllis (Zephyranthus, 695). Affectation, Coquetry. 

Andromeda (Andromeda, 487): A cruel fate has fixed me here. 

Anemone (Anemone nemorosa, 203). Anticipation. 

Angelica (Archangelica, 381). These are idle dreams. 

Arbor-vital (Thuja, 662). Thy friend till death. 

Arethusa (A. bulbosa, 691). I could weep for thee. 

Aspen (Populus tremuloides, 655). Excessive sensibility. 

Asphodel (Asphodelus, 713). My thoughts will follow thee beyond the grave. 

Aster (420). Cheerfulness in age. 



* Refers to the page in the Class-Book of Botany, where may be found a more full 
and complete account of the species or genus than . could be consistent with the 
limits of an elementary treatise. Keference to page and place in this work may be 
made through the Index. 



318 THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS. 



Auricula (Primula auricula, 502). You are proud. 

Bachelor's Button (Centaurea Cyanus, 465). Single blessedness. 

Bairn (Melissa, 548 ; Monarda didyma, 550). Sympathy. 

Bami-of-Gilead (Populus candicans, 656). You have cured my pain. 

Balsamine (Irnpatiens balsamina, 280). Approach not. 

Barberry (Berberis, 217). A sour temper is no slight evil. 

Basil, Sweet (Ocymum basilicum, 541). Good wishes. 

Beech (Fagus, 646). There let us meet. 

Bluets (Houstonia ccerulea, 402). Unaspiring beauty. 

Box iBuxus, 632). Constancy. I change not. 

Broom (Genista, 310). Humility. 

Broom Corn (Sorghum saccharatum, 709). Industry. 

Bulrush (Scirpus, 738). Indecision. 

Burdock (Lappa major, 468). Don't come near me. 

Buttercups (Ranunculus, 205). I cannot trust thee. 

Cactus (the Cactacese, 359). You terrify me. 

Canterbury Bells (Campanula Medium, 479). Gratitude. 

Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus, 254). A haughty spirit before a fall. 

Catchfly (Silene, 256). I am a willing prisoner. 

Cedar (Juniper Yirginiana, 664). I live for thee. 

Chamomile (Anthemis nobilis, 457). Fortitude. 

China Aster (Callistephus Chinensis, 429). I'll think of it. 

Chrysanthemum (458). I love. 

Clover, Red (Trifolium repens, 312). Industry. 

Clover, White ( " " . ). Truth needs no flowers of speech. 

Clover, Yellow ( " " ). Slighted love. ' 

Columbim (Aquilegia Canadensis, 210). I cannot give thee up. 

Columbine (A. vulgaris, 110). Hopes and fears. 

Corn Cockle (Agrostemma Githago, 257). Thou hast more beauty than worth. 

Coxcomb (Celosia, 616). You are a fop. 

Crocus (700). What an enigma thou art. 

Cypress (Gupressus thyoides, 663). Bereavement. Despair. 

Daffodil (Narcissus Pseudo-narcissus, 693). Self-esteem. 



THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS. 319 



/ 



Dahlia (429). Forever thine? 

Dandelion (Taraxacum Dens-leonis, 473). You intrude. 
Dogbane (Apocynum, 588). Falsehood. 

Dogwood, Flowering (Cornus florida, 390). False pretensions. 
Eglantine Rose (Rosa rubiginosa, 335). I wound to heal. 
Egyptian Calla (Richardia iEthiopica, 669). Modesty. 

Enchanter's Nightshade (Circaea, 356) . I shall beware of your enchantments. 
Fennel-flower (Nigella damascena, 2Q9). Love in a mist. Perplexity. 
Fig (Ficus Carica, 635). It is a secret. 
Fir Balsam (Abies Balsaruea, 661). Time will cure. 
Flax (Linum usitatissimum, 275). Domestic industry. 
Fleur-de-lis (Iris, 697). I bring you a message. 
Four-o-clock (Mirabilis Jalapa, 603). Timidity. 
Foxglove (Digitalis, 526). My heart acknowledges your influence. 
Geranium, Ivy (P. peltatum, 278) • A bridal decoration. 
Geranium maculatam (277). You burn with envy. 

Geranium, Oak-leaf (Pelargonium quercifolium, 279). There is nothing in a 
Geranium Robertianum (277). Aversion. [name. 

Geranium, Rose (P. graveolens, 278). Thou art my choice. 
Goldenrod (Solidago, 430). Encouragement. 
Hazel-nut (Corylus, 647). Reconciliation. 
Heart's-ease or Pansy (Viola tricolor, 244). Forget me not. 
Hibiscus Syriacus (270). Thy beauty soon will fade. 
Hibiscus Trionum (269). I would not be unreasonable. 
Heliotrope (Heliotropium Peruvianum, 559). Devotion. 
. Hellebore (Helleborus, 209). It is a scandal. 
Holly (Ilex opaca, &c, 496). Am I forgotten ? 
Hollyhock (Althaea rosea, 266). Ambitious only of show. 
Honeysuckle (Lonicera, 394). Seek not a hasty answer. 
Hop (Humilus lupulus, 638). You do me injustice. 
Hyacinth (Hyacinthus, 712). Jealousy. 
Hydrangea hortensis (373). Vain boasting. 
Ice-plant (Mesembryanth, 265). Your very looks are freezing. 



320 THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS. 



Indian Tobacco (Lobelia inflata, 477). Away with, your quackery. 

Ivy (Hedera Helix, 390; . Nothing can part us. 

Japonica, Red (Camellia Jap., 273). Pity may change to love. 

Japonica, White (C. Japonica, 273). Perfected loveliness. 

Jessamine (Jasminum, 596). Thy gentle grace hath won me. 

Jonquil (Narcissus Jonquilla, 693). Requited love. 

Judas-tree (Cercis Canadensis, 301). Unbelief. Treachery. 

Juniper (Juniperus communis, 663). I will protect thee. 

Lady's-slipper (Cypripeclium, 581). Caprice. 

Larkspur (Delphinium, 210). ^Fickleness. 

Laurel, Sheep (Kalmia angustifolia, &c, 485). Falsehood. 

Lavender (Lavandula, 541) . Owning her love she sent him Lavender. SJidks. 

Lemon (Citrus Limonum, 274). Discretion. 

Lilac (Syringa, 598). My first love. 

Lily, White (Lilium candidum, 709). Purity and sweetness. 

Locust, green leaves (Robinia Pseudacacia, 319). My heart is" buried. 

Lupine (Lupinus, 311). Indignation. 

Magnolia glauca (214). He lives in fame who dies in virtue's cause. 

Magnolia grandiflora (214). Thou hast magnanimity. 

Marigold (Tagetes, or Calendula, 465). Cruelty. 

Mignonette (Reseda odorata, 241). Moral worth superior to beauty. 

Milkweed (Asclepias, 597). Conquer your love. 

Mistletoe (Phorodendron, 621). Meanness. Indolence. 

Mock Orange (Philadelphus coronarius, 374). Deceit. I cannot trust thee. 

Monk's-hood (Aconitum, 211). Deceit. Your words are poison. 

Morning-glory (Pharbitis purpurea, 571). You love darkness. 

Myrtle (Myrica ceriera, 650). Thine is the beauty of holiness. 

Myrtle (Myrtus communis, 346). Love's offering. 

Narcissus, Poet's (Narcissus poeticus, 693). Egotists are agreeable only to 

Nasturtion (Tropaeolum majus, 281). Honor to the brave. [themselves. 

Nettle (Urtica dioica, 636). Thou art a slanderer. 

Nightshade (Atropa Belladonna, 588). Death. 

Nightshade (Solanum nigrum, 577). Skepticism. 



THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS. 321 



Oak (Quercus, 642). Thou art honored above all. 

Oat (Avena sativa, 790). Thy music charms me. 

Oleander (Neriuni Oleander, 590). The better part of valor is discretion. 

Olive (Olea, 599). Emblem of peace. 

Orange Flowers (Citrus Aurantium, 274). Bridal festivity. 

Ox-eye Daisy, or Whiteweed (Leucanthemum, 458). Be patient. 

Parsley (Apium petroselinum, 388). Thy presence is desired. 

Passion-flower (Passiflora, 363). Let love to God precede all other love. 

Pea (Pisum sativum, 303). Grant me an interview. 

Peach blossom (Persica vulgaris, 328). Preference. 

Pennyroyal (Hedeoma pulegioides, 544). Flee temptation. 

Peony (Paeonia, 212). A frown. 

Pepper (Capsicum, 578). Your wit is too keen for friendship. 

Periwinkle (Vinca, 589). Remember the past. 

Phlox (567). Our souls are one. 

Pine, Pitch (Pinus rigida, 660). Time and philosophy. 

Pine, White (Pinus strobus, 660). High-souled patriotism. 

Pink, Single Red (254). A token of pure and ardent love. 

Pink, Single White (Dianthus caryophyllus, 254). Artlessness . 

Pink, Variegated (254). Frank refusal. 

Poppy, Red (Papaver Rheas, 224). Oblivion is the cure. 

Poppy, White (Papaver somniferum, 224). 'Twixt life and death. 

Primrose (Primula grandiflora, 502). Confidence. 

Primrose, Evening ((Enothera, 352). Inconstancy. 

Quince (Cydonia, 333). Beware of temptation. 

Rocket (Hesperus, 234). Thou vain coquette I 

» 
Rose Bud. Thou hast stolen my affections. 

Rose, Burnet (Rosa pimpinellifolia, 337). Gentle and innocent. 

Rose, Cinnamon (R. cinnamomia, 335). Without pretension. Such as I 

am receive me. Would I were more for your sake. 
Rose, Damask (R. damascena, 336). Blushes augment thy beauty. 
Rosemary (Rosmarinus, 550). Remember me. 
Rose, Moss (R. centifolia, B., 336). Thou art one of a thousand. 

14* 



322 THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS. 



Rose, White ^R. alba, 336). My heart is free. 

White, withered (336). Transient impressions. [you* 

Wild (R. nitida, 335). Simplicity. Let not this false world deceive 

Rue Ruta, 282). Disdain. [virtues. 

Sage ^Salvia, 548). There is nothing lovelier in woman than the domestic 

Snap-dragon (Antirrhinum, 519). Thou hast deceived me. 

w-ball >,Tiburnum Opulus, 397). Thou livest a useless life. 
Snow-drop (Galanthus, 694). I am no summer friend. [friend. 

Sorrel ^Polygonum acetosella, 606 ). Ill-timed wit. A jester is a dangerous 
Speedwell (Veronica, 526). My best wishes. 

Spiderwort Tradescantia, 727). You have my esteem ; are you content? 
^tar-of-Bethlehem (Ornithogalum, 710). Look heavenward. 
Stock (Matthiola, 229). Too lavish of smiles. 
Sumac .Rhus, 283). Splendid misery. 
Swee: Pea Lathyrus odoratus, 304). Must you go? 

Sweet-scented Shrub (Calycanthus, 345). Benevolence. [villain too. 

Sweet William (Lychnis chalcedonica, 257). A man may smile and be a 
Thistle (Cirsium, 467). Misanthropy. 

Thorn Apple (Datura, 581). Thou scarcely hidest thy guilt. 
Thyme Thymus, 547). The, prize of virtue. 
Tulip, Variegated (Tulipa, 707). Thy spell is broken. 
Tulip, Yellow (707). I dare not aspire so high. 
Venus' Looking-glass (Specularia, 479). Flattery hath spoiled thee. 
Vervain (Verbena hastata, 537). I see thy arts, and despise them. 
Violet, Blue (Viola cucullata, 243). Faithfulness. I shall never forget. 
Violet, White (V. blanda, 242). Retirement. I must be sought to be found, 
Virgin's Bower (Clematis, 200). Filial affection. 
Wall-flower Cheiranthus, 232). A friend in need is a friend indeed. 
Water Lily • Xymphsea odorata, 220). Be silent. 

Weeping Willow (Salix Babylonica, 655). Mourning for friends departed. 
Zinnia (444). To the prude. 









